Chapter 44

1. Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
2. Discuss the problems that marine organisms, freshwater organisms, and terrestrial organisms face in maintaining homeostasis, and explain what osmoregulatory adaptations serve as solutions to these problems.
3. Explain the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation.
4. Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridial) excretory system functions.
5. Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of annelids functions, and describe any structural advances over a protonephridial system.
6. Explain how the Malpighian tubule excretory system contributed to the success of insects in the terrestrial environment.
7. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the mammalian excretory system.
8. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the nephron.
9. Describe and show the relationship among the processes of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
10. Explain the significance of the fact that juxtamedullary nephrons are only found in birds and mammals.
11. Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney.
12. Describe the mechanisms involved in the hormonal regulation of the kidney.
13. Describe structural and physiological adaptations in the kidneys of non-mammalian species that allow them to osmoregulate in different environments.
14. Explain the correlation between the type of nitrogenous waste produced (ammonia, urea, or uric acid) by an organism and its habitat.
15. Describe the adaptive advantages of endothermy.
16. Discuss the four general categories of physiological and behavioral adjustments used by land mammals to maintain relatively constant body temperatures.
17. Distinguish between the two thermoregulatory centers of the hypothalamus.
18. Describe the thermoregulatory adaptations found in animals other than terrestrial mammals.
19. Describe several mechanisms for physiological acclimatization to new temperature ranges.
20. Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation.