Chapter 32

1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other four kingdoms.
2. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry.
3. Outline the major phylogenetic branches of the animal kingdom, which are based upon grade of organization; symmetry and embryonic germ layers; absence or presence of a body cavity; and protostome-deuterostome dichotomy.
4. Distinguish among acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate.
5. Distinguish between spiral and radial cleavage; determinant and indeterminate cleavage; schizocoelous and enterocoelous.
6. Compare developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes including:
a. Plane of cleavage b. Determination c. Fate of the blastopore d. Coelom formation

7. Compare and contrast two hypotheses about animal origins from unicellular ancestors: syncytial hypothesis and colonial hypothesis.
8. Explain why it is difficult to resolve what the first animals looked like.
9. Describe two views about discontinuities between Ediacaran and Cambrian fauna.