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Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to describe, depict, and put some light on the most infamous and venomous murderers of our time. The author of this paper will attempt to review and filter the thinking and findings about the sadistic acts of serial killers. This would include the specific motives and rationale of the sequential homicide. Also, it will incorporate definition, profile of serial killers, analyses, motivation, and steady growth of these hideous crimes. Since the topic deals with severely twisted and extremely enigmatic minds of perpetrators it would be quite arrogant just to throw some light and let the reflection cascade where they may, or use a fancy vocabulary to sound sophisticated while missing the core of the problem. There is no zone of comfort because the quest for understanding the mind and faculty of the ferocious criminal is never-ending. Serial killers are the scariest of all criminals not because they do such hideous deeds, but what makes them actually terrifying is that they are capable of the most maniacally vicious acts, they are not behaving as raving madmen. They are inconspicuous among us, and they cunningly appear to be mundanely normal as the next person. As a consequence, serial killers often go undetected for years, and some of them have been successful in eluding capture forever, but stockpile a trail of corpses in their pathway with no concrete clues to identify them. The prime examples of these phenomenons are "Jack the Ripper," the "Green River Killer"- so labeled because he dumped some of his victims around Washington state's Green River. He vanished without a trace after slaying perhaps as many as sixty six people. Also, there are other still unidentified serial killers, such as the "Axeman of New Orleans" and Zodiac. A legitimate question is haunting the public and the authorities, why are these killers never captured? There are few explanations some more valid than others; did they simply stop? Not likely because these homicidal maniacs are as addicted to death as alcoholics or drug addicts are to drinks or drugs. Probability of the theory that the compulsive killer kicks the deadly habit on his own without any professional help is more than ludicrous and not acceptable or suggested by far. It comes down to wishful thinking. More valid explanations are that they are stopped for various reasons, died from natural causes, committed suicide, being imprisoned for unrelated crimes, or confined to a mental institution. Society as a whole understands and acknowledges the need to protect itself from these monsters, yet there is a certain mystique and fascination associated with this type of crime more than general homicide. But at the end of the day, the public wants to see them caught and punished. These grotesque crimes with real consequences are reported on the news and portrayed often in various programs on television. Since, the public is aware that this type of crime is happening in every city and town and it could be in nearly every neighborhood, fear replaced fascination because everyone is a potential victim.

Definition

Present thought separates multiple killers into two broad sections; mass murderers and serial killers. On the subject of a mass murderer, the National Center for the Victims of Crime opines; "[m]ass murderers differentiate from serial murderers in that the prior appear to abruptly act out and indiscriminately kill numerous people in a specific time period." In short, mass murderers act in a single, violent convulsion of incomprehensible rampage, displaying themselves to identification, capture, and often death at the hands of police or suicide. The killings are conduct and dramatization of desperation, ministered as vehicles for inducing the perpetrator into the public eye and evoking attention to his sense of impotence, his frustration, his fury and hostility.

This definition differs with the definition given for serial murder, in which the same source states.

Serial murder is the supreme manifestation of violent criminality as evidenced by horrifying acts perpetrated against innocent victims. The crime is often an interrelation and culmination of extreme sexual perversity and brutal homicide which generally leaves the victim in a condition far worse than simply the infliction of death. Many victims of serial killers endure prolonged periods of suffering until the lethal assault saves them from further torment. Although serial murder is relatively rare in comparison to homicide or violent crime in general, the serial killer receives much more disdain from society because of the agony he inflicts upon his victim in what the public considers a senseless crime.

To summarize the Mass Murder it would be safe to assume that it constitutes a single event, a single location homicide involving four or more victims. From this point it could be expanded further into a "classic mass murder," and "family mass murder."Also, it is important to mention that there is also a "spree murder," which is just another mass murder with the distinction of two or more different locations with no cooling off period between each murder.

To characterize a serial killer and killings it could be interpreted as, three or more separate events in three or separated locations with an emotional cooling off period between homicides. The serial murder is speculated to be extremely premeditated, involving a crime related fantasy and detailed technique and planning. When the time is precise for him and he has cooled off from his last homicide the serial killer picks his next victim and proceeds almost religiously with his plan. The cooling off period can last for days, weeks, or months, and is the key feature that distinguishes the serial killer from other multiple killers (Crime Classification Manual, Ressler, Douglas, Burgessm Burgess 1992).

In the distorted minds of the men and women who kill again and again, life, sex, agony of pain, and death are designed into a beastly passion to kill. The serial killers are turned to violence and death in search of power over others and to manifest their own monstrous sexual identity. That is what their killings are all about; nevertheless, each serial killer uses distinct techniques utilizing gory acts to gratify themselves. The majority of these killers view their victims as mere dolls to be terrorized, murdered, violated in every possible way and then casually dispersed piece by piece, occasionally eat them, store them into freezers, or sometimes left in shallow graves for wild animals to find them. This shows that even when a victim is dead the obsession of some serial killers does not stop. They equally exercise their power before and after victim's are dead.

Although there is an obvious difference between a serial killer versus a mass murderer, there can be some confusion in categorization

Serial Killers: Typically commit murders over a considerable span of                   time-sometimes years

Have a "cooling period between murders similar to the sated lull after sex

Can confine their type of victim or place in which to commit their murders

Mass Murderers: Usually a person who just goes berserk or snaps, killing a large number of victims at once (min 4) in one location such as a Post Office or their place of work.

Human time bomb, detonating without warning killing everything in their vicinity, often including themselves, as they either commit suicide or are gunned down by Police in an armed stand-off

Generally do not have the higher IQ that serial killers have
 

Most scientists, naturalists and ethologist share a logical presumption that species by species in the animal kingdoms are usually not vicious toward one another, neither are they, within the boundaries of their accord, illogical, mad, nor self destructive as homo sapiens. Rarely, there are some degenerates among the animals who in scarce incidents, viciously assault members of their own species; however, only man methodically and ruthlessly, destroy not only their own kind, but the rest of the known life on this planet. This behavioral difference raises the question among many scientists as to how, where, and why the homo sapiens acquired such destructive aspirations.

Profile of a serial killer

At the beginning of the research it was very confusing to differentiate between the profile of a serial killer and the criminal profile of serial killer. Once these sound a like terms were successfully comprehended it became apparent that each of them attained a different but equally important purpose. The profile of a serial killer is not as clear cut as one might contemplate. What makes the serial killer so dangerous is his ability to blend into normal society. Serial killers have a long scope in profile, from handsome law students and jolly jesters such as Theodore Bundy and John Wayne Gacy; to seemingly ordinary Americans like Henry Lucas, or Ottis Toole who was a bizarre retard. It is approximated that Henry and Ottis who subsequently in their murderous pursuits coupled forces and claimed over two-hundred victims. Serial killers in general are white males between the ages of 20 to 35, and it is estimated that 76% of the worlds serial killers live and operate within the United States. This statistic may be a questionable number because of invalidity, admission and willingness of reports of serial killers by other countries.

These animal like predators have learned to observe, appraise and to estimate people, opportunities, and situations. Also, they are exceptionally intuitive in sensing the fears and weaknesses of their fellow-being and potential victims. As children, typically they are ardent, smart, alert and pranksters. They mature into swift appraisers, first-class experts of human makeup and use these abilities for cunning orchestrations of the present situation. Their ability to blend into any given situation is very impressive. Nonetheless, this alertness, reactability, and switchability is associated with incapacity to produce attachments and relationships. This rollercoaster of traits and attitudes, invents a perverted conclusion, which needless to say, is not suspected or foreseen by others. After all they are a species of the third kind who live in a dimension created by their own fantasies. Serial killers are loners unattached to anybody or anything because of the anxiety of disassociation, choosing to trust no one, rather than to risk the anticipated vulnerability which any relationship may bring along. These features are not pertinent to all serial killers but it is proven to be for most of them. Some of these murderers are also artists, but their artistry and craft tend to be gothic and monstrous, depicted in paintings by Gacy.

No one knows for sure or understands what really makes these creatures kill. Such men lead, more or less ordinary lives, in parallel with their murderous ones. They have parents, fiancees, spouses, lovers, children, homes, and jobs. They enjoy a drink with the boys, they worry and fuss about bills, and they aspire to better things, and many desire to be police officers. When arrested they habitually disclose a swarm of justifications for their noxious acts; a tyrannical or absent parent, a prostitute's mocking laugh, or demons muttering secretly in their minds. Sometimes they even display a self-pitying modification for remorse. Most serial killers have a prolonged history of intense sexual and/or physical abuse and negligence in their childhood that makes them doubt their masculinity later in life. This constant doubt circulating through their mind as they are developing sexuality and experimenting with it, leaves a probe of inadequacy or sexual orientation (Morison, 1991).

Serial killer traits

Among other common traits concerning the serial killer there is the ever presence of free will. To some degree it cannot be overlooked that there is a great deal of unconscious motivations present in the actions of the serial killer, and that these motivations are still wrapped and concealed in darkness. Nevertheless, there is an ample deal of evidence that the serial killer "acts from a conscious perspective" (Holmes& De Burger, 1988, p.98). Although these two statements are contradictory, somehow they made perfect sense if one utilizes the concept of two worlds that fuse at some point like a twilight of sane and insane that drives those madmen to commit unspeakable monstrosities. Regardless of stimulation their sole purpose is to hurt first and to kill as the final crowning. The task to draw common traits does satisfied tosome extend, but the difference that sets them a part makes it difficult to study that phenomenon. The study of such people to develop a more concise and applicable criminal description and characteristic is drawn from the evidence of the crime scene, lengthy interviews with killers, various biological testing, and psychological methods into science. Unfortunately, everything remains theoretical, and mostly unproven. Here are some of the characterizations that the International Association of Forensic Science presented in 1984 and was compiled by some of the founders of he FBI's Behavior Sciences Unit, including Robert Ressler.

• Over 90% are white males
• They tend to be intelligent with IQ's in the "bright normal" range
• In spite of their high IQ's they do poorly in school, have a hard time holding a job and usually work as unskilled laborers.
• They tend to come from unstable families. They are typically abandoned as children by their fathers and raised by domineering mothers
• Their families often have criminal, alcoholic and psychiatric histories
• They hate their fathers and their mothers
• Prolonged bed wetting into abnormal ages
• Setting fires or pyromania
• Cruelty to animals (torture and killing of small animals usually leads to more)
• Commonly abused as children-psychologically, physically, and sexually. Sometimes the abuser is a stranger or friend, but often it is a family member
• Many spend time in institutions as children and have records of early psychiatric problems
• They have a high rate of suicide attempts
• They are intensely interested from an early age in voyeurism, fetishism and sadomasochistic pornography

This information can be found in Sexual Homicide Patterns and Motives, page 29, written by R. Resslerr, A. Burgess, and J. Douglas. These three executed a study involving 36 incarcerated serial killers, and compiled the data collected into a chart of childhood behavior traits among serial killers.

Psychopathic and Psychotic analyses

However, most forensic psychiatrists and psychologists agree that there is no complete but only partial answers because early abuse although contributes to a child's development and sets a disturbing emotional blueprint into a criminal later on, but it is not the only cause that triggers such extreme deviance. They suggest that a physiological defect in the brain adds to the problem in a way that criminals have a break in the linkage between the frontal lobe, that gives the ability to think and feel, and the limbic system that we share with animals. There was also another theory where the experts believed that the murderer had an extra Y chromosome and that the added male chromosome made them more violent than normal men. However, when tested, this theory proved to be unreliable, in fact the only known murderer who tested positive for this was Richard Speck, the Chicago murderer who killed nine nurses.

The believe that some babies are born with a genetic predisposition to violence-just as some are born with innate talent for music, sports, or math seems more acceptable. What it means is that if the child has an inherent tendency to be violent, and they are born into an abusive situation, the perfect soil is there for growing an antisocial behavior.

Types of Serial Killers

Regardless of all the similar attributes and experiences that serial killers share, many experts insist on dividing them into subgroups to clear the misconception that there is only one type of serial killer. In actuality there are four distinctive types.

The Visionary Motive Type is the group considered insane-psychotic, people who's minds are gripped by bizarre delusions and hallucinations. They often hear voices in their head telling them to commit the crime. For example David Berkowitz, Son of Sam, claimed he was obeying a demon that transmitted orders through his dog. Herbert Mullin killed 13 people in the early 70's and was a paranoid schizophrenic who claims to have heard "Telepathic Voices" commanding him to kill in order to avert natural disasters, a catastrophic earthquake that would destroy California.

The Missionary-Oriented Motive Type killers see themselves as avenging crusaders, ridding society of undesirables, immoral and unworthy, such a prostitutes, homosexuals, and foreigners. Joe Franklin, a Hitler worshiper of late 70's killed approximately 13 people because they were inter-racial couples.

The Thrill Oriented Motive Type (Hedonistic) killers have no motive other than their own pleasure. They get a high from killing. Of the four types, this is the one who enjoys killing very sadistically. Inflicting death is the source of an ultimate high for them, it brings them intense pleasure.

The Lust Killers are sexual killers who kill for the pure turn on. For them, the amount of pleasure is in direct correlation with how much they can torture their victim; the more heinous their action, the more aroused they become. In most cases, a serial killer is a lust killer. Also, these killers motives are the urgent need to assert their supremacy over a helpless victim, to make up for their own deep-seated feeling of worthlessness.

The problem with these categories is that many killers tend to overlap and cross from one category into another. For example a Missionary killer who targets prostitutes may be responding to "divine" voices commanding him to cleanse the streets of whores. The pleasure a Hedonistic killer gets from binding and torturing his victim may come from the fact that he is exerting complete power over them.

Why they do it

It is a fact that virtually all serial killers come from an abusive or severely dysfunctional environment, but that does not resolve or justify what they do. There is no doubt that neglect or abuse of young children has the grave potential to manufacture some very psychologically disturbed, mess-up people. However, it does not appear or seem confirmed, through any consolidation of logic and data, that the nexus of those mentally disturbed individuals are therefore compelled to commit such unspeakable violent crimes. Despite the bad ambience or any other supposedly mitigating or explanatory factors, they are the ones who decide and choose to commit monstrosities. There is no doubt in stating it plainly based on study and analysis, that the overwhelming majority of serial killers, regardless of type, do what they do because they want to. It gives them a gratification they do not acquire in any other aspect of their lives, and because it makes them feel good, regardless of the consequences to others. In that respect, the crime symbolizes the ultimate in selfishness; the predator is not concerned with what happens to his victims as long as he gets what he wants and the thrill that he seeks. In fact, practicing the manipulation, domination, control, and the infliction of pain and death are for him the ultimate expression. The acts of violence are the critical factors in making him feel complete and fully alive. The question remains, are serial killers mentally ill? To answer this question it would be primarily based on the interpretation of definition. Certainly they are abnormal, certainly what they do to get their kicks is sick, certainly they have a severe character disorder, but there is no certainty that they are insane. Also, insanity is a matter of definition. Yes, there are some people who commit violent crimes because they are literally crazy, even delusional, but there are not that many, and virtually none who are serial killers, or rapists. The true crazies are easy to identify and not difficult to catch.

Delinquency

The footing for the serial killer is laid down in their early life experience, more familiarly known as childhood. Most serial killers portrayed childhood punishment and discipline as unfair, abusive, and hostile and is characterized as a personal problem to them (Ressler, 1988; FBI, 1985). The outcome is that they never bonded to their families and the lack of ability to bond to peers, resulting in very few if any friendships. They appear to be loners, and they feel more aggression than the average children. The childhood pre-killer has a difficult time in differentiating fantasy and play with reality. In comparison to other children the future killer is defiant and aggressive, lying perpetually. Their fury toward society is reflected in the way they bully other children when given the chance. This propensity toward violence only increases over the years. They learn to hang on to the fantasies of feeling in control over self, and over the external world. These belligerent fantasies which are fulfilling many of the child's essentials are explicitly the steering force behind many of aforemotivated criminal and atypical activities, such as cruelty to animals, abuse of other children, distractive play, a disregard for others, fire settings, theft and property destruction (Ressler, 1988). This type of early antisocial behavior induced by self indulged fantasies gradually leads to social isolation and is reinforced into even greater anger against society, and as time goes on they transfigure into blood thirsty monsters.

Connection with the law enforcement

Most of homicide's grisly scenes reveal the stories, and like most stories, crime scenes have traits, a plot, an onset, a midpoint, and a completion. It is the investigators' expertises ability to analyze the crime scene and to learn and determine the who, what, how, and why the crime scene story developed. To ensure solving the case, that is, the successful apprehension and prosecution of the violent crime offender, investigators must understand that the outcome depends on their insight abilities into the dynamics of human behavior such as patterns, nonverbal gestures, and other traits and patterns which give shape to human conduct. These individual characteristics work in concert to cause each person to act, react, function, or perform in a unique and specific way. Since the commission of a violent crime involves all the dynamics of deviant human behavior, learning to recognize crime scene manifestations of behavioral patterns enables investigators to discover much about the offender. It also provides a means by which investigators can distinguish between different offenders committing the same types of offense, serial killings.

In many cases murder scene evidence does not reveal everything investigators need to know to catch a serial killer before he strikes again. In this case to unravel needed information on the lifestyle, personality and habits of a potential suspect there are experts they can call on. These experts, profilers, piece together psychological snapshots of suspects. They tediously sift through crime scene evidence, looking for "signatures" left behind that shed light on the killer's behavioral patterns. They examine specific evidence to create serial killer portraits, such as:

• The crime scene: An organized killer who obsesses over detail is thought to be fine -tuning his or her technique; a disorganized crime scene can indicate a killer is degenerating and getting sloppy.
• Location: Most serial killers dump their first victims in an area they know well. Many notorious serial killers have limited their activities to one area. Others, such as Angel Leonico Reyes-Resendiz, a k a Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, suspected as a freight-train-riding serial killer, cover a wide area.
• Ethnicity: Most serial killers murder within their own ethnic group
• Time to kill: A murder that takes place on weekends or holidays suggests that the killer has limited free time and holds down a job.
• Victims: Most serial killers go for a consistent victim type. Focus could be gender, age , race, profession, or even hair color.

Chances are they would be looking for a male suspect. His usual method could be raping, stabbing, shooting, beating, or strangling. The victim could have been anyone, a young boy, a blonde or brunette, a gay man, a college student, or a prostitute, but he or she probably did not know the perpetrator.

In their subculture serial killers are actively involved in law enforcement or following closely the political bounds of the community. They are attracted to such positioning like that of security guard or even to the point of impersonating a police officer. These positions allow them to exploit others and allow them the status to search for potential victims. Another reason they impersonate figures of authority is to gain the power and prestige of the position, which is absent from their oftentimes menial labor. Some even go as far as to participate in the man-hunts and the investigation of locating the murder. Many impersonate these high ranking officials and some actually spend this time in their own spotlight, as the ranking official.

Notorious serial killers

John Wayne Gacy: had sexually abused, tortured and murdered 33 young men and boys in the late 1970's. He was a building contractor, a prominent citizen, and part-time clown. He lured his victims into his Des Plaines, III., home with promises of high-paying jobs. Many of his victims were strangled and buried under and around his home. He was sentenced to death in 1980 and executed in 1994.

Theodore (Ted) Bundy: is the epitome of the serial killer. To this day, no one knows for sure who his father was, all that is known is that he was a member of the armed forces (Serial, 1993). So the one half of his genetic make-up was and is unknown, could be this be the missing piece of what turned Ted Bundy into a killer?

Along with his good grades in school were letters from his teachers asking him to learn to control his violent temper. Several of these letters with pleas for his guardians to help him to do so. As he grew, Ted's underlying urges riddled his every thoughts. In 1972, he graduated from the University of Washington with a degree in psychology.In January of 1974, at University of Washington a coed did not show up for breakfast one morning and her roommates assumed that she had decided to sleep late. Deciding to check on her in mid-morning, they got no response to knocks at her door (Rule, 1989). This is where it all began

He confessed to killing 16 young women in the western United States and Florida during the 1970's. Bundy strangled, bludgeoned and mutilated his victims. He was sentenced to death for the 1987 murders of a 12-year old girl in Lake City, Florida, and two Tallahassee, Florida, college students. He died in a Florida electric chair on January 24, 1989. Law enforcement authorities suspect Bundy may have been responsible for more than 30 murders.

David Berkowitz: is known as "Son of Sam." He shot and killed six New York couples in 1976-77. From July 29 1976 to August 10, 1977, New York City was held in a reign of terror because of an unknown assailant, calling himself the Son of Sam. He trolled the streets of New York, in search of his victims with his infamous .44 caliber revolver (Serial, 1993). Berkowitz taunted police with threatening notes that he left at the crime scenes. Eight related shootings spanned out over a year, ended the lives of six people and seven others were left injured and left with horrible memories that they will never forget. Captured in August 1977, Berkowitz pleaded guilty and was sentenced to more than 300 years in prison. He murdered because of his sexual frustrations and discontent with women. Berkowitz claimed that a demon that lived inside his neighbor, Sam Carr's dog, told him to kill any couples together on his path. The demon, he said spoke to him through Carr's pet dog.

Jeffrey Dahmer: as a child, Jeffery Dahmer, the killer of at least eighteen, (Davis, 1991; Lane; Mendoza, 1997; Morrison, 1991; Newton, 1990) seemed excessively interested in the makeup and mechanics of how animals worked. Jeff's parents never questioned this because his father was one who believed in the experimentation and discovery way of learning. Unfortunately, Jeff's interest progressed from merely dismembering "road kill" to actually trapping and mutilating the neighborhood pets. The theft of family pets and his desire to "learn" more about these animals eventually bored him. It was time to move on to bigger and better things, humans. Eventually, he was captured, and convicted in 1992 for the mutilation murders of 18 young men and boys in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dahmer baited his victims by promising to pay them if they posed for photographs. He then drugged , strangled and dismembered them inside his apartment. Police discovered numerous body parts, including human heads, at his residence. While serving life in prison, Dahmer was beaten to death by another inmates in 1994.

Pairs

The tag-team scheme, although rare, is still in the world of the serial killers. They may pursue in pairs, either employing or assisting one another in the abduction and slaughter of their victims, or even to the point where one is solely an onlooker and driver of the get-away vehicle. The most profuse pairing in recent history, although, there is some question about this, is Henry Lee Lucas and Ottis Toole. The debate is not *whether they worked together, but in the actual number of victims there were. Together they are suspected of two hundred murders (Morrison, 1991: Mendoza, 1997). After serving his sentence of ten years in prison for killing his mother, Henry, when freed, launched his stellar calling as the United States most infamous random killer. In 1976 he joined up with Ottis, a part-time transvestite, to carry out numerous homicidal escapades. The killer twosome enjoyed traveling back and forth across the country picking up hitchhikers to quench their lust for blood. Sometimes, when they did not want the hassle of disposing of a body, they would just run over the victim and proceed on their way. After Henry's arrest in 1985 in Texas, he toured the country disclosing evidence of his handiwork for the local law enforcement departments. Henry and Ottis did confess to over five hundred murders, eventually recanting. Lucas sporadically mentioned tid-bits of evidence to his many killings in eighteen states. While serving six years of his life sentence Toole died of cirrhosIs of the liver (Mendoza, 1997).

Conclusion

Unfortunately, no one can say, or predict, when killers will strike, or even where, but society does know that murders are being committed on a daily basis, whether the murders are gang related, families killing one another, or they are being committed by these illusive serial killers. It is evident that serial killers are not people whom someone can pick out in a crowd. They all have many different traits, eerily many similar characteristics appear regarding who they actually are and how they interact with society as a whole. There are always exceptions to all rules and these are no exception.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington, DC has what is referred to as the "Child Abduction and Serial Crimes Unit" within their Behavior Science Department. This unit consists of the persons who originally developed the concept of serial killers; how to identify them and how to proceed with their eventual capture. Recent statistics estimate that there are thirty to fifty serial killers murdering at any given time. There is an estimated total of three to five hundred "unknown" killers currently at large in the United States (Mendoza, 1997). The serial killer becomes more cunning and arrogant with each generation. Some may never be caught and some may never even start killing, but society does have a real worry on their hands the day they all come out to play.
 
 

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