SECTION I
Map projection: kind of map, diff. ways of showing the spherical earth on a flat surface. They're all diff. b/c flatness distorts.
mercator projections: good for navigation in Europe, same as map projection.
latitude: parallel lines to the equator.
longitude: parallel lines to the prime meridian
prime meridian: splits earth into e & w hemisphere
old stone age: paleolithic, 2 mil. yrs ago. Lasted until 12,000BC. 1st tools by Homo habilis. Homo erectus walked upright, 1st hunter-gatherers, made fire, lived in haves. H.H. and H.E. migrated using H.E. language.
New Stone Age: neolithic, 8000BC-5000BC. homo sapiens appear.
Neanderthals - big brains, used fire, tools, crafted weapons, nomads, had medicine, buried dead.
Cro-Magnons - more advanced technology. 1st signs of social hierarchy, cave art, agriculture, pottery
Mesopotamia: b/w Tigris and Euphrates rivers. aka Fertile Crescent, Babylon, Chaldea, Assyria, Holy Land. Islam, Xianity, Judaeism develops here. writing and wheel, agriculture.
Thesopotamians - astronomy, astrology, 60 sec time, beer, bread, ziggurats, fruit,
Jericho - first city. Sargon - first empire.
Bronze: Chinese invented it for a non-absorbent alchohol container.
cuneiform : basis for our ABCs, Egyptian hieroglyphics
Hammurabi : Sumerian ruler, est. 1st coded law
Bihistun rock
Champoleon : found Rosetta Stone(trans Egypt to Greek)
Raculindson:
21 yr old drinking age: it takes teenagers 7 mos. to become alchoholics/ 7 yrs for adults.
Alchohol affects senses, slows rxn time, destroys liver, makes you fat, and is a depressant
Involved in domestic abuse. Avg. alchoholic- 35 yr old, white Catholic male. All people take drugs, always have and always will. It changes reality, immediate relief from pain & anxiety, peer pressure, thought processes slowed, most criminals have a drug problem
SECTION II
Isis: wife of Osiris goddess of the dead.
Osiris: god of Nile, responsible for life, death, and rebirth of all living things. Ruled dead and fate after death.
Aton: sun-disk god, Pharoah Amenhotep/Akenaton worships Aton and converts Egypt to it.
Menes: aka Narmer, king of upper Eygpt. COnquered Lower Egypt, began 1st dynasty to create the 1st gov't to rule all the country
Great Pyramid: largest of 3 at Giza. bulit to honor Egyptian engienering skills and provide gods-kinds w/ eternal resting place
Ramses II: Great ruler, erected huge statues of himself, 50 kids, built many temples and tombs.
Tutankhamon: Akhenaton's successor
Akenaton: aka Amehothep. moves capital. SEE Aton
scribes: educated writers. Wrote on papyrus.
Egypt achieved architecture, Calendar, beer.
Sumerians achieved cuneiform, wheel, Hamurabian laws
SECTION III
Minoans: Ascendents of Greek Hellenic culture. Curly haired, jewel-ridden rich people who lived in Crete. 7500BC-1450BC
Mycenaean: Indo-Europeans of Central Asia who intermarried with Hellenic culture 2000BC
Hellenic: Greek-like. Relating to the history, language, culture of the ancient Hellenes.
Hellenist: One in Hellenistic times who adopted the Greek language and culture
Ares: Greek god o' war
Apollo: Greek god of prophecy, music, medicine, and poetry, sometimes identified with da sun
Alexander: (The Great)King of Macedonia (336-323) and cOnquerer of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age.
trireme: Greek/Roman galley and warship. Which had 3 tiers of oars on each side. Couldn't sail out in deep sea.
Sparta: Militaristic rival of Athens. Settled by tough Dorian Greeks. Peloponnesian Wars w/ Athens (460-404) led to its dominance over Greece. Its ascendancy was broken by Thebans in 371. Dual monarchy
Cleisthenes: Greek tyrant of Sicyon who led the Ionians there in a revolt against the Dorians
Peloponnesian Wars: protracted war btwn Athens and Sparta (460-404). Ends in Sparta's dominance.
Santorini: a.k.a. Thera. Volcanic mountain in the Mediterranean. Its eruption causes lots of Biblical myths and wipes out the central island cities there EXCEPT for Mycenaea which was on high ground
Age of Pericles:
Epicurianism: A philosophy advanced by Epicurus that considered happiness, or the avoidance of pain and emotional disturbance, to be the highest good
Hedonism: Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure, especially to the pleasures of the senses.
Stoicism:Indifference to pleasure or pain; impassiveness; philosophy of the Stoics.
Magna Graecia: Greek seaport colonies of southern Italy and Sicily from the 8 -4 B.C.
Pythagoras:Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem and is considered the first true mathematician.
Ionia: Region of western Asia Minor along the coast of the Aegean Sea. Greek settlers colonized here before 1000 B.C. The seaports of Ionia flourished from c. 8th century B.C. until the Turkish conquest of the 15th century A.D
Causes of Homosexuality: (1) homosexual brains are diff. than heterosex. (2) birth trauma - adrenaline impedes testosterone. (3) social attitudes stressing male virtues over female virtues (note that sexuality is set by age 5). (4) severe psychological trauma (common in girls) (5) % of homsex in our culture has been stady at 4-5% w/ bisexuals. Rate of homsex variws from 0-90% world wide. (very few homsexuals in Japan)
AIDS: (1) T-cells find any foreign body matter in the body (2) AIDS masks the cells it attacks and fools the T-Cells(3) if no T-Cells attack, the immune system doesn't work. (4) Diseases (such as flu, pnemonia, The Clap) are masked by AIDs, and allowed to kill.
History of AIDS: (1) green monkey in Africa carries it (2) Hunters contract AIDs by eating, being cut, dealing w/ green money in early1800s (3) slave trade from African coast to Amer. brings it to Haiti (4) Gay airline stewards and tourists in Haiti pickup AIDS from Haitian prostitutes c. 1963. Pops up in major cities 1990s. (5) Karposi's Sarcoma starts killing young folks for 1st time ever. This led to identification of an immunodeficiency.
Reasons to NOT give gays rights:
(1) its disgusting, (2) The Bible says in Leviticus, "any man who sleeps w/ another man instead of his wide is an anathema to God" (3)it will influence our kids (4) spreads disease
Reasons to give gays rights:
(1) most human conduct is disgusting anyway (2)"love thy neighbor, love thy enemies" (3) your sexuality is set at age 5 (4) most STDs are heterosexually transmitted anyway (5) you can't deny rights to any group w/o hurting all groups (6) fundamental rights (to housing, jobs, vote, free from assault) belong to everyone (7)most gays are in the upper class and tend to be productive citizens; screwing them screws society
SECTION IV
Mohenjo Daro: ruined prehistoric city of Pakistan in the Indus River valley northeast of Karachi. Was built c. 3000 B.C.
Aryans: Any member of any people speaking an Indo-European language. Also Mary Seton's mom's maiden name. Scary.
The Big Vedas: 4 Hindu sacred texts, composed in Sanskrit. They are:
Rg-Veda The heart of the entire Veda with 10,552 verses.
Sama-Veda Mainly liturgical selections from the Rg-Veda arranged for melodious chanting, apr. 2000 verses
Yajur-Veda as Sama-Veda, but for cadenced intonation, apr. 2000 verses
Atharva-Veda Nearly 6,000 verses of prayers, charms and rites are unique
Upanishads: elaborations of the Vedas.Basic ideas are (1) there's a universal spirit, (2) to know freedom the soul must separate from the body
The Deccan:A plateau of south-central India between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats. The name is also used for the entire Indian peninsula south of the Narmada River
Basic beliefs o' Hinduism: 3 gods; Brahma (creator), Vishnu(preserver), Shiva (destroyer). Forbids killing of animals according to teh Ahmisa which says all living things are connected to the same spirit.
Basic beliefs o' Buddhism: Reincarnation is true. The 8-fold path is the way to enlightenment: know truth, resist evil, respect life, work for good of others, practice meditation, say nothing to harm others, control others thoughts; free their minds of evil.
4 Noble truths(of Buddhism)(1) all people suffer, (2) all people suffer because of desire (3) suffering can be eliminated by stopping desire (4) desires can be eliminated thru the 8-fold path.
Sidharta Gautama: aka Buddha. Indian mystic and founder of Buddhism. He began preaching after achieving supreme enlightenment at the age of 35.
Nirvana: state of freedom from reincarnation that happens after 8-fold path. Means "blowing out"
Asoka:Ruler of Mauryan Empire(273-232) who converted to Buddhism and 1st adopted it as the state religion.
Dravidians: Short, dark people driven out by the Indo-Aryans into the Deccan plateau. Today, they are the Tamils fighting for control of Sri Lanka and S. India.
Ahmisa: Hindu belief of practicing non-violence. Says that all things are part of universal spirit.
Sanskrit: the spoken Aryan language. It has become a majopr language of India, and has root words in English, Spaniah, French, and German
Suttee: The now illegal act or practice of a Hindu widow's cremating herself on her husband's funeral pyre in order to fulfill her true role as wife.
Brahmin: 1st of 4 Hindu varnas (classes). Responsible for running religious rites and teaching the Vedas.
Domestic Violence
Child Abuse comes in many forms: beatings, cult activies, isolation, denial of warmth and affection, spanking, "tone of voice-abuse(most damaging)" most likely to abuse the kids are the mothers; most likely to kill them is dad.
Process of Wife abuse (1) silent treatment, (2) alcohol, (3) battering, (4) remorse.
Avg. wife abuser (1) is taciturn, (2) frustrated (3) alcoholic (4) violent
Avg. wife abuse victim (1)is a strong woman (can put up with it); (2) comes from traditional family; (3) comes from an abusive family; (4) has no resources to go on her own.
The best way to stop wife abuse is to read as much on relationships as you possibly can.
Rape is not sex, it is humiliation. Rape is 75% commited by acquaintances. The most common person to rape is a college athlete.
SECTION V
Mandate of Heaven: in ancient China, divine right
Chin Dynasty: where China got its name (Qin). Harsh ruling
Shang Dynasty: first dynasty to be dated from written records in China. Explains the origin of Chinese civilization
Confucius: Emphasized system of conduct, "Golden Rule" Chinese caste system
Shi Hang Ti: 1st Chinese emperor, greatest in Chinese history, built Great Canal and improved trade and communication and built Great Wall
Silk Road: the network of paths, poles and rocks that cted as a highway in ancient China. Gone now.
Great Wall walls connected which prevented attacks/defections. Stands a monument to Emperor Qin's ambition
Taoism: renounce worldly ambitions, turn to nature, harmony w/ 2 opposite elements in nature makes a balance (yin/yang) Opposite of Confucianism
Han dynasty
Through the Qin dynasty China experiences Pax Sinica(400 yrs)
Achievements of China
- length of solar year
- acupunture
- wheelbarrow
-writing, compass
- gunpowder, mechanical clock, block printing, porcelian and bronze
Ghengis Khan: united the mongols by age 17, then began a period of conquest.
Reasons for Mongol Success
-short and tough horse
-recurve bow
-mongol loyalty
-ferocious!
Reasons for Gun Control
-protection
-cities w/ them have lower burlgary rates
-entertainment (target practice, hobbists)
-militia
constitutional right
Against Gun Control
- not good protection
- gun in house= 70% greater chance ofdeath
- 98% of burglaries are in daytimes
-militia was intent of "right to bear arms"
SECTION VI
12 tables: Basis for all future Roman law. A social contract!
Julius Caesar wise ruler of ROme who brought back order and peace. He adopted new calender and added representatives from provinces to the Senate.
Punic Wars fought to stop expansion and control of Rome by Carthage 3 times. Romans win
Hannibal leader of Carthage army in 2nd Punic war. Forced to recall campaign and head back to Africa b/c of Scipio's attack back home
Augustus: rome's 1st emperor. Rebuilt Rome and reformed Roman empire. Had Pax Romana- 200 yrs of peace.
Gladitorial Games copied from Etruscans. They were a civics lesson, control the corwd, show peole who's boss, and provide entertainment.
Plebian most of ROme's population. Citizens who weren't aristocrats
Patrician Latin nobles, wealthy aristocrats
Etruscan achievements.
-qunique paintings/scultures
-iron and stonework
-drain swamps
-gladitorial games
-hobnailed boot.
Roman achievements
-Catholic church
-Pax Romana
-Latin language
-copied and transmitted Celts, Phoenician, and Etruscan culture
Carthage wealthiest city in Mediterranean. Tried/failed to expand and control Rome in Punic Wars
Gracchi reforms
-Limit size od Latifundia
-redistribute land to poor and farmers
-help urban poor (low price for grain)
Ptolemy Egyptian astronomer who formed the foundation of Roman astronomy (predicts motion of planets)
Roman Law laws stressed suahtority of state over the individual, accord people w/ definite legal rights (innocent until proven guilty)
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