Chapter 48
1. Compare the two coordinating systems in animals.
2. Describe the three major functions of the nervous system.
3. List and describe the three major parts of a neuron, and explain the function of each.
4. Explain how neurons can be classified by function.
5. Describe the function and location of each type of supporting cell.
6. Explain what a resting potential is, and list four factors that contribute to the maintenance of the resting potential.
7. Define equilibrium potential, and explain why the K+ equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential.
8. Define graded potential, and explain how it is different from a resting potential or action potential.
9. Describe the characteristics of an action potential, and explain the role membrane permeability changes and ion gates play in the generation of an action potential.
10. Explain how the action potential is propagated along a neuron.
11. Describe two ways to increase the effectiveness of nerve transmission.
12. Describe synaptic transmission across an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse.
13. Describe the role of cholinesterase, and explain what would happen if acetylcholine was not destroyed.
14. List some other possible neurotransmitters.
15. Define neuromodulator, and describe how it may affect nerve transmission.
16. Explain how excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) affect the postsynaptic membrane potential.
17. Explain how a neuron integrates incoming information, including a description of summation.
18. List three criteria for a compound to be considered a neurotransmitter.
19. List two classes of neuropeptides, and explain how they illustrate overlap between endocrine and nervous control.
20. Describe two mechanisms by which a neurotransmitter affects the postsynaptic cell.
21. Diagram or describe the three major patterns of neural circuits.
22. Compare and contrast the nervous systems of the following invertebrates and explain how variation in design and complexity correlate with phylogeny, natural history, and habitat: a. Hydra b. Jellyfish, ctenophores, and echinoderms c. Flatworms d. Annelids and arthropods e. Mollusks
23. Outline the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system.
24. Distinguish between sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves.
25. Define reflex and describe the pathway of a simple spinal reflex.
26. Distinguish between the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
27. List the major components of the central nervous system.
28. Distinguish between white matter and gray matter.
29. Describe three major trends in the evolution of the vertebrate brain.
30. From a diagram, identify and describe the functions of the major structures of the human brain: a. Medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Cerebellum d. Superior and inferior colliculi e. Telencephalon f. Diencephalon g. Thalamus h. Hypothalamus I. Cerebral cortex j. Corpus callosum
31. Explain how electrical activity of the brain can be measured, and distinguish among alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.
32. Describe the sleep-wakefulness cycle, the associated EEG changes, and the parts of the brain that control sleep and arousal.
33. Define lateralization and describe the role of the corpus callosum.
34. Distinguish between short-term and long-term memory.
35. Using a flowchart, outline a possible memory pathway in the brain.