Chapter 49
1. Differentiate between sensation and perception.
2. Give the general function of a receptor cell, and explain the five processes involved in this function.
3. Explain the difference between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors.
4. List and describe the energy stimulus of the five types of receptors.
5. Using a cross-sectional diagram of human skin, identify the various receptors present, and explain the importance of having near-surface and deep-layer receptors for such stimuli as pressure.
6. Compare and contrast the structure and processing of light in eye cups of Planaria, compound eyes of insects, and single-lens eyes of mollusks.
7. Using a diagram of the vertebrate eye, identify and give the function of each structure.
8. Describe how the rod cells and cone cells found in the vertebrate eye function.
9. Explain how retinal signals following a horizontal pathway can enhance visual integration.
10. Using a diagram of the human ear, identify and give the function of each structure.
11. Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing organ.
12. Explain how the mammalian ear functions to maintain body balance and equilibrium.
13. Compare the hearing and equilibrium systems found in non-mammalian vertebrates.
14. Describe the structure and function of statocysts.
15. Explain how the chemoreceptors involved with taste and smell function.
16. List any advantages or disadvantages associated with moving through a(n): a. Aquatic environment b. Terrestrial environment
17. Give the three functions of a skeleton.
18. Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function, and explain why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms.
19. Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton provides both strength and flexibility.
20. Explain the adaptive advantage of having different types of joints in different locations in the vertebrate skeleton.
21. Explain how the skeleton combines with an antagonistic muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for movement.
22. Using a diagram, identify the basic components of skeletal muscle.
23. Explain how muscles contract according to the sliding filament model of contraction.
24. Describe the processes involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
25. List and explain the two mechanisms responsible for graded contraction of muscles.
26. Explain the adaptive advantage of possessing both slow and fast muscle fibers.
27. Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.