Swiss psychiatrist, one of the founding fathers of modern depth psychology. Jung's most famous concept, the collective
unconscious, have had a deep influence not only on psychology but also on philosophy and the arts.

     "The artist is not a person endowed with free will who seeks his own ends, but one who allows art to realize its purposes
     through him. As a human being he may have moods and a will and personal aims, but as an artist he is "man" in a higher sense
     - he is "collective man," a vehicle and moulder of the unconscious psychic life of mankind." (from 'Psychology and Literature',
     1930)

Carl Jung was born in Kesswil, Switzerland. His father, Johannes Paul Achilles Jung (1842-1896), was a priest - a profession
that had several representantives in the family. According to family legends, Jung's grandfather was Goethe's illegal son, although
there was no real evidence to support the story.

Jung graduated with a medical degree in 1900 from the University of Basel and began his professional career at the University
of Zürich. He worked at the Burghöltzi, the Zürich insane asylym and psychiatric clinic until 1909. His first published paper, On
the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena, appeared in 1902 and formed the basis for his doctoral
thesis.

In 1903 Jung married Emma Rauschenbach (1882-1955). In 1907 his study on schizophrenia led him to close collaboration
with Sigmund Freud. He also opened a private practice and travelled with Freud in 1909 to the Unites States, lecturing and
meeting among others the American philosopher and psychologist William James, whose thoughts attracted Jung deeply. (see
the writer Henry James, William James' brother)

     "Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism."

Jung's disagreement with Freud started over the latter's emphasis on sexuality alone as the dominant factor in unconscious
motivation. The ties were broken with the publication of Jung's Symbols of Transformation (1912), and with his acts as the
president of the International Congress of Psycho-Analysis.

The break had profoundly disturbing effect on Jung. He withdrew from the psychoanalytic movement and suffered a
six-year-long breakdown during which he had fantasies of mighty floods sweeping over northern Europe - prophetic visions of
World War I.

Following his emergence from this period, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical
Psychology. His concepts of the collective unconscious and of the achetypes led him to explore religion in the East and West,
myths, alchemy, and later flying saucers. Jung gathered material for his studies by visits to the Pueblo Indians and the Elgonies at
East Africa. Although Jung travelled quite extensively during his life, he never went to Rome. The omission was deliberate; he
felt that the associations the place would evoke were too strong.

Jung classified personalities into introvert and extravert types, according to the invidivual's attitude to the external world. His
experience with patients made him define neurosis as 'the suffering of the soul which has not discovered its meaning.' Meaning
can be found through dreams and their symbols in the form of archetypical images, arising from the collective unconscious.

Jung's view of literature was ambivalent. He was fascinated by Nietzsche, and wrote a study of Nietzsche's Zarathustra, but
distrust of aestheticism colored his judgment of literary works. However, he had a special interest in trivial literature: "Indeed.
literary products of highly dubious merits are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist." From H. Rider Haggard's novel She,
Jung found an embodiment of the anima. Especially Jung was interested in the mythic and archaic elements in literature. His
Symbols of Transformaton (1912) contains a lenghty discussion of Longfellow's Hiawatha, which is regarded as a poetic
compilation of mythical motifs.

In 1933 Jung was nominated president of the General Medical Society for Psychoterapy. After the death of his wife in 1955,
Jung began the final constructions of his Bollingen's house, or rather a castle of stone with towers, and reworked many earlier
papers. Among his later publications are Aion (1951), Answer to Job (1952), and Mysterium Coniunctionis (1955-56).

     NOTE: F.Scott Fitzgerald mentions Jung several times in Tender is the Night (1934). When his wife Zelda had a
     psychotic episode in late 1930, Jung was Fitzgerald's alternative choice for consultation.- Hermann Hesse's novel
     Demian was inspired by Jung's theory of individuation. - Among Jung's patients in the 1930s was James Joyce's
     daughter Lucia, who suffered from schizophrenia. Jung had earlier written a hostile analysis of Ulysses, and Joyce
     was left bitter at Jung's analysis of her daughter. He paid back in Finnegans Wake, joking with Jung's concepts of
     Animus and Anima. Iin his essay 'Ulysses' (1934) Jung saw Joyce's famous novel as an exploration of the spiritual
     condition of modern man, especially the brutalization of his feelings.

     JUNG'S PUPILS: Sabina Spielrein, Jung's patient first, and later mistress according to some sources, practiced
     psychoanalysis in the USSR after completing her studies. She was killed with her two daughters by German
     soldiers in 1942.

     For further reading: Complex, Archetype, Symbol in the Psychology of C.G. Jung by J. Jacobi (1957); The Myth of Meaning in
     the Work of C.G. Jung by A, Jaffé (1967); C.G. Jung and Herman Hesse by N. Serrano (1968); The Great Mother by E. Neumann
     (1972); C.G. Jung Speaking, ed. by W. McGuire and F.R. Hull (1977); Melville's "Moby-Dick": A Jungian Commentary by E.F.
     Edinger (1978); The Individuated Hobbit by T.R. O'Neill (1979); Joyce betweeen Freud and Jung by S.R. Brivic (1979);
     Boundaries of the Soul by J. Singer (1994) - see also Jung and the Story of Our Time by Laurens Van der Post and The World Is
     Made of Glass by Morris L. West, which depicts Jung's life in 1913, when he was suffering from nervous breakdown. West
     parallels Sherlockian detective work with psychoanalytic process. - FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:The C.G.Jung Institute of
     San Francisco, C.G.Jung Houston Homepage

Selected works:

     DIE PSYCHOLOGIE DER DEMENTIA PRAECOX, 1907 - The Psychology of
     Dementia Praecox
     WANDLUNGEN UND SYMBOLE DER LIBIDO, 1912 - Symbols of Transformation
     INSTINKT UND UNBEWUSSTES, 1919 - Instinct and the Unconscious
     PSYCHOLOGISCHE TYPEN, 1921 - Psychological Types
     The Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious
     DIE BEDEUTUNG DER PSYCHOLOGIE FÜR DIE GEGENWART, 1933 - The
     Meaning of Psychology for Modern Man
     PSYCHOLOGIE UND ALCHEMIE, 1944 - Psychology and Alchemy
     SYNCHRONIZITÄT ALS EIN PRINZIP AKAUSALER ZUSAMMENHÄNGE, 1952 -Synchronicity: An Acausal
     Connecting Principle
     Answer to Job, 1952 - Job saa vastauksen
     THE COLLECTED WORKS OF C.G. JUNG, 1953-79 (20 vols. ed. by H. Read, M.
     Fordham, G. Adler)
     EIN MODERNER MYTHUS, 1958 - Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth
     ERINNERUNGEN, TRÄUME, GEDANKEN, 1961 (recorded and edited by Aniela
     Jaffé) - Memoirs, Dreams, Reflections - Unia, ajatuksia muistikuvia
     MAN AND HIS SYMBOLS, 1964 (ed.)
     THE FREUD/JUND LETTERS, 1974 (ed. by William McGuire)
 
 
 

Jung's early years

     Jung was the child of a family, where the father Johann Paul Achille Jung was a Protestant pasteur (clergyman).
     His mother Emilie Jung (née Preiswerk) issued from a well-established Basel family. His parents, however, may
     have been a kind of rather different natures, or even ill-matched in some ways, and this is probably one of the
     reasons why he was left alone a lot.

     In these times of lonely childhood, he wondered and meditated over Life's big issues. He already then had an
     inherent inclination for dreaming and fantasy, which he consciously sought to develop. According to himself, these
     inner abilities largely influenced his adult work.

     After graduation in medicine, in 1902, from the universities of Basel and Zürich, with a wide background in
     biology, zoology, paleontology, and archæology, he began his study of human psychology. In February 1903, Jung
     maried Emma Rauschenbach, a psychoanalyst. Emma was an important support for Jung in his scientific
     activities, and they lived together until Emma's death in 1955. They got and raised five children.
 
 

The origins of psychology

     As far back in Time as 400 years BC, Hellenic philosophers sought to understand how the human psyche ("soul",
     mind, mental processes) functions, for example Demokrit, Plato, and Socrates. Yet it was Aristotle who, among
     other remarkable things, introduced higher reflexions about word association. So even if Hellenic Age may have
     been thee begining of a long list of Occidental academic contributions within this field, it seems that the first half of
     this century was specially apt to invite scientists and psychologers to reconsider the hitherto known findings and
     theories within this area.

     After his graduation, Jung began his research in word association. When a patient speaks, language outfolds its
     own logic of continuity - linking thought impulses and remembrances of events together; hence a patient's
     responses to an analyst's stimulus words will inevitably reveal what Jung called complexes, a term which has since
     become universal...
 
 

     After working with Eugen Bleuler and Pierre Janet, Jung met Sigmund Freud, with whom he cooperated the
     following years. The first move was made by Jung, when he, early in 1906, sent his book on word association to
     Freud. This initiated a somehow strange letter exchange between the two, which intensified during the year. When
     Jung became acquainted with Freud, the latter was quite a persona non grata in academic circles, and by his
     support of Freud, Jung contributed to making Freud been taken seriously in the scientific world.

     Their acquaintance materialized in a first personal meeting on Sunday the 3rd of March 1907, when Jung came to
     Vienna. The meeting made a great inpact on Jung, who did this entry about Freud in his diary, according to one of
     his many autobiographic writings:

          Nobody within my own area of experience was capable to measure with Freud. In his mind,
          there was no place for triviata; I found him indeed intelligent, analytically penetrating and
          remarkable in every way.

     Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in the Moravian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. When he was four, he
     moved to Vienna, where he later founded his psychoanalytic school, after graduation as a neurologer (brain doctor
     so to speak). From his research, which mostly was limited to therapy sessions with Jewish upper class women and
     a deep interest in 1,500 years of Biblical and Occidental philosophical tradition, he came up with a classification of
     the psyche's topography as the Id, the Ego, and the Superego.

     Freud also organized, though not the first to do so, human life in different stades according to age, and - which
     was new and provoking then - according to children's psychosexual development, whereby he also suggested that
     sexuality be the source of practically any human process. Freud's thought-provoking and at the same time
     audacious theories, however, met harsh criticism for inadequate methodology for identifying developmental
     processes and uncertain testability; for example, non-recognition of a psychoanalyst's interpretation of a patient (or
     an item) is not accepted as falsification or lack of verification, but rather referred to as a result of the patient's
     so-called defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, with time many scholars have come to sympathize with Freud's
     theories and hermeneutics
 
 

Independence

     In 1912, by writing "New Ways of Psychology" (which later was reedited and published 1917 as "On the
     Psychology of the Unconscious"), Jung declared his independence from Freud's overemphasis on sexuality.
     Jung disliked Freud's severe reservations towards spirituality and art (whose products Freud called "mere sexual
     sublimations"). Freud wished to promote Jung as the crown prince (heir) of Freudianism, whereas Jung wished to
     make his own renown.

     Jung is said to have had quite a jolly nature, and Freud's reluctant and bitter personality, at that period, may have
     outnumbered other and more polite character traits. Maybe this difference in temper may have reduced the
     attraction or splendor of a real friendship between the two, when this added to differences in their life views and
     life conditions. So within the following year of 1913, it actually did come to a complete break between them; and
     this fact made Freud abandon his wish to make Zürich the world center for psychoanalysis, since Switzerland at
     the time was the place for the strongest growth and activity within psychology.

     During his remaining 50 years, Doctor Jung, in accordance with his acknowledgement of the existence of an
     individual human soul, continued to develop his theories, drawing on a wide knowledge steming from his deep
     quest into mythology, history and a diversity of wisdom traditions; and Jung travelled a lot and visited diverse
     cultures in New Mexico, India, and Kenya. Hereby he founded his own school of ANALYTICAL
     PSYCHOLOGY which allowed his spiritual leanings an excellent expression. Jung's continued scientific research
     granted him international renown. For example he was chosen president of the International Psychoanalytical
     Association in the three years preceding World War One.
 
 

The renewal of psychology

     In a major work "Psychological Types" (1921), Dr. Jung dealt with the the relationship between the conscious and
     unconscious as well as divided personality types into extrovert and introvert. He later made a distinction between
     the personal unconscious (the repressed feelings and thoughts developed during an individual's life together with
     unfolded life possibilities and much more), and the collective unconscious (inherited feelings, thoughts, "instincts"
     and memories shared by all humanity); the collective unconscious made up of, what he called, archetypes.

     Archetypes are such inherent, instinctual and primordial images and symbols in all human beings, which often find
     an unconscious (or conscious) outer expression in religion, art, mythology, folk and fairy tales, astrology etc. Jung
     began to use his archetype notion in 1919 in accordance with his view that the human soul-life and instinct-nature,
     in form of "unloaded images" may be traced back to humanity even on a common and archaic level. But an
     archetype is not the image in itself, but the unfilled pattern and the possibility to fill out a given pattern (form) with
     an imagelike content. In "The Concept of the Collective Unconscious" (CW 9,1), Jung defined archetypes like
     this:

          "There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life. Endless repetition has
          engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not in the form of images filled with
          content, but at first only as forms without content, representing merely the possibility of a
          certain type of perception and action. When a situation occurs which corresponds to a given
          archetype, that archetype becomes activated and a compulsiveness appears, which, like an
          instinctual drive, gains its way against all reason and will, or else produces a conflict of
          pathological dimensions, that is to say, a neurosis."

     Astrology as an ancient science is a fine example of that kind of varied symbol language, which has devellopped
     around archetypic motives. Doctor Jung said that astrology, per se, represents a (quote) summation of all the
     psychological knowledge of Antiquity. And astrology is, if well used, (quote) a splendid method that can lead
     to deeper self-knowledge and personal growth, Jung found. He possessed a profound astrological insight
     himself, and among other he wrote the book The Aion, which treats the Piscean Age, Christendom, and human
     evolution.

     In "Religion og symbol" (Forlaget Borgen, Copenhagen 1988, p. 18; my own translation), psychoanalyst and
     co-founder of the Jung Institute in Copenhagen Pia Skogemann writes this:

          "Jung uses the word symbol in opposition to the word sign. This is important to notice, since
          the two words often seem to be used as a description for the same thing. Moreover he
          distinguishes between 'natural' and 'cultural' symbols. The firste ones are of a kind, that one
          may encounter in indidual persons' dreams, fantasies etc. De latter ones belong, as the notion
          indicates, to a certain culture, but bear a personal and emotional conotation as well for many
          'inhabitants' of a given culture.

     Pia Skogemann also states that (quote) "in order to understand the theory of archetypes, which holds such a
     central position with Jung, it is necessary to notice, that by his notion of archetypes he means not
     hereditary ideas, specific mental traits nor racial memory" (Ibid., p. 36). I therefore emphasize that most
     Jung-interprets understand that the archetypes are collective by nature, and that these so-called potential
     psychological structures are conceived as belonging to the whole collectivity of mankind without consideration
     of ethnic or other differences.
 
 

Jung's Lebensanschauung
 

                      "We moderns are faced with the necessity
                        Of rediscovering the life of the spirit;
                     We must experience it anew for ourselves"
 
 

     Thus Dr. Jung wrote in his essay "Freud and Psychoanalysis". Jung, who did not accept Freud's theory that human
     development is essentially complete after the first five years of life, claimed that personal development is a lifelong
     process. He underlined that conflicts established in infancy often are not resolved satisfactorily until adulthood or
     maturity. And trough such resolutions, around or even before one's midlife, some persons may begin to search for
     inner truths and achieve a state of self-assertion and identity integration - which Jung called individuation, i.e.
     wholeness of Self or what I myself understand by the term integration of one's soul, so that the higher self (or the
     soul's consciousness) radiate from a person through his or her personality, for the approximation of the ego to the
     self "must be a never-ending process", that means that such a fullfillment is never really attained, since Jung
     regarded the ultimate perfection which the Self archetype stands for, as best symbolized by (symbols surrounding)
     Christ.

     Jung's emphasis on spiritual matters such as the Collective Unconsciousness as empirically unmeasurable structures
     - withholding archetypes and disguised as symbols in myths, sagas and folklore - has met much criticism. Already
     at the turn of the century, the notion of soul had almost been excised from the minds and vocabularies of Western
     scientists, yet Jung insisted to do his research of the timeless and spaceless reality of human beings whereby he
     referred to the soul.

     According to Jung, Individuation is an inavoidable part of Life's course. Individuation is realizing one's Self, when
     an individual embraces his or her innermost uniqiueness. Self-realization has nothing to do with selfishness nor
     egotism. Individuation is opposite standpoint of Self-alienation. Jung viewed the psyche as generating a Life course
     of dynamics driven by opposites existing in an individual's psyche, whereby he or she unconsciously will strive for a
     greater amount of wholeness. Thus wrote Jung about Individuation in Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious
     (CW 9,1):

          "In all cases of dissociation it is therefore necessary to integrate the unconscious into
          consciousness. This is a synthetic process which I have termed the 'individuation process'. As a
          matter of fact, this process follows the natural course of life - a life in which the individual
          becomes what he always was. Because man has consciousness, a development of this kind
          does not run very smoothly; often it is varied and disturbed, because consciousness deviates
          again and again from its archetypal, instinctual foundation and finds itself in opposition to it.
          There then arises the need for a synthesis of the two positions".

     Carl Gustav Jung even stated that he viewed his own Life as a long, unfolding myth, and he had no reluctance with
     using the material from the dreams and fantasies of his own child- and manhood.

     Exactly because Jung's experience and collection of material stem from diverse fields of study, it seems difficult for
     the so-called established psychology to relate to. On the other hand Jung has gained high respect and estime within
     neighbouring disciplines, such as religion, anthropology, theology, arthistory, astrology of course, and other
     humanist fields.
 
 

Jung's remainings

     Doctor Jung wrote voluminously, especially on his psychological theories, analytical methods and the relationships
     between psychotherapy and religious beliefs. He wrote in his own language, Swiss-German, and the totality of his
     written scientific oeuvre is translated into Danish, English, French, as well as into manyfold other languages. The
     uniquness of his Life's work probably lies in the fact that he himself witnessed an inner realization, whereof his
     profound psychological comprehension and the wholeness of his oeuvre mark the fecond fruits. Carl Gustav Jung
     died on the 6th of June 1961 in Küsnacht, Switzerland. His writings will, sine dubito, be honoured and studies for
     many years to come...
 
 

Chronology of Jung's Life in Major Traits

(This chronological table has been worked out partially after Ronald Hayman's " A Life of Jung" Biography . (England)  1999
and after Aniela Jaffé's recordings, as rendered given by Robert C. Smith in his book "The Wounded Jung" (USA 1996).

...and is still under construction!!!!
 
 

Year	Personal Events	Worklife Events
1794	Carl Gustav Jung,paternal grandfather, born  (died 1864)
1799	Samuel Preiswerk, maternal grandfather, born  (died1871)
1805	Augusta Faber, maternal grandmother, born (died 1862)
1842	Johann Paul Achilles Jung born
1848	Emilie Preiswerk born
1873	Paul Jung, their first child is born and dies in infancy
1875, July 26	Jung is born in Kesswill, by Lake Constance
1875, Dec.	family moves to Laufen, near Schaffhausen
1879	family moves to Klein-Hueningen, Paul jung appointed chaplain to Friedmatt mental hospital
1882, 30 March	Emma Rauschenbach born in Schaffhausen
1884	Gertrud Jung born
1886	Jung starts at the Gymnasium in Basel
1887	off school for six month, after excident
1889	holiday at Entylebuch, near Lucerne
1890	his father prepares him for confirmation
1895, 18 April	CGJ starts medical studies in Basel
1895, 18 May	joins Zofingia fraternity
1895, June	organises first seances in his home. The medium is his cousin, Helly Preiswerk.
1895 autumn	his father falls ill and...
1896,  28 January	Jung's father dies
1896, spring	the family moves to Binningen
1897, Nov.	CGJ gives his first Zofingia lecture
1897, winter		elected chairman of Zofingia
1898		course in psychiatry under Professor Wille
1899	stops seances	second course under Prof. Wille and final exam
1900	period of service in the infantry	Jung graduates with a M.D. from the University of Basel
1900-1909		Jung works at the Burghoelzli Mental Hospital in Zurich
1901	reads paper at meeting about Freud's "On Dreams"	CGJ's boss, Bleuler, inaugurates research into word association works on thesis " On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena"
1901 spring/summer	during annual military service commissions as an officer in the medical corps	starts work with Riklin on word-association tests
1902 Jun/Aug.		works on hysterical woman in prison
1902		Jung achieves his Ph.D. at the University of Zurich; thesis published
1902 / 3	goes to Paris and attends lectures by Pierre Janet
1903 , January	first visit to London
1903, 14 Feb.	Jung marries  Emma Rauschenbach
1904, 17 Aug.   26 Dec.	Sabina Spielrein arrives as at the Burghoelzli as patient and completes analysis in December that year; she will be discharged in June 1905. his first child, Agathe, born	becomes senior doctor  (clinical director) at Burghoelzli
1905		publishes "The Reaction-Time_Ratio in the Association Experiment" as Habilitationsschrift (to qualify as an unpaid lecturer in psychiatry at Zurich University) Appointed director of new outpatient clinic
1905-1913		Jung lectures in psychiatry at the University of Zurich
1906	Jung initiates letter correspondance with Sigmund Freud and, the following year,visits him in Vienna
1909		Jung opens his private practice of psychoanalysis in Kuessnacht,which he runs with enthusiam until his death
1912	Jung declares his scientific independence from Freud	Jung publishes"Neue Bahnen der Psychologie"
1916		Jung publishes "La structure de l'inconscient"
1917		Jung publishes "Die Psychologie der unbewussten Prozesse"
1919		First use of the term archetype (in "Instinct und Unbewusstes")
1921		Jung publishes "Psychologische Typen"
1923	Jung begins the building of his scientific refuge- his "tower"-inBollingen
1931		Jung publishes "Seelenprobleme der Gegenwart"
1932-1940		Jung works as a professor of psychology at the Federal Polytechnical University in Zurich
1934		Jung publishes "Wirklichkeit der Seele"
1941	With Karl Kerényi	Jung publishes "Essays on a Scienceof Mythology"
1944-1945		Jung assumes the chair of professorship of medical psychologyat the University of Basel
1945		Jung publishes "Nach der Katastrophe"
1950		Jung publishes "Aion - Fänomenologie des Selbsts"
1952		Jung publishes "Antwort für Job"
1957		Jung publishes "Gegenwart und Zukunft"
1961	Jung dies at the age of 85