Chapter 38
1. Outline the angiosperm life cycle.
2. List the four floral parts in their order from outside to inside of the flower.
3. From a diagram of an idealized flower, correctly label the following structures and describe their function:
a. Sepals b. Petals c. Stamen: filament and anther d. Carpel: style, ovary, ovule and stigma
4. Distinguish between complete and incomplete flowers.
5. Distinguish between a perfect and imperfect flower.
6. Distinguish between monoecious and dioecious.
7. Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced.
8. Explain by which generation, structures, and process gametes are produced.
9. Explain why it is technically incorrect to refer to stamens and carpels as male and female sex organs.
10. Describe the formation of a pollen grain in angiosperms.
11. With reference to the developing pollen grain, distinguish among generative nucleus, tube nucleus, and sperm nucleus.
12. Describe the development of an embryo sac, and explain what happens to each of its cells.
13. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
14. Describe how pollen can be transferred between flowers.
15. Describe mechanisms that prevent self-pollination, and explain how this contributes to genetic variation.
16. Outline the process of double fertilization, and describe the function of endosperm.
17. Describe the development of a plant embryo from the first mitotic division to an embryonic plant with rudimentary organs.
18. From a diagram, identify the following structures of a seed and recall a function for each: a. Seed coat b. Embryo c. Hypocotyl d. Radicle e. Epicotyl f. Plumule g. Endosperm h. Cotyledons i. Shoot apex
19. Explain how a monocot and dicot seed differ.
20. Describe several functions of fruit and explain how fruits form.
21. Distinguish among simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits and give examples of each.
22. Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant and describe some conditions for breaking dormancy.
23. Using a cereal as an example, explain how a seed mobilizes its food reserves and describe the function of aleurone, a-amylase, and gibberellic acid.
24. Describe variations in the process of germination including the fate of the radicle, shoot tip, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and cotyledons.
25. Distinguish between sexual reproduction and vegetative reproduction.
26. Describe natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants including fragmentation and apomixes.
27. Describe various methods horticulturists use to vegetatively propagate plants from cuttings.
28. Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants.
29. Describe the process of protoplast fusion and its potential agricultural impact.
30. Define monoculture and list its benefits and risks.
31. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction in plants and explain their adaptive roles in plant populations.