Chapter 47

1. List the two functions of fertilization.
2. Describe the acrosomal reaction, and explain how it ensures the gametes are conspecific.
3. Describe the cortical reaction.
4. Explain how the acrosomal and cortical reactions function sequentially to prevent polyspermy.
5. Describe the changes that occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of cytoplasmic materials to egg activation.
6. Explain the importance of embryo polarity during cleavage.
7. Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance.
8. List adult structures derived from each of the primary tissue layers.
9. Using diagrams, identify the various stages of embryonic development of an amphibian.
10. Distinguish between meroblastic cleavage and holoblastic cleavage.
11. List and explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in bird and reptile eggs.
12. Compare and contrast development in birds and mammals.
13. Explain the relationships among polarity, cytoplasmic determinants, and development.
14. Describe how cell extension, contraction and adhesion are involved in shaping the embryo.
15. Explain how interactions among the three primary tissue layers influence organogenesis.
16. Explain the relationship between cytoplasmic cues and cell determination.
17. Describe the importance of cell location and orientation along the three body axes with respect to polarity in the embryo, morphogenetic movements, and pattern formation.
18. Explain how positional cues influence pattern formation.