Chapter 51

1. Explain the difference between innate and learned behaviors.
2. Describe the evolutionary basis for behavioral ecology.
3. Explain the difference between ultimate and proximate causations of behavior.
4. Describe a fixed-action pattern and a sign stimulus.
5. Explain the nature versus nurture controversy.
6. Explain the effect of maturation on behavioral improvement.
7. Define habituation.
8. Discuss imprinting, imprinting stimulus, and critical period.
9. Define associative learning.
10. Distinguish among classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
11. Describe two hypotheses for the evolution of play behavior.
12. Discuss the ultimate bases of learning.
13. Describe and define kinesis, taxis, and migration.
14. Explain the differences among piloting, orientation, and navigation.
15. Compare generalist and specialist foraging strategies.
16. Explain how a search image is adaptive.
17. Describe optimal foraging strategies in terms of energetics and prey densities.
18. Describe agonistic behavior.
19. Explain what is meant by a ritual behavior, and describe the evolutionary advantage of ritual behavior.
20. Describe a dominance hierarchy, and explain the advantages to individuals in the hierarchy.
21. Explain how dominance hierarchies and territories may stabilize population densities.
22. Describe the advantages of courtship.
23. Explain how ritualized courtships may have evolved.
24. Define parental investment.
25. Discuss the ultimate bases for mate selection.
26. Compare and contrast the three main mating systems.
27. Describe the differences between polygyny and polyandry.
28. Discuss how the needs of the young influence the development of mating systems.
29. Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the development of mating systems.
30. Describe the various modes of communication.
31. Relate an animal's mode of communication with its lifestyle.
32. Discuss why altruistic behavior might evolve.
33. Define inclusive fitness and kin selection.
34. Define reciprocal altruism.
35. Define cognitive ethology.
36. Describe the premise of sociobiology.