Medical and Herbal Terms

ABORTIFACIENT: Induces the premature expulsion (abortion) of the fetus. Same meaning as ECBOLIC. For example: pennyroyal. ABSORPTION: A process by which nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal tract into the bloodstream to be used by the body. If the nutrients are not absorbed, the body becomes deficient in building and healing substances. ACCUMBENT: Lying against, facing, or extending up something. Contrast is DECUMBENT. ACIDS: Any of a class of compounds that share a certain basic chemical characteristics. Acids that have low PH, are usually sour to the taste, and, in their pure form, are often corrosive. They can be either organic or inorganic compounds. Acids found in plant tissues (especially fruits) tend to prevent secretion of fluids and shrink tissue. Acetic acid - a weak inorganic acid that is the active ingredient in vinegar; a 4 - 5% solution of acetic acid in water makes vinegar. Ascorbic acid - an organic acid; vitamin C. Used as a cosmetic and antioxidant. Citric acid - an organic acid in citrus fruits, often used in cosmetics to lower the PH of a product. Hyaluronic acid - an organic acid known as the most effective natural moisturizer. It is present in human skin, and is able to hold 500 times its own weight in water. Hydrochloric acid - a strong corrosive inorganic acid that can cause burns and produce toxic vapors. Produced in the stomach for digestion. Lactic acid - an acid that results from anaerobic glucose metabolism. It is present in certain foods, including certain fruits and sour milk (when milk becomes sour, this means that some of the lactose, or milk sugar, it contained has been converted into lactic acid). Lactic acid is also produced in the muscles during an aerobic exercise. It is the build-up of lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue during strenuous activity. Synthetic lactic acid is used in food products as a flavoring and preservative. Retinoic acid - the active ingredient of the Retin-A skin treatment. Sorbic acid - an organic acid and food preservative. Sulfuric acid - a highly corrosive inorganic acid that is used in batteries and other industrial appliances. It can cause severe burns. ACTIVE: An active compound has been shown through scientific research to have a biological effect. ACUTE ILLNESS: An illness that comes on quickly and may cause relatively severe symptoms, but is of limited duration. ADAPTOGEN: Derived from the Greek words adapto, which means to adjust and make suitable, and from the suffix gen, which means producing. Balances and restores tone to a particular area. Adaptogens tend to regulate body functions and when the job is completed, they are eliminated or incorporated into the body without side effects. Some beneficial adaptogens include garlic, ginseng, echinacea, ginkgo, goldenseal, and pau d'arco. ADRENAL GLAND: One of a pair of glands situated atop the kidneys. The adrenal glands are the source of the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol, among others. ADVENTITIOUS ROOT: Root that forms on a stem or leaf after it has been cut and planted. In some cases, the cutting is treated with rooting hormone. AGUE: An intermittent fever, sometimes with chills, as in malaria. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): An immune system deficiency disorder that suddenly alters the body's ability to defend itself. The AIDS virus invades the T-cells and multiplies, causing a breakdown in the body's immune system, eventually leading to overwhelming infection and/or cancer, with ultimate death. ALKALOIDS: An alkaloid-containing plant almost never contains just one alkaloid but rather a whole range of closely related chemical components. Some of the best known are the solanaceous group (atropine and hyoscine, for example) from deadly nightshade and thornapple. Certain species of poppy also contain complex groups of alkaloids. ALLELOPATHY: The process by which one plant releases chemicals or phytotoxins that inhibit the growth or development of another growing nearby. ALLERGEN: A substance that is capable of producing an allergic response in the body. ALLERGY: A reaction anywhere in the body's tissue caused by a specific substance. ALPHA-FINOLENIC ACID (AIA): an unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid that the body uses to make Prostaglandins, which regulate many body functions, including immunity and blood pressure. The body can't readily synthesize AIA so it must be obtained from foods such as flax ALTERNATE HOSTS: Plants or animals that insects feed on when their preferred food isn't available. Most insects are fairly limited to their diet, but almost none relies totally on one source of food. Ideally, you should eliminate alternate hosts of pests and maintain alternate hosts for beneficial insects. ALTERNATIVE: Herbs that gradually convert an unhealthy condition of an organ to a healthy one. Gradually facilitates a beneficial change in the body. Purifies the blood, promotes cleansing of the spleen, kidneys and liver. Generally should be used over a long period of time. Cancer, skin diseases, arthritis and infections are usually caused by impure blood. For example: ginseng. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A disease of the middle-aged and the elderly. Characterized by progressive dementia and diffuse cerebral cortical atrophy, and microscopically by the loss of neutrons and the presence of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. AMARA: Term used to designate bitter-constituent drugs. Pure bitters are called amara tonica; bitters containing essential oils are called amara aromatic; bitters containing acrid substances are called amara acria. AMINO ACID: An organic acid containing nitrogen chemical building blocks that aid in the production of protein in the body. Eight of the twenty-two known amino acids are considered "essential", and must be obtained from dietary sources because they cannot be synthesized by the body. ANABOLIC COMPOUND: Allow the conversion of simple nutritive material into complex living matter in the constructive materials that are part of living tissue during the constructive phase of metabolism. ANALGESIC: Any substance that relieves pain. ANAPHRODISIAC: Herbs that decrease or allay sexual feelings or desires. ANEMIA: A condition resulting from an unusually low number of red blood cells or too little hemoglobin in the red blood cells. A deficiency in the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body tissues. ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS: Anemia caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency. ANESTHETIC: Causing loss of sensation, or a substance that causes the loss of sensation, especially the ability to feel pain. ANGINA PECTORIS (ANGINA): Chest pain with sensations of suffocation caused by temporary reduction of oxygen to the heart muscle through narrowed diseased coronary arteries. A syndrome of chest pain typically brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. ANODYNE: Relieves pain and reduces the sensitivity of the nerves. ANTACID: Neutralizes the acid in the stomach, esophagus, or first part of the duodenum. ANTHELMINTIC: An agent that destroys and expels worms from the intestines. Same as VERMIFUGE. ANTIABORTIVES: Herbs that help to inhibit abortive tendencies. These are taken in small quantities during early pregnancy. ANTIASTHMATIC: Herbs that relieve the symptoms of asthma. ANTIBILIOUS: An herb that combats biliousness. The term biliousness refers to a group of symptoms consisting of nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, constipation, and gas that is caused by an excessive secretion of bile. ANTIBIOTIC: Inhibits the growth of germs, bacteria, fungi, and harmful microbes. ANTIBODY: A protein molecule from the immune system that counteracts the effects of invading organisms and other foreign substances. ANTICATARRHAL: Eliminates mucus conditions. ANTIDOTE: A substance that counteracts the action of another, particularly a poison. ANTIEMETIC: Prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. ANTIEPILEPTIC: An agent that combats the convulsions or seizures of epilepsy. ANTIGEN: Any substance that can elicit the formation of an antibody when introduced into the body. ANTIHISTAMINE: A substance that interferes with the action of histamines by binding to histamine receptors in various body tissues. Also see HISTAMINE. ANTILITHIC: Aids in preventing the formation of stones in the kidneys and bladder. ANTIOXIDANT: A substance that blocks or inhibits destructive oxidation reactions. Examples include vitamin C and E, the minerals selenium and germanium, superoxide dismutase (SOD), coenzyme Q10, catalase, and some amino acids. Also see OXIDATION. ANTIPERIODIC: Prevents the periodic recurrence of attacks of a disease; as in malaria. ANTIPHLOGISTIC: An agent that counteracts inflammation. ANTIPYRETIC: Reduces fever. Same as FEBRIFUGE or REFRIGERANT. ANTIRHEUMATIC: An agent that relieves or cures rheumatism. ANTISCORBUTIC: Effective in the prevention or treatment of scurvy. ANTISEPTIC: Prevents decay or putrefaction. A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily destroying them. ANTISPASMODIC: An agent that relieves or prevents involuntary muscle spasm or cramps. For example camomile. ANTISYPHILITIC: Herbs that improve or cure syphilis. Also called ANTILUETIC. ANTITUSSIVE: Prevents or improves a cough. ANTIVENOMOUS: Acts against poisonous matter from animals. ANTIZYMOTIC: Herbs that can destroy disease-producing organisms. APERIENT: A mild or gentle laxative. Also called APERITIVE. APHRODISIAC: Restores or increases sexual power and desire. Something that arouses or is thought to arouse sexual desire, the word comes from Aphrodite, Greek goddess of beauty and love. APOPLEXY: The result of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident). APORCRINE GLANDS: scent glands found in the armpits. Bacteria thrive on the sticky substance produced by these glands, producing body odor. AROMATIC: An herb with a pleasant, fragrant scent and a pungent taste. Used mainly to make other medicines more palatable. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: A common arterial disorder. Characterized by calcified yellowish plaques, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. ARTERY: Blood vessel that carries blood away form the heart to the organs, glands, and tissues. ASCORBATE: A mineral salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) that aids in the absorption of both vitamin C and the mineral. ASTRINGENT: Causes a local contraction of the skin, blood vessels, and other tissues, thereby arresting the discharge of blood, mucus, etc. Usually used locally as a topical application. The word topical pertains to a certain area of the skin or to a substance that affects only the area to which it is applied. ATHEROSCLEROSIS: The most common type of arteriosclerosis, caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits in the inner lining of the arteries. AUTOALLELOPATHY: The process by which a plant produces chemicals (phytotoxins) that inhibit the growth of members of the same species. Thus, the roots of an apple tree might release substances that would harm other apple trees growing nearby. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE: Occurs when the body's immune system reacts to and damages its own tissues and organs. Examples include multiple sclerois, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, Bright's disease, and diabetes. AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION: A transfusion of one's own blood that has been preserved for later use. AXIL: Upper angle between a leaf and a stem; usually containing an axillary bud. BACTERIA: Microscopic germs. Some bacteria are "harmful" and can cause disease, whole other "friendly" bacteria protect the body from harmful invading organisms. BALSAM: The resin of a tree that is healing and soothing. For example: myrrh. BALSAMIC: A healing or soothing agent. BENEFICIAL INSECTS: Insects that work for the gardener's benefit by attacking pests, pollinating flowers, or feeding on weeds. Surprisingly, most insects are beneficial, though not always in any dramatic way. BENIGN: Refers to cells that are not cancerous. Literally means innocent; not malignant. BETA-CAROTENE: A derivative of vitamin A. Widely accepted today as a cancer preventative. BILE: An alkaline fluid produced by the liver. It has two functions: to help break down fats in food so that it can be absorbed and to neutralize the acidity of the stomach contents when they reach the duodenum. BIOFEEDBACK: A technique for helping an individual to become conscious of usually unconscious body processes, such as heartbeat or body temperature, so that he or she can gain some measure of control over them, and thereby learn to manage the effects of various disorders, including acute back pain, migraines, and Raynaud's disease. BIOFLAVONOID (VITAMIN P): Any group of colored flavones (crystalline compounds) found next to the peel in many fruits. Essential for the stability of ascorbic acid. BIOPSY: Excision of tissue from a living being for diagnosis. BIOREGION: the territory providing the life-support system of a community; the geographical, geological, climatic, water, soil, and plant conditions that are optimal for community development. BITTERS: As the name implies, these herbs have a strong bitter taste but do not belong to any one special chemical class. They are generally used to stimulate the appetite, but have many other healing properties as well. Principal bitter herbs include gentian, dandelion, and wormwood. Herbs with a bitter taste have a special role in preventive medicine. The healing action of bitters literally starts in the mouth. Our tongues are divided up into taste sensory zones, which include sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The bitter aone reacts strongly to the intriguing tastes of bitters, ending an instant relay message to the entire alimentary canal. The flow of saliva is increased, bile flow is increased and diluted, the liver gets a little "kick" to self-repair and cleanse, the pancreas gets an assit to balance insulin and glucagon production, and the lining of the entire gut is stimulated to repair itself. BLACK SMALLPOX: The hemorrhagic form of small pox. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER: A mechanism involving the capillaries and certain other cells of the brain that keeps many substances, from passing out of the blood vessels to be absorbed by the brain tissue. BLOOD COUNT: The number of red and white blood cells and platelets in a sample of blood. BRACT: Leaf that forms from an axil, often associated with and inflorescence. BRONCHI: The two main branches of the trachea (windpipe) that lead to the lungs. CALMATIVE: A substance that allays excitement; usually less strong than a sedative. CAPILLARIES: Tiny blood vessels (their walls are about one cell thick) that allow the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the bloodstream and the body's cells. CARBOHYDRATE: Any one of many organic substances, almost all of them of plant origin, that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as the major source of energy in the diet. CARCINOGEN: Any agent that is cancer-causing. CARDIAC: Pertaining to or affecting the heart. CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS: Abnormal heart rate or rhythm. CARMINATIVE: An herb that helps to prevent gas from forming in the intestines, and also assists in expelling it. CAROTENE: Converted into vitamin A in the body from yellow pigment that has several forms; alpha-,beta-, and gamma-carotene. CATARRH: An inflammation of any mucus membrane. This has special reference to the air passages of the respiratory tract. For example, hayfever, rhinitis, influenza, bronchitis, pharyngitis, asthma. CATHARTIC: Causes evacuation of the bowels. A cathartic may be either mild (laxative) or vigorous (purgative). CAT SCAN (COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY SCAN): A scanning procedure using x-rays and a computer to detect abnormalities of the body's organs. CAUTERIZATION: A technique used to stop bleeding that involves applying electrical current, a laser beam, or a chemical such as silver nitrate directly to a broken blood vessel. CELL: All living tissues are composed of cells, which are very small complex units consisting of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. CELL PROLIFERANT: Substances that will help healthy cells grow faster when cell growth is required (wounds, burns or broken bones). CELLULOSE: A non-digestible carbohydrate found in the outer layers of fruits and vegetables. CEPHALIC: Referring to diseases affecting the head and upper part of the body. CEREBRAL: Pertaining to the brain. CERVICAL DYSPLASIA: mild to severe abnormal cell growth on the covering of the cervix. Some cases disappear on their own; if not, these abnormal cells may eventually develop into cancer CHELATION: Chelation therapy uses EDTA or other supplements that carry out heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and arsenic, as well as other foreign substances, from the body. In the process of chelation, a larger protein molecules surrounds or encloses a mineral atom. The purpose of chelation is to increase the flow of blood to the vital organs and tissues of the body by reducing calcium deposits in the arteries and blood vessels. CHEMOTHERAPY: A treatment of disease by any chemicals. Used most often to refer to the chemical treatments used to combat cancer cells. CHIROPRACTIC: A system of healing based on the belief that many disorders result from misalignments (called subluxatons) of the spinal vertebrae and other joints. Chiropractors primarily treat illness by using physical manipulation techniques to bring the body into proper alignment and thus restore normal health and functioning. CHLOROPHYLL: The pigment responsible for the green color of plant tissues. It can be taken in supplement form as a source of magnesium and trace elements. CERTIFIED ORGANICALLY GROWN: Grown on a farm that is periodically inspected by an independent third-party organization that certifies that all soil enrichment, cultivation, harvesting, and processing is done without synthetic agricultural chemicals, fumigants, or irradiation. CHOLAGOGUE: An herb that stimulates the flow of bile from the liver into the intestines. CHOLERA INFANTUM: A common, non-contagious diarrhea seen in young children; occurs most commonly during the summer. CHOLERA MORBUS: A once popular name for an acute gastroenteritis with diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting, occurring in the summer or autumn. Also called summer cholera or summer complaint. CHOLERETIC: Medication that increases bile flow. CHOLESTEROL: A crystalline substance, consisting of various fats, that is naturally produced by all vertebrate animals and humans. Cholesterol is widely distributed and manufactured in the body and facilitates the transport and absorption of fatty acids. CHRONIC ILLNESS: A disorder that persists or recurs over an extended period, often for life. Chronic illnesses can be as relatively benign as hay fever or as serious as multiple sclerosis. CLOTTING FACTORS: Substances in the bloodstream, especially vitamin K, that are important in the process of blood clotting. Prolonged bleeding is produced when these substances are absent. COBALT 60: Used widely in radiation therapy; a radioactive isotope of the element cobalt. CO-CARCINOGEN: An environment agent that acts with another to cause cancer. COENZYME: A heat stable molecule that must be associated with another enzyme for the enzyme to perform its function in the body. It is necessary in the utilization of vitamins and minerals. COENZYME Q10 (CoQ10): an organic protein molecule often derived from vitamins, CoQ10 plays an essential role in heart function and metabolism. The highest concentration of CoQ10 are in the heart muscle. COLD-PRESSED: A method used to process oils from food without heat to preserve the nutrients. COLIC: Sharp abdominal pains that result from spasm or obstruction of certain organs or structures, especially the intestines, uterus, or bile ducts. COLONOSCOPE: An instrument for examining the colon. COMPANION PLANTING: A plant chosen for intercropping with a given crop because of its ability to enhance or complement the other's growth. COMPLEX-CARBOHYDRATES: Includes indigestible molecules of fiber (starch and glycogen). Slowly releases sugar into the bloodstream and also adds the fiber. The carbohydrates in starches and fiber are complex carbohydrates, also called POLYSACCHARIDES. COMPLICATION: A secondary infection, reaction, or other negative event that makes recovery from illness more difficult and/or longer. CONDIMENT: Enhances the flavor of food. CONGENITAL: Present from birth, but not necessary inherited. CONTRACEPTIVE: Device, substance, or method used to prevent pregnancy. CONTUSION: A bruise; an injury in which skin is not broken. CONVULSION: A seizure characterized by uncontrollable contraction of the voluntary muscles that results from abnormal cerebral stimulation. CORDIAL: A stimulating medicine or drink. COROLLA: Collective term for the petals that are the second whorl of the floral envelopes. It is interior to the sepals. CORONA: Crown; any appendage that stands between the corolla and the stamens. CORROBORANT: Another term for a tonic or other substance that is invigorating. CORYZA: The nasal symptoms of the common cold. COUNTERIRRITANT: An irritant that distracts attention from another, usually an agent applied to the skin to produce a superficial inflammation that reduces or counteracts a deeper inflammation. CRENATE: With rounded teeth along the margin. Contrast to SERRATE. CRUCIFEROUS: A group of vegetables named for their cross-shaped blossoms (broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, and rutabagas), which may help prevent colon cancer. CUSPIDATE: With an apex abruptly and concavely constricted into a elongated, pointed tip. CYSTOSCOPE: An instrument for examining the urinary bladder. DECOCTION: A water extract of herbs made by boiling or simmering: stronger than a tea DECUMBENT: Lying down or along the ground. Contrast to ACCUMBENT. DECUSSATE: Arranged oppositely in pairs along a stem. Each successive pairis set at right angles to the preceding pair, producing four distinct rows of leaves. DEHISCENT: Fruit that splits open at maturity, releasing or exposing its contents. DEMENTIA: An acquired progressive impairment of intellectual function. Marked compromise exists in at least three of the following mental activity spheres: memory, language, personality, visuospatial skills, and cognition (abstraction and calculation). Dementia can be either static or permanent, and can result from many different causes. DEMULCENT: Soothes, protects, and relieves the irritation of inflamed mucus membranes and other surfaces. DEOBSTRUENT: Removes obstructions by opening the natural passages or pores of the body. DEPURATIVE: Tends to purify and cleanse the blood. DERMIS: The layer of skin that lies underneath the epidermis. Blood and lymphatic vessels and the glands that secrete perspiration and sebum are all found in the dermis. DETERGENT: An agent that cleanses boils, ulcers, wounds, etc. DETOXIFICATION: The process of reducing the body's toxic build-up of various poisonous substances. DIAPHORETIC: Promotes perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Same as SUDORIFIC. DIGESTIVE: Improving digestion. DIGITALIS: the collective name for compounds in foxglove that help the heart function more efficiently. If misused, digitalis can cause severe illness or death. DIOECIOUS: Species that has male and female flowers growing on different plants. Contrast to MONOECILOUS. DISCUTIENT: An agent that dissolves or causes something, such as a tumor, to disappear. Also called DISCUSSIVE. DISORIENTATION: The loss of a normal relationship to one's surroundings (the inability to comprehend time, people, and place). DIURETIC: Promotes the production and secretion of urine, causing the kidneys to excrete more than the usual amount of sodium, potassium, and water. For example: parsley. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID): The substance in the cell nucleus that genetically codes amino acids and their peptide chain pattern, and determines the type of life form into which a cell will develop. DRASTIC: A violent purgative. DRUPE: Stone fruit. An outer fleshy layer covers an interior stony or woody core containing a single seed, as in the cherry or peach. ECBOLIC: See ABORTIFACIENT. ECHOCARDIOGRAM: A diagnostic test that uses ultrasound to detect structural and functional abnormalities of the heart. EDEMA: Fluid retention in the body resulting in swelling. EDTA (ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID): An organic molecule used in chelation therapy. EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM): A test measuring brain wave activity. EKG OR ECG (ELECTROCARDIOGRAM): A test that shows a tracing of the electrical conduction of the heart. ELECTROLYTE: A chemical substance with an available electron in its structure that enables it to transmit electrical impulses when dissolved in fluids. ELECTUARY: Medication that has been sweetened - usually with sugar or honey. ELISA (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY): A test that determines the presence of a particular protein, such as an antibody, by detecting the presence of an enzyme that is linked to that protein. ELIXIR: An alcohol-based medication, usually sweetened. EMBOLUS: A loose particle of tissue, a blood clot, or a tiny air bubble that travels through the bloodstream and, if it lodges in a narrowed portion of a blood vessel, can block blood flow. EMBROCATION: Liquid medication that is applied to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation. EMETIC: Causing vomiting. For example: ipecac, lobelia. EMMENAGOGUE: An herb that brings on menstruation. For example: camomile. EMOLLIENT: A substance that is usually used externally to soften and soothe the skin. EMULSION: A substance that shares the chemical characteristics of water and oil (the liquids will not mix). It promotes mixing and dispersion between the compounds (lecithin). ENDEMIC: Used to refer to a disease that constantly occurs in any particular geographical region. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, and testes. ENDORPHINS: Natural polypeptide opiate-like substances in the brain. One function of endorphins is the suppression of pain, which they do by binding to opiate receptors in the brain. ENDOSCOPE: Instrument for examining the interior of a hollow organ. ENTERIC: Pertaining to the small intestines. ENZYMES: Specific protein catalysts, produced by living cells, which speed up the rates of chemical changes in our bodies without being consumed. EPIDEMIC: Describes a disease occurring in extensive outbreaks, or with an unusually high incidence at certain times and places. EPIDERMIS: The outer layer of the skin. EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV): A virus that causes infectious mononuleosis and that is possibly capable of causing other diseases in people with compromised immune systems. ERYTHEMIA: Reddening, especially of the skin. ESCULENT: Edible or fit for eating. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS: Substances that the body cannot manufacture and therefore must be supplied in the diet. Also see FATTY ACIDS. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT: Any single substance of the 45 different nutrients needed by the body for building and repairing. ESSENTIAL OIL: A highly volatile (easily vaporized) and scented plant oil found in most plants and in many herbal medications. Also called ETHEREAL OILS. EXANTHEMATOUS: Refers to any eruptive disease or fever. An herbal remedy for skin eruptions such as measles, scarlet fever etc. EXCISION: Surgical cutting away and/or taking out. EXPECTORANT: Promotes the thinning and ejection of mucus or exidate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, sometimes the meaning is extended to all remedies that quiet a cough. EXTRACT: In a general sense, this means the plant has been concentrated in a solvent such as alcohol to have more predictable results. EXTRACT RATIO: A ratio such as 25:1 indicates the change in weight during processing. The first number indicates the whole, raw herb; the second isthe final extract. So 25:1 means twenty five pounds of raw herb were used to create one pound of extract. FARINACEOUS: Of the nature of flour or meal. Starchy or containing starch. FAT-SOLUBLE: Capable of dissolving in the same organic solvents as fats and oils. FATTY ACIDS: Nutritional substances found in nature (fats and lipids), which include cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids, prostaglandins, and stearic, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, eicopapentaenoic (EPA), and decohexanoic acids. Important nutritional lipids include lecithin, choline, gamma-linoleic acid, and inositol. FBS (FASTING BLOOD SUGAR): Blood is drawn before breakfast (after fasting), then the glucose (sugar) in the blood is measured. FEBRIFUGE: Reduces body temperature and fever. Same as ANTIPYRETIC and REFRIGERANT. FIBER: The indigestible portion of plant matter. Fiber is an important component of a healthy diet because it is capable of binding toxins and escorting then out of the body. FLATULENCE: Gas in the stomach or bowels. FLAVONOIDS: Collective term for substances found in plants. Typical uses include as a diuretic, an antispasmodic, and for the relief of certain cardiac and circulatory disorders. FLUX: Excessive flow or discharge. For example, in dysentery or excessive menstruation. FREE RADICAL: A free radical is a atom or group of atoms that has at least one unpaired electron. Because another element can easily pick up this free electron and cause a chemical reaction, these free radicals can effect dramatic and destructive changes in the body. Free radicals are activated in heated and rancid oils and by radiation in the atmosphere, among other things. FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER: A substance that removes or destroys free radicals. FUNGUS: One-celled organisms belonging to the plant kingdom that includes yeasts, mold, and mushrooms. Its members contain a number of species including Candida albicans, which are capable of causing severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. FU-ZHENG THERAPY: Chinese practice of treating disease by promoting the body's defense mechanisms, or stimulating the immune system. Astragalus is one of many herbs used in fu-zheng GALACTOAOGUE: Promotes secretion of breast milk. GASTRITIS: Inflammation of the stomach and the intestines. GASTROENTERITIS: Inflammation of the mucous lining of the stomach and the intestines. GASTROINTESTINAL: Pertaining to the stomach, small and large intestines, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. GENETIC: Individual characteristics that are inherited. GIARDIA: a Protozian sometimes spread in contaminated food and water or direct contact. Giardia lambilia can infect people traveling in areas with poor sanitation, causing giardiasis, an intestinal infection. GINGIVITIS: Inflammation of the gums surrounding the teeth. GLAND: An organ that excretes materials and manufactures substances not needed for its own metabolic function (for use elsewhere in the body). GLEET: A urethral discharge, either of mucus or pus; commonly seen in the chronic form of gonorrheal urethritis. GLOBULIN: A type of protein found in the blood. Certain globulins contain disease-fighting antibodies. GLUCOSE: A simple sugar that is the principal source of energy for the body's cells. GLUME: Small chafflike BRACT found at the base of the flower pairs of most grass. The chaff of cereal grains. GLUTEN: A protein found in many grains, including wheat, rye, barley, and oats. GLYCOGEN: A polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) that is the main form in which glucose is stored in the body, primarily in the liver and muscles. It is converted back into glucose as needed to supply energy. GLYCOSIDES: Widely distributed plant substances that consist of a sugar and a non-sugar portion. The non-sugar (aglycone) is largely responsible for the medicinal effect. Probably the most important group of glycoside containing plants are those that have a powerful effect on the heart muscle - the cardio-active glycosides - which are found in foxglove and lily-of-the-valley. Another glycoside anthraquinone - is a purgative substance found in cascara, rhubarb, buckthorn, and senna. HAIR ANALYSIS: A painless and easy way to test for levels of toxic and essential minerals. A small amount of hair is taken from the nape of the neck and the mineral content of the hair is determined. A computerized analysis reveals the person's condition for the last three months. HEAVY METAL: A metallic element whose specific gravity (a measurement of mass as compared with the mass of water or hydrogen) is greater than 5.0 Some heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, are extremely toxic. HELPER T-LYMPHOCYTE: A lymphocyte sub-type active in the process and stimulation of immunity. This cell is the one principally infected and killed by the AIDS virus. HEMATOCRIT: The percentage of blood (by volume) that is composed of red blood cells. HEMATOMA: A bulge or swelling that is filled with blood. Hematomas are usually the result of a blunt injury or other trauma that cause a blood vessel under the skin to break. HEMICELLULOSE: An indigestible carbohydrate resembling cellulose, found in the plant's outer layer, which absorbs water. HEMOGLOBIN: A molecule of which iron is an essential component. Necessary in the red blood cell's transport of oxygen. HEMORRHAGE: Profuse or abnormal bleeding. HEMOSTATIC: Agent that arrests internal bleeding. HEPATIC: An herb that promotes the well-being of the liver and increases the secretion of bile. Useful in the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis. For example: golden seal. HEPATITIS: Inflammation of the liver resulting in jaundice. It can result from infection or exposure to toxins. HERBAL THERAPY: Uses various herbal combinations for healing as well as cleansing purposes. Herbs can be used in tablet, capsule, tincture, or extracted form, as well as in baths and poultices. HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS: The effect-sometimes beneficial, sometimes dangerous- of taking some herbs and pharmaceutical drugs simultaneously. HERNIA: A condition in which part of an internal organ protrudes, inappropriately, through an opening in the tissues that are supposed to contain it. HERPATIC: A remedy for skin eruptions, ringworm, etc. HISTAMINE: A chemical in the body tissues that constricts the smooth bronchial tube muscles, dilates small blood vessels, allows fluid leakage to form itchy skin and hives, and increases secretion of stomach acid. HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS): The causative agent of AIDS, it is considered synonymous with HTLV-III/LAV. HODGKIN'S DISEASE: Cancer of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes. HOLISTIC: In reference to health, the way of prevention and treatment that takes into account factors such as diet, attitude, emotions, relationships, activities, and constitution. Holistic therapies aim to treat the whole person. They include herbology, nutrition, fasting, massage, psychotherapy, exercise, creative arts, dreaming, meditation, bathing, acupuncture, and counseling. HOMEOPATHY: A system of medicine based on the belief that the cure of disease can be effected by minute doses of substances that, if given to a healthy person in large doses, would produce the same symptoms as are present in the disease being treated. Homeopathy employs natural substances in small doses to stimulate the body's reactive process to remove toxic waste and bring the body back into balance. HORMONE: An essential substance produced by the endocrine glands that regulates many bodily functions. HOST: An organism in which another microorganism live and from which the invading microorganism obtains nourishment. HUMORS: the bodily fluids of black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile; during the Dark Ages, their balance was thought to determine an individual's constitution and health. HYDROGENATION: A chemical process used to turn liquid oils into more solid form by bombarding the oil molecules with hydrogen atoms. Hydrogenation destroys the nutritional value of the oil and also results in the formation of potentially cis- and trans-fatty acids, strangely altered fatty acid molecules that do not occur in nature. HYDROPHOBIA: Rabies. HYGROSCOPIC: Having the ability to readily attract and retain moisture. HYPERCALCEMIA: Abnormally high calcium level in the blood. HYPERTENSION: High blood pressure. Generally hypertension is defined as a regular resting pressure over 140/90. HYPNOTIC: Tends to produce sleep. HYPOALLERGNIC: A substance that has a low capacity for inducing hypersensitivity (allergic reaction). HYPOCALCEMIA: The presence of abnormally low amounts of calcium in the blood. HYPOTENSION: Low blood pressure. HYPOTHALAMUS: A portion of the brain that regulates many aspects of metabolism, including body temperature and the hunger response. IDIOPATHIC: Term describing a disease of unknown cause. IMMUNE GLOBULIN: A protein that functions as an antibody in the body's immune response. Immune globulins are manufactured by certain white blood cells and found in body fluids and on mucous membranes. IMMUNE SYSTEM: A combination of cells and proteins that assists in the host's ability to fight (resist) foreign substances such as viruses and harmful bacteria. The liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymphatic system are interrelated in the immune system's normal function. IMMUNITY: The condition that enables a living organism to resist and overcome disease or infection. IMMUNODEFICIENCY: Any immune reaction deficiency involving antibody or cell-mediated immunity. It can be inherited or acquired, reversible or permanent. Immunodeficiency renders the body more susceptible to illness of every type, especially infectious illnesses. IMMUNOLOGY: The science dealing with the specific mechanism by which living tissues react to foreign biological material in a way that may enhance resistance or immunity. IMMUNOTHERAPY: Techniques used to stimulate or strengthen a patient's own immune system. IMPARPINNATE: Odd PINNATE: a pinnately compound leaf with a terminal leaflet. IMPOTENCE: An inability to maintain an erection of the penis. INCUBATION PERIOD: The period of time between exposure to an infectious disease and the appearance of symptoms, during which the infection is developing. INFECTION: The invasion of a host by organisms such as viruses, protozoa, fungi, or bacteria with resultant disease. INFESTATION: An invasion of the body by parasites such as insects, worms, or protozoa. INFLAMMATION: A reaction to illness or injury characterized by swelling, warmth, and redness. INFLORESCENCE: Cluster of flowers. INFUSION: A medication made by combining plants or plant extracts with boiled water: similar to tea. INGUINAL: Pertaining to the groin. INSOMNIA: The inability to sleep. INSULIN: An essential hormone produced by the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of sugar in the body. INTERACTION: Occurs when a substance is introduced in the body and reacts with an already present substance. Interactions occur between drugs and other drugs, and vitamins, herbs, and foods. Vitamins may interact with other vitamins, minerals, herbs, and foods. Minerals may also interact with other minerals, foods, and herbs, as can herbs with other herbs. INTERFERON: A protein formed by the cells of the immune system in the presence of a virus, etc. It prevents viral reproduction, and is capable of protecting non-infected cells from viral infection. Several kinds of interferon exist including alpha, beta, and gamma. INTERPLANTING: Alsoc called INTERCROPPING. The pracitce of growing 2 or more crops at the same time in the same field or garden bed. Crops may be interplanted within rows or in alternate rows, blocks, circles, or even mixed plantings that have no geometric pattern. INTESTINAL FLORA: The "friendly" bacteria present in the intestines that are essential for the digestion and metabolism of certain nutrients. INTOLERANCE: Nutritionally, the inability to digest a particular food, usually due to a lack or deficiency of certain enzymes. INVOLUCRAL: BRACTS subtending an INFLORESCENCE. ISCHEMIA: The condition of being starved for blood. Ischemia affecting the heart or brain can cause a heart attack or stroke. IU (INTERNATIONAL UNIT): A measure of potency based on an accepted international standard. Dosages of vitamin A and E supplements, among others, are usually measured in international units. Because this is a measurement of potency not weight or volume, the number of milligrams in an international unit varies, depending on the substance being measured. IV (INTRAVENOUS INFUSION): A small needle placed in a vein to assist in fluid replacement or the giving of medication. LACTASE: An enzyme that aids the body in converting lactose to glucose and galactose. It is also necessary for digestion of milk and milk products. LACTOBACILLI: Any of a number of species of bacteria that are capable of transforming lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid through fermentation. Lactobacilli are naturally present in the colon, and are sometimes referred to as "friendly" bacteria because they aid in digestion and fight certain disease causing microorganisms. The two species of lactobacilli most commonly available in supplement form are L. acidophilus L. bifidius. LANCEOLATE: Lance-shaped; a leaf much longer than wide and gradually tapering from below the middle to the apex. LASER: Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. An instrument that focuses highly amplified light waves. Lasers are used in surgical procedures especially eye surgery. LAXATIVE: An herb that acts to promote evacuation of the bowels; a gentle cathartic. LECITHIN: A mixture of phospholipids that is composed of fatty acids, glycerol, phosphorus, and choline or inositol. Lecithin can be manufactured in the body. All living cell membranes are largely composed of lecithin. LEUKEMIA: Cancer of the lymph glands and bone marrow resulting in overproduction of white blood cells. It can be either acute (most common in children) or chronic (most common in adults) It is similar in certain respects to Hodgkin's disease. LEUKORRHEA: A whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina, which may be caused by bacteria, fungi, trichomonads, or constitutional factors. LIGNIFY: To become woody by thickening cell walls with lignin. LIGULE: Little tongue; applied to the small appendage on the upper side of the leaf of grasses at the junction of the sheath and blade. Also used for the strap-shaped COROLLA of the circumferential flowers of the INFLORESCENCE of the aster or sunflower family (Asteraceae). LIMBIC SYSTEM: A group of deep brain structures that, among other things, transmit the perception of pain to the brain and generate an emotional reaction to it. LIPID: Substances found in nature that are soluble in the same organic solvents as fats and oils are. Important nutritional lipids include choline, gamma-linolenic acid, inositol, lecithin, and linoleic acid. LIPOPROTEIN: A conjugated protein that, with lipids, forms an integral part of a molecule. Lipoproteins act as agents of lipid transport in the lymph and blood. LIPOTROPIC: Any of a number of substances that help to prevent the accumulation of abnormal or excessive amounts of fat in the liver, control blood sugar levels, and enhance fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Commonly used lipotropics include choline, inositol, and methionine. LITHOTRIPTIC: Causing the dissolution or destruction of stones in the bladder or kidneys. LUNG FEVER: A severe lung infection, as pneumonia. LYMPH: A clear fluid that flows through lymph vessels and is collected from the tissues throughout the body. Its function is to nourish tissue cells and return waste matter to the bloodstream. The lymph system eventually connects with and adds to venous circulation. LYMPHATIC: Used to stimulate and cleanse lymphatic system. LYMPH GLANDS: Located in the lymph vessels of the body, these glands trap foreign material and produce lymphocytes. These glands act as filters in the lymph system, and contain and form lymphocytes and permit lymphatic cells to destroy certain foreign agents. LYMPHADENOPATHY: A lymph gland enlargement in response to any foreign substance or disease. This condition is often referred to as "swollen glands". LYMPH NODES: Organs located in the lymphatic vessels that act as filters, trapping and removing foreign material. They also form lymphocytes, immune cells that develop the capacity to seek out and destroy specific foreign agents. LYMPHOCYTE: A type of white blood cell found in lymph, blood, and other specialized tissue such as bone marrow and tonsil. B- and T lymphocytes are crucial components of the immune system. The B-lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production. The T-lymphocytes are involved in the direct attack against invading organisms. The helper T-lymphocyte, a sub-type, is the main cell infected and destroyed by the AIDS virus. LYMPHOKINES: Substances produced by the cells of the immune system when exposed to antigens. These substances are not antibodies, but they play a vital role in the on-board defense system. LYMPHOMA: Any tumor of the lymphatic tissues. MACROBIOTICS: A lifestyle and diet adapted from the Far East and made known in America by Michio Kushi. The principles of the diet consist of balancing the yin and yang energies of foods. In brief, yin foods, such as water, are expansive, which yang foods, such as salt or meat are constrictive. For the most part, the diet consists of whole grain cereals, millet, rice, soups, and vegetable dishes, with beans and supplementary foods depending on the individual and the condition. Different types of cancers are considered either yin or yang, and the macrobiotic program must be adapted to each individual. MALABSORPTION: Lack of nutrient absorption from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. MALIGNANT: Dangerous. Mainly used to describe a cancerous growth when used this way, it means that the growth is cancerous and redisposed to spreading. MAMMOGRAPHY: An x-ray examination of the breast. MARKER: A marker compound helps identify an herb. It's not necessarily related to efficacy. MATURATING: An agent that promotes the maturing or bringing to a head of boils, carbuncles etc. MELANOMA: A malignant tumor originating from pigment cells in the deep layers of skin. MENOPAUSE: A decrease in the production of menstruation. Usually occurs after age forty-five or when the female organs are removed. MESOCRAP: Middle layer of a fruit. It may be fleshy as in DRUPE or woody as in nuts. METABOLISM: The chemical processes of living cells in which energy is produced in order to replace and repair tissues and maintain a healthy body. Responsible for the production of energy, biosynthesis of important substances, and degradation of various compounds. METABOLITE: A substance produced as a result of a metabolic process. MICROGRAM: A measurement of weight equivalent to 1/1,000 of a milligram. MILLIGRAM: A measurement of weight equivalent to 1/1,000 of a gram (a gram is equal to approximately 1/28 of an ounce). MINERAL: An inorganic substance required by the body in small quantities. MITOCHONDRIA: A tiny structure inside each body cell that produce almost all the energy a cell needs to live and function. Mitochondria deficient in CoQ10 are unable to efficiently convert food into energy even though sufficient food is present. MONOECIOUS: Species in which male and female flowers grow on the same plant. Contrast to DIOECIOUS. MORTIFICATION: Gangrene. MRI (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING): A technique used in diagnosis that combines radio waves and magnetic forces to produce detailed images of the internal structures of the body. MUCILAGE: Plant substance that expands greatly when mixed with water, producing a viscous liquid that can coat mucus membranes. MUSCILAGES AND GUMS: Contain large molecules made up of sugar units linked together to form chains. Mucilages and gums form gels when mixed with water and are used externally to soothe inflamed skin. Their bulking effect is laxative and cleansing when used internally. Good examples are marshmallow root, flaxseed, and psyllium seed. MUCILAGINOUS: Herbs that have a soothing effect on inflamed mucus membranes. MUCLOYTIC: Causing mucus to break down into a more watery liquid. MUCOUS MEMBRANES: The membranes, such as the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina, that line the cavities and canals of the body which communicate with the air. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Deterioration of part of the muscular wall of the heart caused by inadequate blood supply (usually resulting from a clot or embolism). A HEART ATTACK. NARCOTIC: An addicting substance that reduces pain and produces sleep. NATUROPATHY: Medical practice using herbs and other various methods to produce a healthy body state by stimulating innate defenses without the use of drugs. NAUSEANT: An herb that causes nausea and vomiting. Somewhat similar to an EMETIC. NERVINE: A substance that calms and soothes the nerves and reduces tension and anxiety. NEURODYSTONIA: Nervous debility and exhaustion. Symptoms include palpitations, anxiety, dizziness, headaches, clammy hand and feet. A older term for this condition is NEURASTHENIA. NEUROPATHY: A group of symptoms caused by abnormalities in motor or sensory nerves. Symptoms include tingling or numbness in hands or feet followed by gradual, progressive muscular weakness. NEUROTRANSMITTER: A chemical that transmits nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Major neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and serotonin. NUCLEIC ACID: A chemical compound found in all viruses and plant and animal cells. RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are the two principal types. NUTRACEUTICAL: A food or nutrient based product or supplement designed and/or used for a specific clinical and/or therapeutic purpose. NUTRIENTS: Substances needed by all living cells to maintain life. NUTRITIVE: Supplies nutrients, aids building and toning body. OBOVATE: Oval that is widest in the upper half. Contrast to OVATE. OCCULT BLOOD TEST: A test used in screening for cancer that identifies bodily excretion of blood (stool, sputum, urine). ONCOLOGY: The study of cancer. ONCOLOGIST: A cancer specialist. OPTHALMIC: A remedy for the healing of eye diseases. OPTHALMICUM: A remedy for diseases of the eye. ORGANIC: A term used to describe foods that are grown without the use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and hormones. OROTATE: An oratic acid salt (nucleic acid); an effective molecule for transporting minerals through cellular membranes. Functions as an essential part of every living cell. OSTEOPATHY: A school of healing that teaches that the body is a vital mechanical organism whose structural and functional integrity are coordinated and interdependent, and that the abnormality of either constitutes disease. Its major contribution to treatment is manipulation. OSTEOARTHRITIS: The most common of the more than 100 forms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is marked by degeneration of the cartilage and bone material in joints. OSTEOPOROSIS: A disorder in which minerals leach out of the bones, rendering them progressively more porous and fragile. OVATE: Oval that is widest in the lower half (as in a hen's egg). Contrast to OBOVATE. OXIDATION: A chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen is added, resulting in a chemical transformation. Many oxidation reactions result in some type of deterioration or spoilage. OXYTOCICS: Substances that stimulate uterine contractions to assist and induce labor. PANICLE: Pyramical INFLORESCENCE formed by multiple branches. Each branch is a RACEME. PAPILIONACEOUS: Flower form thought to resemble a butterfly. PAP TEST: Microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to test for uterine cancer. PARASITE: An organism that lives off of another organism. PARASITICIDE: Kills and expels parasites from the skin. PARASITIC INSECTS: Insects that, as lavae, live in and feed on other insects. Parasites lay their eggs on another insect; when the larvae emerge, they consume their host. Tachinid flies, chalcid, braconid and ichneumonid wasps are parasites that help control many common garden pests. PARTURIENT: A substance that induces and promotes labor. PECTORAL: Relieves disorders of the chest and lungs, such as an expectorant. PEDUNCLE: Stalk of an INFLORESCENCE or of a flower when borne singly. PELLAGRA: A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (B1), usually occurring in alcoholics or in persons with malabsorption disorders. PERIDONTAL DISEASE: a chronic, low-grade infection of the gums, bone, and ligaments in the mouth and jaw. In some cases, herbal treatments can reverse the disease . PEROXIDES: Free radicals that are by-products formed in our bodies when molecules of fat react with oxygen. PH: Potential of hydrogen. A scale used to measure the relative acidity or alkalinity of substances. The scale runs from 0 to 14. A PH of 7 is considered neutral; numbers below 7 denote increasing acidity and numbers above 7 denote increasing alkalinity. PHARMACOGNOCY: Study of medicinal plants. PHARYNGITIS: Sore throat. PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU): An inherited disease caused by a lack of an enzyme necessary for converting phenylalanine into another amino acid, tyrosine, so that excesses can be eliminated from the body. A build-up of excess phenylalanine in the blood can lead to neurological disturbances and mental retardation. PHEROMONES: Chemical substances released by insects and interpreted as signals of other individuals of the same species. Insect pheromones may serve as sex attractants, alarms, or territorial markers. Some plants chemicals mimic these pheromones, bringing about a certain behavior in certain insects. PHYLLARY: Individual INVOLUCRAL BRACT. PHYSIC: A medicinal substance or preparation. PHYTOCHEMICAL: Any one of many substances present in fruits and vegetables that have various health-promoting properties. Some phytochemicals appear to protect against certain types of cancer. PHYTOTHERAPY: Therapeutic use of medicinal plants. PHOTOTOXINS: Plant-produced chemicals that are harmful to other living things. Phytotoxins are responsible for allelopathic reactions. They give some plants protection from hugry insects or other animals. PINNATE: Leaves arranged on opposite sides of a stem. PISTIL: Female flower part that bears the STIGMA. PITUITARY: A gland located at the base of the brain that secretes a number of different hormones. Pituitary hormones regulate growth and metabolism by coordinating the action of other endocrine glands. PLACEBO: A pharmacologically inactive substance. Often used to compare clinical responses against the effects of pharmacologically active substances in experiments. PLAQUE: An unwanted deposit of a certain substance on tissues, often with the potential to cause some type of health problem. The build up of plaque in the arteries is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease; plaque deposits in the teeth can lead to gum disease; Alzheimer's disease is associated with the accumulation of characteristic plaques in brain tissue. PLASTER: a medicated paste-like mixture that can be spread on the skin and is adhesive at body temperature. American slaves made plasters using herbs, most often of mustard for respiratory illnesses. POLYPHARMACY: The branch of herbology in which herbs are combined in formulas to increase their synergistic action. POLYUNSATURATED FATS: Originate from vegetables and are liquid at room temperature. These oils are a good source of the unsaturated fatty acids. They include flaxseed with added vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), sunflower oil, safflower oil, and primrose oil. POTENCY: In the case of most herbal products, potency refers to the concentration of certain compounds. Potency doesn't necessarily mean that a product is strong or effective. POULTICE: Plant material that is prepared in a special way and applied to the surface of the body as a remedy for certain disorders. PRECANCEROUS LESION: Abnormal tissue that is not yet malignant. PREDATORY INSECTS: Insects that during some stage of their growth attack, kill, and eat other insects. Predators range in size from tiny mites to large ground beetles and hover flyies. Lacewings, can be purchased and released in the garden. Unless the appropriate plant and insect hosts are available, predators will soon move on. PROGNOSIS: A forecast as to the outcome of disease. PROSTAGLANDIN: Any of a number of hormone-like chemicals that are made in the body from essential fatty acids and that have important effects on target organs. They influence the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and are important in regulating the inflammatory response, blood pressure and blood clotting time. PROTEIN: Any of many complex nitrogen-based organic compounds made up of different combinations of amino acids. Proteins are basic elements of all animal and vegetable tissues. Biological substances such as hormones and enzymes also are composed of protein. The body makes the specific proteins it needs for growth, repair, and other functions from amino acids that are either extracted from dietary protein or manufactured from other amino acids. PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES: Enzymes that are able to break down certain proteins, yet do not attach the beneficial proteins that make up the normal cells of the body. These proteolytic enzymes are said to have great value in fighting cancer as well as many other diseases. If the body were always capable of producing adequate proteolytic enzymes, it is possible that cancer would not develop. In theory, cancer cells have a type of protein coating that is destroyed by these proteolytic enzymes. When this protein is destroyed, the body's white cells are able to attack the cancer cells and destroy them. PRUINOUS (also prunose): Having a waxy layer or bloom on the surface (as in a prune). PRURITUS: Itching. PSEUDOCRAP: False fruit. PULMONARY: Pertaining to the lungs. PUNGENT: Irritating or sharply painful. Producing a sharp sensation of taste or smell. PURGATIVE: A substance that promotes the vigorous evacuation of the bowels. Usually to relieve severe constipation. PURULENT: Containing or causing the production of pus. PRECURSOR: Raw materials the body needs to build a substance it naturally requires. An example of this in herbal medicine is either sarsaparilla or APH. Both of these have raw materials for the body to manufacture testosterone. When body builders take either of the above precursors, it starts a chain reaction that results in accelerated muscle growth. Thus, the results of taking APH or sarsaparilla are similar to the results of taking steroids but without the harmful side effects. Another example of a precursor is valerian. A sleeping pill will force the body to sleep. Valerian will help the body produce sleep if sleep is required. QUICKSILVER: An old term for mercury. QUINQUEFID: Five parts. QUINSY: Peritonsillar abscess or tonsillitis. RACEME: Form of INFLORESCENCE with several single flowers growing on individual small stems and along a larger main stem. RADIATION: The emission and transmission of energy. Often used to refer to what is actually radioactivity, which is, basically, the release of energy and particles by unstable isotopes. RADIATION THERAPY: Usually refers to treatment of cancer with ionized radiation, including Roentgen rays, radium, or other radioactive substances. Also called RADIOTHERAPY. RAST: Radioallergosorbent test. A blood test that measures levels of specific antibodies produced by the body's immune system, used to test for allergic reactions. RDA: Recommended daily allowance. The amount of a vitamin or other nutrient that should be consumed daily in order to prevent nutritional deficiency. RDAs are determined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. RED BLOOD CELL: A blood cell that contains the red pigment hemoglobin and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream. REFRIGERANT: Relieves fever and thirst. A cooling remedy. Lowers body temperature. RELAXANT: Tends to relax and relieve tension, especially muscular tension. REMISSION: Abatement of disease. Lessening or reversal of the signs and symptoms of disease. This term is used particularly of serious and/or chronic illnesses such as cancer and multiple sclerosis. RENAL: Pertaining to the kidneys. RESOLVENT: Promotes the resolving and removing of abnormal growths, such as a tumor. RETROVIRUS: A class of viruses with RNA as its core nucleic acid and contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that permits the virus to copy its RNA into the DNA of infected cells, in effect taking over the cell's genetic machinery. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are also known to cause certain types of cancer in animals, and are suspected of causing forms of leukemia and lymphoma in humans. RHEUMATISM: An ailment characterized by stiffness of the joints or muscles. rhinovirus: a common virus associated with disorders of the upper respiratory tract such as the common cold RHIZOME: Underground horizontal stem with scale leaves at the nodes that bears shoots above and roots below. RNA: A ribonucleic acid found in plants and animal cells; a complex protein chemical found in plant and animal cells. RNA carries coded genetic information from DNA, in the cell nucleus, to protein-producing cell structures called ribosomes, where these instructions are translated into the form of protein molecules - the basic component of all living tissue. RUBEFACIENT: An agent that reddens the skin by increasing the circulation when rubbed on the surface. SAPONIN: Plant extract that produces soapy bubbles when mixed with water. Saponins can emulsify oils and cause thick mucus to liquidify. These are special glycosides. Their healing effect resides in thir capacity to break up red blolld cells (haemolysis). Primula is one of the herbs that contains saponins. SATURATED FAT: A fat that is solid at room temperature. Most saturated fats are of animal origin, although a few, such as coconut and palm oil, come from plants. SATURATES: Solid fats of animal origin. SATURATION: With regard to fats, the term "saturation" refers to the chemical structure of the fatty acid molecules, specifically the number of hydrogen atoms present. Fat molecules that cannot incorporate any additional hydrogen atoms are said to be saturated; those that could incorporate one additional hydrogen atom are referred to as monounsaturated; and those that could incorporate two or more additional hydrogen atoms are referred to as polyunsaturated. SCALD HEAD: Ringworm, or some similar affliction, of the scalp. May also refer to a disease of the hair follicles with formation of small yellow crusts and a very offensive odor; usually affects the scalp. SCRATCH TEST: A procedure in which a small amount of suspected allergen is applied to a lightly scratched area of skin to test for an allergic reaction. SCROFULA: Tuberculosis involving the lymph nodes of the neck usually occurs in early life. Now very rare. SEBUM: The oily secretion produced by glands in the skin. SECONDARY INFECTION: An infection that develops after and is made possible by the presence or effect of a previous infection, inflammation, or other condition, but that is not necessarily directly caused by it. SEDATIVE: Allays excitement, induces relaxation, and is conducive to sleep. It influences circulation thus reducing nervous expenditure. SEIZURE: A sudden, brief episode characterized by changes in consciousness, perception, muscular motion, and/or behavior. A convulsion is a type of seizure. SEPALS: Outer-most floral whorl that serves as a protective enclosure for the petals (COROLLA), STAMENS, and young fruit. SERO-NEGATIVE: The absence of antibody positivity. SERO-POSITIVITY: Synonymous with antibody positivity. SEROTONIN: A neurotransmitter present in nerve tissue. Considered essential for relaxation, sleep, and concentration. SERRATE: Toothed along the margin with sharp, forward pointing teeth. Contrast to CRENATE. SERUM: The cell-free fluid of the bloodstream. Appears in a test tube after the blood clots. SIALAGOGUE: Promotes the flow of saliva. SILICIC ACID: Substance that plants absorb from the soil. Horsetail, borage, and grasses are high in silicic acid. SIMPLE: A medicinal herb without strong effects. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE: A simple form of sugar: glucose, lactose, fructose, etc. This type of sugar is rapidly digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. SLEEPING DISEASE: Sleeping sickness; commonly found in Africa. Also viral encephalitis in which lethargy is a prominent feature. SOPORIFIC: Herbs that help promote sleep. SPASMOLYTIC: Medication that relieves muscular cramps or spasms. SPATULATE: Spoon-shaped; rounded above and constricted below. SPECIFIC: A medicine that has a special effect on a particular disease. SQUARROSE: Abruptly spreading or recurved above the base. STAMEN: Pollen-bearing male organ of the flower. STEROID: One of a group of fat-soluble organic compounds with a characteristic chemical composition. A number of different hormones, drugs, and other substances - including cholesterol - are classified as steroids. STIGMA: Part of the PISTIL that receives pollen. STIMULANT: Herbs that increase the activity or efficiency of a system or organs; acts more rapidly than a tonic. STOLON: Above ground or underground side shoots that grow from the base of the stem, the flower rosette, the mother plant, or the root crown. Also called a RUNNER. STOMACHIC: Herbs that give strength and tone to the stomach, stimulate digestion, and improve the appetite. STANDARDIZED: When a product is standardized, the plant material has been scientifically analyzed and adjusted to guarantee it contains an active or marker compound within tight specifications. 'Me analysis gives a chemical profile of the compounds in the herb and helps ensure consistency from batch to batch. For example, the silymarin content of milk thistle varies unless the product is standardized. It does not, however, mean the product is concentrated or more potent. STRANGURY: A slow painful passage of the urine due to spasm of the urethra and urinary bladder. STROKE: A sudden severe attack, usually caused by arteriosclerosis, that results in brain damage. The brain is suddenly deprived of oxygen and if it continues for more that a few moments death can occur. STYPTIC: Astringent: arrests hemorrhage and bleeding. SUBLINGUAL: Literally, "under the tongue". Sublingual medications and supplements often look like tablets or liquids meant for swallowing, but they are designed to be held in the mouth while the active ingredient is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes. SUDORIFIC: Herbs that cause heavy perspiration. SYMPTOM: A reaction to a bodily disorder. SYNCARP: A multiple or aggregate fleshy fruit as in the mulberry or blackberry. SNYCOPE: Temporary loss of consciousness, fainting. SYNDROME: A group of signs and symptoms that, when considered together, are known or presumed to characterize a disease. SYNERGISM: An interaction between two or more nutrients in which the action of the nutrients is greater when they are taken together than when taken individually. SYNERGY: An interaction between two or more substances in which their action is greater when they are together than the sum of their individual actions would be. SYSTEMIC: Pertaining to the entire body. TANNIN: Plant substances (complex phenols) that are able to bind proteins of the skin, transforming them into resistant, insoluble substances. Tannins preserve animal hides by turning them into leather; this same quality promotes wound healing and the formation of new skin. Because of their astringent properties, tannins also impart flavor to black tea. Herbs high in tannins include white oak bark and witch hazel bark. T-CELL: A type of lymphocyte crucial to the immune system and involved in the direct attack upon invading organisms. TERATOGEN: An agent that causes malformation of a developing embryo or fetus. TETTERS: A once popular name for various eczematous skin diseases. May also refer to a skin disease of animals communicable to man with intense itching. THERAPY, ALTERNATIVE: The treatment of disease using techniques supplementing surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. THORATIC: A medicine used to remedy respiratory ailments. THROMBUS: An obstruction in a blood vessel. THRUSH: A fungal infection from Candida albicans. Occurs most often in infants, immunocompromised patients, and AIDS victims. Characterized by small whitish spots on the tongue and inside of the cheeks. TINCTURE: A solution of the active principal of an herb in alcohol. TONIC: Herbs that restore and strengthen the entire system. Produces and restores normal tone. A general tonic would be one that braces up the whole system, such as a cold bath. TOPICAL: Pertaining to the surface of the body. TOXICITY: A poisonous reaction in the body that impairs bodily functions and/or damages cells. Caused from ingesting an amount of a substance that is higher that one's level of tolerance. TOXIN: A poison to the body that impairs bodily functions. TRACE ELEMENT: A mineral required by the body in extremely small quantities. TREMOR: Involuntary trembling. TRICHOMONAD: Parasitic protozoan that sometimes infects the genitals. TRIGLYCERIDE: A compound consisting of glycerol and a fatty acid. Triglycerides are fat storage molecules and are the major lipid component of the diet. TUMOR: An abnormal mass of tissue that serves no function. Tumors are usually categorized as either benign or malignant (cancerous). TYPE A PERSONALITY: A personality that tends to be impatient and aggressive. Persons with type A personalities tend to have stronger stress reactions, and may be more susceptible to cardiovascular disease. TYPE B PERSONALITY: A personality that tends to be relaxed and patient, and less reactive to stress. Those with type B personalities may be less prone to develop stress-related illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart disease. ULTRASOUND: Ultra-high-frequency sound waves. Ultrasound technology is used in a number of different medical diagnostic and treatment tools. UMBEL: INFLORESCENCE in which the PEDUNCLE or pedicels of the flower cluster arise from a common point. UNSATURATED FAT: Any of a number of dietary fats that are liquid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats come from vegetable sources and are good sources of essential fatty acids. Examples include flaxseed oil, sunflower oil, and primrose oil. URTICARIA: Hives. URUSHOIL: A resin found in poison ivy, oak, and sumac that triggers the characteristic rash, itching, and blisters. VACCINE: A preparation administered to induce immunity against a specific agent. It may be a suspension of living or dead organisms, or a solution of pollens or viral-bacterial antigens. Intended to induce immunity by antibody production without producing the disease itself. VASCULAR: Pertaining to the circulatory system. VEIN: One of the blood vessels that returns the blood from the body tissues to the heart. VENOM: A poisonous substance produced by an animal, such as certain snakes and insects. VERMIFUGE: An agent that expels intestinal worms or parasites. Same as ANTHELMINTIC. VESICANT: An agent that causes blistering, such as poison ivy. VIRUS: Any of a vast group of minute structures composed of a protein coat and a core of DNA and/or RNA that reproduces in the cells of the infected host. Capable of infecting all animals and plants, causing devastating disease in immunocompromised individuals. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics, and are totally dependent on the cells of the infected host for the ability to reproduce. VISUALIZATION: A technique that involves consciously using the mind to influence the health and functioning of the body. Also called creative visualization. VITAL SIGNS: Pulse, breathing, blood pressure, and temperature. VITAMINS: Approximately 15 essential nutrients that the body cannot manufacture and that need to be supplied for life and health. VULNERARY: An herb used in treating fresh cuts and wounds, usually used as a poultice. A healing substance. WATER-SOLUBLE: Dissolves in water. WESTERN BLOT: A test designed to detect the AIDS virus exposure by assessing the presence of the AIDS virus antibody. WHITE BLOOD CELL: A blood cell that functions in fighting infection and in wound repair. WITHDRAWAL: The process of adjustment that occurs when the use of a habit-forming substance to which the body has become accustomed to is discontinued. Also see DETOXIFICATION. YEAST: Yeast in a single-cell organism that may cause infection in the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and any or all bodily parts. Common yeast infections include candidiasis and thrush. YOHIMBINE: an alkaloid found in the bark of the yohimbe tree. Synthesized forms of yohimbine are used in prescription drugs for impotence. ZYMOTIC: Caused by or pertaining to any infection or contagious disease.