| 27-14 | Augustus |
| 14-37 | Tiberius |
| 37-41 | Gaius (Caligula) |
| 41-54 | Claudius |
| 54-68 | Nero |
| 68-69 | Galba |
| 69 | Otho |
| 69 | Vitellius |
| 69-79 | Vespasian |
| 79-81 | Titus |
| 81-96 | Domitian |
| 96-98 | Nerva |
| 98-117 | Trajan |
| 117-138 | Hadrian |
| 138-161 | Antoninus Pius |
| 161-180 | Marcus Aurelius 161-169 Verus 177- Commodus |
| 180-192 | Commodus |
| 193 | Pertinax Didius Julianus |
| 193-211 | Septimus Severus |
| 211-217 | Antoninus (Caracalla) 211-212 Geta |
| 217-218 | Macrinus 218 Diadumenianus |
| 218-222 | Antoninus (Elagabalus) |
| 222-235 | Severus Alexander |
| 235-238 | Maximinus Thrax |
| 238 | Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus (Maximus) Balbinus |
| 238-244 | Gordian III |
| 244-249 | Philip the Arab 247-249 Philip |
| 249-251 | Decius |
| 251-253 | Trebonius Gallus Volusianus |
| 253-260 | Valerian Gallienus |
| 260-268 | Gallienus |
| 268-270 | Claudian II Gothicus |
| 270-275 | Aurelian |
| 275-276 | Tacitus 276 Florianus |
| 276-282 | Probus |
| 282-283 | Carus |
| 283-284 | Carinus and Numerian |
| 284-305 | ???? |
| 286-305 | Diocletian Maximian |
| 305-311 | Galerius Constantius I Chlorus Severus II Licinius Constantine I Maximinus Daza (all associated at various time. 6 augusti in 309!) |
| 311-324 | Constantine I and Licinius |
| 324-337 | Constantine I Political Development: Foundation and development of the state church. |
| 337-361 | Constantius Economics and Law: System of combines. Heavily industrialized cities linked with provisioning regions (Rome-Sicily, Constantinople-Egypt) |
| 361-363 | Julian |
| 363-364 | Jovian |
| 364-378 | Valens |
| 379-395 | Theodosius I |
PARTITION - EASTERN EMPIRE Dynasty of Theodosius | |
| 395-408 | Arcadius Political Development: 395: Official separation of the eastern and western halves of the Empire. Construction of the wall fortification of Constantinople. Economics and Law: Codex Theodosianus. |
| 408-450 | Theodosius II Political Development: 431: Council of Ephesus. Secession of the Nestorians. |
| 450-457 | Marcian (m. Pulcheria, gnddghtr Theod I) |
| Dynasty of Leo | |
| 457-474 | Leo I |
| 474 | Leo II |
| 474-475 | Zeno Political Development: 476: End of the western half of the Empire. Germanic principalities set up in the western half of the Empire. |
| 475-476 | Basiliseos |
| 476-491 | Zeno (again) |
| 491-518 | Anastasius I Political Development: System of military settlements in the province of Libya. Economics and Law: Lex Romana Visigothorum (506), Spain. Germans outside the imperium romanum. The customary law of the Germanic peoples. |
| Dynasty of Justinian | |
| 518-527 | Justin I |
| 527-565 | Justinian I Political Development: Regions regained by Italy and Africa are governed by exarchs. War with Persia. Aim of the war is to secure the trade route to India. Economics and Law: 533: Corpus juris civilis of Justianian I (Latin). Early Greek version (paraphrase of Theophilus). The so-called Anonymus' Greek version of the Digest. Greek collection of canon law (nomocanones). |
| 565-578 | Justin II Economics and Law: Changeover to a measure of natural economy. Wages paid in part in kind by the state (officials' and soldiers' wages). Contraction of money economy. Firm control of domestic trade. Increase in planned economy. Little remains outside the system of assignment. |
| 578-582 | Tiberius I Constantine |
| 582-602 | Maurice |
| 602-610 | Phocas |
| Dynasty of Heraclius | |
| 610-641 | Heraclius Political Development: Byzantine and Persian Empires attacked by the Arabs spurred on by the new Muslim faith. |
| 641 | Constantine III and Heraclonas |
| 641 | Heraclonas |
| 641-668 | Constans II |
| 668-685 | Constantine IV Political Development: Reorganisation of the Empire with the introduction of themes. 674-678: Siege of Constantinople. First use of Greek fire. Economics and Law: Between 600 and 800: private legal codes: The Farmer's Law (Georgikos Nomos) and the Rhodian Sea Law. |
| 685-695 | Justinian II (banished) |
| 695-698 | Leontius |
| 698-705 | Tiberius II |
| 705-711 | Justinian II (restored) |
| (no dynasty) | |
| 711-713 | Philippicus |
| 713-715 | Anastasius II |
| 715-717 | Theodosius III |
| Isaurian Dynasty | |
| 717-741 | Leo III Political Development: Successful defence of Constantinople against the Arabs (717). 726: Beginning of the iconoclast controversy. Anti-monastic attitude of the Emperors. Economics and Law: 726: the Ecloga. |
| 741-775 | Constantine V Copronymus |
| 775-780 | Leo IV |
| 780-797 | Constantine VI (blinded/murded by his mother, Irene) |
| 797-802 | Irene |
| 802-811 | Nicephorus I |
| 811 | Stauracius |
| 811-813 | Michael I Rangabe |
| 813-820 | Leo V |
| Phrygian Dynasty | |
| 820-829 | Michael II |
| 829-842 | Theophilus |
| 842-867 | Michael III Political Development: End of the inonoclast controversy. Mission to the Slavs: Constantine and Methodius. 864: Bulgaria, leading Balkan power accepts the Greek Orthodox faith. Economics and Law: Procheiros Nomos: between 867 and 879. Epanagoge: between 879 and 886. The Tactica (military manual), c.900. Revision of canon law. |
| Macedonian Dynasty | |
| 867-886 | Basil I Economics and Law: Deveopment of Byzantine foreign trade with the West. Treaties granting monopolies. Rise of Venice as distributor of Byzantine goods in the West. |
| 886-912 | Leo VI |
| 912-913 | Alexander Political Development: The legitimate Emperor overshadowed by a co-Emperor from the aristocracy. |
| 913-959 | Constantine VII |
| 920-944 | Romanus I Lecapenus Political Development: Eastern policy of the Byzantine Empire is directed by the Asia Minor magnates. Economics and Law: Result of blockade of Byzantine and Islamic goods: Beginning of shortage of luxury wares in the West. Development of a western industry in North Italy and the Rhine valley. |
| 956-963 | Romanus II Economics and Law: Beginning of Venetian trading aggreements with Muslim states. |
| 963-969 | Nicephorus II Phocus |
| 969-976 | John I Tzimisces (who had murderd Nicephorus II and married Theophano) Political Development: Russia accepts Orthodoxy Christianity. |
| 976-1025 | Basil II Economics and Law: Emperors from the aristocratic magnate class give up a planned economy. Liberalizing of the grain trade. |
| 1025-1028 | Constantine VIII |
| 1028-1034 | Romanus II Argyrus |
| 1034-1041 | Michael IV |
| 1041-1042 | Michael V Political Development: Dynastic crisis arises out of a struggle for control of the government. |
| 1042 | Zoe and Theodora |
| 1042-1055 | Constantine IX Monomachus (husband of Zoe, who dies 1050) |
| 1055-1056 | Theodora (again) |
| 1056-1057 | Michael VI Stratioticus |
| Prelude to Komnenian Dynasty | |
| 1057-1059 | Isaac I Komnenos (abdicated) |
| 1059-1067 | Constantine X Ducas Political Development: The Byzantine Empire faces a double threat from Seljuk Turks attacking Asia Minor and from the Normans in Europe. Economics and Law: Economic crisis. The attempt to create a state monopoly of corn overturns price control. |
| 1068-1071 | Romanus IV Diogenes |
| 1071-1078 | Michael VII Ducas |
| 1078-1081 | Nicephorus III Botaneiates Economics and Law: Debasement of the Byzantine currency. Reduction of gold content of the solidi. |
| Dynasty of the Komnenoi | |
| 1081-1118 | Alexius I Komnenos Political Development: 1082: Alliance with Venice. |
| 1118-1143 | John II Comnenus Political Development: Struggle with the Hohenstaufen for control of the Mediterranean. |
| 1143-1180 | Manuel I Comnenus |
| 1180-1183 | Alexias II Comnenus Economics and Law: End of independent Byzantine economy. Privileges granted to Italian maritime cities. Individual treatises with these cites limit Byzantine sovereignity. |
| 1183-1185 | Andronicus I Comnenus |
| 1185-1195 | Isaac II Angelus |
| 1195-1203 | Alexius III Angelus |
| 1203-1204 | Isaac II Angelus (again) and Alexius IV Angelus Political Development: 1202-1204: Fourth Crusade. Capture of Constantinople. Setting up of the Latin Empire. |
| 1204 | Alexius V Murtzuphlus Political Development: Political consolidation in Asia Minor: Empire of Nicaea. Economics and Law: Sound economic basis of the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor. |
| 1204-1222 | Theodore I Lascaris |
| 1222-1254 | John III Ducas Vatatzes |
| 1254-1258 | Theodore II Lascaris Political Development: 1250: Defeat by Louis IX of France at Damietta in Egypt. |
| 1258-1261 | John IV Lascaris Political Development: 1261: Constantinople retaken by the Byzantines. |
| 1261-1282 | Michael VIII Palaeologus Political Development: Alliance between the Byzantine Empire and the Ilkhan Hulagu of Persia against the Seljuks of Asia Minor. 1272: Alliance with the Tartars of South Russia. 1274: Union between Byzantine and Roman churches. Economics and Law: 1261: Treaty of Nymphaeum. Political-economic agreements give the command of the straits to the Genoese. |
| 1282-1328 | Andronicus II Palaeologus Political Development: 1282: Sicilian Vespers and the end of the Latin Empire. |
| 1328-1341 | Andronicus III Palaeologus |
| 1341-1391 | John V Palaeologus Political Development: Beginning of the period of decline. |
| 1347-1354 | John VI Cantacuzenus Political Development: Byzantium between the rising Ottoman state and the national states in the Balkans (Serbia, Bulgaria) and Hungary. Economics and Law: The Empire is the base for Genoese trade with eastern Asia. |
| 1376-1379 | Andronicus IV Palaeologus |
| 1390 | John VII Palaeologus |
| 1391-1425 | Manuel II Palaeologus Political Development: Internal disintegration: social struggles between magnates and zealots. Failure to change the old universal Byzantine Empire into a national state in the Peloponnese. |
| 1425-1448 | John VIII Palaeologus |
| 1448-1453 | Constantine XI Palaeologus Political Development: Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (1453). Certain Greek regions survive under Venetian rule until the eighteenth century (areas of Byzantine culture). |
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Last modified: Thurs Dec 10, 1998