Chapter 43

1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense, and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
3. Define phagocytosis, and list two types of phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells.
4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of phagocytes.
5. Describe the inflammatory response including how it is triggered.
6. Explain how the inflammatory response prevents the spread of infection to surrounding tissue.
7. List several chemical signals that initiate and mediate the inflammatory response.
8. Describe several systemic reactions to infection, and explain how they contribute to defense.
9. Describe a plausible mechanism for how interferons can fight viral infections and might act against cancer.
10. Explain how complement proteins may be activated and how they function in cooperation with other defense mechanisms.
11. Explain how the immune response differs from nonspecific defenses.
12. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
13. Explain how humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ in their defensive activities.
14. Outline the development of B and T lymphocytes from stem cells in red bone marrow.
15. Describe where T and B cells migrate, and explain what happens when they are activated by antigens.
16. Characterize antigen molecules, in general, and explain how a single antigen molecule may stimulate the immune system to produce several different antibodies.
17. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection.
18. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune response.
19. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
20. Describe the cellular basis for self-tolerance.
21. Explain how the humoral response is provoked.
22. Explain how B cells are activated.
23. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody, and explain how this structure allows antibodies to perform the following functions: a. Recognize and bind to antigens b. Assist in destruction and elimination of antigens
24. Distinguish between variable (V) regions and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule.
25. Compare and contrast the structure and function of an enzyme's active site and an antibody's antigen-binding site.
26. List the five major classes of antibodies in mammals and distinguish among them.
27. Describe the following effector mechanisms of humoral immunity triggered by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes: a. Neutralization b.Agglutination c. Precipitation d. Activation of complement system
28. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced and give examples of current and potential medical uses.
29. Explain how T-cell receptors recognize "self" and how macrophages, B cells, and some T cells recognize one another in interactions.
30. Describe an antigen-presenting cell (APC).
31. Design a flow chart describing the sequence of events that follows the interaction between antigen presenting macrophages and helper T cells, including both cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
32. Define cytokine, and distinguish between interleukin I and interleukin II.
33. Distinguish between T-independent antigens and T-dependent antigens.
34. Describe how cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill their targets.
35. Explain how the function of cytotoxic T cells differs from that of complement and natural killer cells.
36. Describe the function of suppressor T cells.
37. Distinguish between complement's classical and alternative activation pathways.
38. Describe the process of opsonization.
39. For ABO blood groups, list all possible combinations for donor and recipient in blood transfusions; indicate which combinations would cause an immune response in the recipient; and state which blood type is the universal donor.
40. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens.
41. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus, and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
42. Explain why, other than with identical twins, it is virtually impossible for two people to have identical MHC markers.
43. Describe the rejection process of transplanted tissue in terms of normal cell-mediated immune response, and describe how the immune system can be suppressed in transplant patients.
44. List some known autoimmune disorders, and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity.
45. Explain why immunodeficient individuals are more susceptible to cancer than normal individuals.
46. Describe an allergic reaction including the role of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
47. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and how it can be treated.
48. Recall the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it weakens the immune system.
49. Explain how AIDS is transmitted and why it is difficult to produce vaccines to protect uninfected individuals.
50. Describe what it means to be HIV-positive.
51. Explain how general health and mental well being might affect the immune system.