Chapter 45

1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
2. On the basis of structure and function, distinguish among types of chemical messengers.
3. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
4. Describe the relationships among endocrine system components: hormones, endocrine glands, target cells, and target cell receptors.
5. List the general chemical classes of hormones and give examples of each.
6. Explain how pheromone function differs from hormone function.
7. Provide indirect evidence that humans may communicate with pheromones.
8. State which of the two classes of hormones is lipid soluble, and explain how this property affects hormone function.
9. Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action, and explain the location and role of steroid hormone receptors.
10. Explain how to account for specificity in target cell response to hormonal signals.
11. Compare and contrast the two general modes of hormone action.
12. Describe hormonal regulation of insect development including the roles of ecdysone, brain hormone, and juvenile hormone.
13. Describe the location of the hypothalamus, and explain how its hormone-releasing cells differ from both endocrine gland secretory cells and other neurons.
14. Describe the location of the pituitary, and explain the functions of the posterior and anterior lobes.
15. List the posterior pituitary hormones, and describe their effects on target organs.
16. Using antidiuretic hormone as an example, explain how a hormone contributes t o homeostasis and how negative feedback can control hormone levels.
17. Define tropic hormone, and describe the functions of tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
18. Explain how the anterior pituitary is controlled.
19. List hormones of the thyroid gland, and explain their role in development and metabolism.
20. Diagram the negative feedback loop which regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.
21. State the location of the parathyroid glands, and describe hormonal control of calcium homeostasis.
22. Distinguish between a and b cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
23. List hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled.
24. List hormones of the adrenal cortex, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled.
25. Describe both the short-term and long-term endocrine responses to stress.
26. Identify male and female gonads, and list the three categories of gonadal steroids.
27. Define gonadotropin, and explain how estrogen and androgen synthesis is controlled.
28. Describe the location of the pineal and thymus glands, list their hormone products, and describe their functions.
29. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems are structurally, chemically, and functionally related.