morphine>
Adverse reactions caused by morphine are essentially those observed with other opioid analgesics. They include the following major hazards: respiratory depression, and less frequently, circulatory depression, apnea, shock and cardiac arrest secondary to respiratory and/or circulatory depression. Morphine is contraindicated in patients with renal failure (due to accumulation of the metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide), increased pressure inside the head, ie. conditions in which intracranial pressure is raised * (ICP).
Opioid-induced constipation is due to impaired bowel motility and diminished intestinal secretions. Opioids are suggested to interfere with normal fluid and electrolyte handling within the gastrointestinal lumen. The pathophysiology of constipation due to opioids is well described in the literature. Special Report. Minimizing Opioid-Induced Sedation
Further, from the record it seems clear that no steps were taken by the healthcare providers in minimizing opioid-induced sedation, although excessive sleepiness in many patients may represent "catch-up" sleep rather than oversedation.
Also worthy of mention is that there is nothing on the record to suggest that Arlene Berry had ever been tested, examined or monitored for possible side effects associated with the Morphine she had been prescribed, such as opioid-induced nausea and vomiting, or for possible other side effects, such as associated with the withdrawal from opiates, including possible opioid-induced sedation. Stopping suddenly could cause withdrawal symptoms and make you very uncomfortable. With morphine, nausea may also be caused or aggravated by another GI side effect – Constipation . See: Gastrointestinal Pathology Index