光碟燒錄常見問題集中文版
最近修訂日期 : 1997/02/17 1.6 版 如果您是在網頁上看到這份文件的話，也可以到以下幾個 News Group 去看看： (當然其正確性並非百分之百。) comp.publish.cdrom.hardware comp.publish.cdrom.software comp.publish.cdrom.multimedia linux.apps.cdwrite 文字格式的版本 (英文版) 可以在 ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.publish.cdrom.hardware/ 找到。 目錄 [0]介紹 [0-1] 版權聲明 [0-2] 本版新增部份 [0-3] Newsgroup 的利用 [1] 基礎理論 [1-1] 什麼是 CD-R? [1-2] 它們跟正常的 CD 相同嗎﹖ [1-3] 我可以用它來拷貝我的 CD 嗎﹖ [1-4] 一片 CD-R 可以存放多少資料﹖ [1-5] 我可以像使用軟碟片那樣，把檔案 COPY 到 CD-R 上嗎﹖ [2] CD 編碼 [2-1] 物理上而言，這些資料是如何被儲存的﹖ [2-2] 什麼是 XA﹖CDPLUS﹖CD-i﹖MODE1 及 MODE2﹖ 紅/黃/ 藍皮書﹖ [2-3] 我如何得知光碟是那種格式﹖ [2-4] CDROM 防拷是如何達成的? [2-5] 什麼是多次寫入( multisession ) 的碟片? [2-6] 什麼是 subcode channels? [2-7] CD 識別區域 (Identifier fields) 是否被廣泛應用? [2-8] 燒錄一片光碟需要多少時間? [2-9] Disc-at-once 和 track-at-once 有什麼不同? [2-10] 從 image 檔燒入和 on-the-fly 燒錄有何不同? [2-11] Audio CD 的 player 怎麼知道要跳過資料軌? [2-12] 我該等待 CD-E/CD-RW 的出現嗎? [2-13] 我該等待 DVD-R 的出現嗎? [3] 如何．．． [3-1] 如何複製資料性光碟? [3-1-1] 為什麼不能像 copy 軟碟那樣 copy 光碟? [3-2] 如何從 audio CD 裡抓取音軌或 copy 全片? [3-3] 如何避免產生爆音? [3-4] 如何複製 Sony Playstation, Sega Saturn, 或 3DO 的 碟片? [3-5] 如何燒錄長檔名? [3-5-1] ISO-9660 [3-5-2] Rock Ridge [3-5-3] HFS [3-5-4] Joliet [3-5-5] Romeo [3-5-6] OSPOEC 13346 及 ISO/IEC 13490 [3-6] 如何在 PC 上使用 CD-i 碟片? [3-7] 如何從 audio CD 上取得光碟及音軌的標題? [3-8] 如何 copy 80 分鐘的 audio CD? [3-9] 如何製作 PhotoCD? [3-10] 如何製作在 PC 或 MAC 上都可以用的 CD? [3-11] 如何讀取多次寫入的光碟上不同的 Session? [3-12] 如何把錄音帶變成 CD? [3-13] 如何把 Audio DAT 帶子變成 CD? [3-14] 如何把聲音和資料放在同一張 CD? [3-15] 如何製作可開機的 CD? [3-16] 如何把家庭錄影帶轉成 MPEG 或 QuickTime 的 CD? [3-17] 如何同時燒錄數張 CD? [3-18] 可以從 COPY 的 CD 再 COPY 嗎? [3-19] 如何壓縮或隱藏資料在 CD 上? [3-20] 可以用 CD-R 來做備份系統嗎? [3-21] Windows 95 的 Autoplay 是如何進行的? 如何改變 CD 的 icon? [4] 問題集 [4-1] 什麼是 "buffer underrun" ? [4-2] Win95 的英文長檔名不能正常使用 [4-3]multisession CD 做好了卻讀不到 [4-4] 寫入程序經過幾分鐘後失敗 [4-5] 為何我的光碟片在 "測試" 及 "寫入" 程序中間會跳出來? [4-6] 我的唯讀光碟機不吃任何燒錄片 [4-7] 如何在 ISO-9660 片子上避免 ";1" 的發生? [4-8] 我一直發生 SCSI timeout 的錯誤 [4-9] 燒錄一片完整的光碟片時有麻煩 [4-10] 燒錄時總是發生 Write Append Error [4-11] 在 mixed-mode CD 讀第一軌時有錯誤發生 [4-12] 我的 CD-R 馬上把空白片跳出來 [4-13] 做功率校正時發生問題 [4-14] 我的 Adaptec 2940 在找到 CD-R 後停住了 [4-15] 在光碟片上看不到所有的檔案 [4-16] 我忘了在最後一次寫入時將 multisession 連接起來 [4-17] 我得到 SCSI 錯誤或資料錯誤的訊息 [5] Hardware [5-1] Which CD-R unit should I buy? [5-1-1] Yamaha [5-1-2] Sony [5-1-3] Smart & Friendly [5-1-4] Philips [5-1-5] HP [5-1-6] Plasmon [5-1-7] Kodak [5-1-8] JVC [5-1-9] Pinnacle [5-1-10] Ricoh [5-1-11] Pioneer [5-1-12] Olympus [5-1-13] Optima [5-1-14] Mitsumi [5-1-15] DynaTek Automation Systems [5-1-16] Microboards of America [5-1-17] Micro Design International [5-1-18] MicroNet Technology [5-1-19] Procom Technology [5-1-20] Grundig [5-1-21] Plextor [5-1-22] Panasonic [5-1-23] Teac [5-1-24] Wearnes [5-1-25] Turtle Beach [5-1-26] Creative Labs [5-1-27] Taiyo Yuden [5-2] How long do CD-R drives last? [5-3] What kind of PC is recommended? [5-4] What kind of Mac is recommended? [5-5] Which standard CDROM drives work well with CD-R? [5-6] What kind of HD should I use with CD-R? Must it be AV-rated? [5-7] What kind of SCSI adapter should I use with CD-R? [5-8] Can I use a CD-R as a general-purpose reader? [5-9] Can I burn CDs from a Jaz drive? Tape drive? [6] Software [6-1] Which software should I use? [6-1-1] Adaptec - Easy-CD, Easy-CD Pro, and Easy-CD Pro MM [6-1-2] Adaptec - CD-Creator [6-1-3] Elektroson - GEAR [6-1-4] Astarte - TOAST CD-ROM Pro [6-1-5] CeQuadrat - WinOnCD ToGo [6-1-6] Young Minds, Inc. - SimpliCD [6-1-7] Jeff Arnold - CD utilities [6-1-8] Optical Media International - QuickTOPiX [6-1-9] Creative Digital Research - CDR Publisher [6-1-10] mkisofs [6-1-11] Asimware Innovations - MasterISO [6-1-12] Newtech Infosystems, Inc. (NTI) - CD-Maker and CD-Copy [6-1-13] Cirrus Technology - CDMaker [6-1-14] Hohner Midia - Red Roaster [6-1-15] Dataware Technologies - CD Author [6-1-16] CreamWare - Triple DAT [6-2] What other useful software is there? [6-2-1] Optical Media International - Disc-to-Disk [6-2-2] Gilles Vollant - WinImage [6-2-3] Asimware Innovations - AsimCDFS [6-2-4] Steven Grimm - WorkMan [6-2-5] Adaptec - Easy-CD Backup [6-2-6] Cyberdyne Software - CD Worx [6-3] What is packet writing software? [7] Media [7-1] What kinds of media are there? [7-2] Does the media matter? [7-3] Who manufactures CD-R media? [7-4] Which kind should I use? [7-5] How long do CD-Rs last? [7-6] How much data can they hold? [7-7] Is it okay to stick a label on the disc? [7-8] What are audio CD-Rs? [7-9] How do CD-Rs behave when microwaved? [7-10] What can I do with CD-R discs that failed during writing? [8] Net Resources and vendor info [8-1] Information resources [8-2] Magazines and other publications [8-3] Net.vendors [9] Contributors 主題 : [0] 介紹 主題 : [0-1] 版權聲明 Free distribution of this FAQ is encouraged, as are conversions to HTML or other formats, so long as no content is removed. Distribution on the Microsoft Network by permission only. Caveat lector: the information here is derived from Usenet postings, e-mail, and information on WWW sites. As such, it may well be DEAD WRONG, and you are encouraged to verify it for yourself. I take no responsibility for damaged hardware, CD-Rs turned into coasters or frisbees, time lost, or any other damages you incur as a result of reading this FAQ. Information on specific models of hardware and software are based on *opinions* of other users, not scientific studies. I am not an expert in this (or any other) field. Everything here could be a total malicious lie, and should be treated as such. You have been warned. I don't get paid to plug anybody's software or equipment. The sections on "what XXX should I buy" are not here because I want to sway purchases one way or another, they're here because the questions are asked *a lot*, and the answers are pretty consistent. You are invited and encouraged to investigate the capabilities and reputations of all products. The various product and company names are trademarks of their respective companies. 主題 : [0-2] 本版新增部份 Swapped [0-2] and [0-3], added [2-11], [3-21], and [4-17]. Got a bunch more URLs for places, thanks especially to remaker@cisco.com. Be sure to check out "http://www.datadisc.com/Handbook.html" http://www.datadisc.com/Handbook.html. 主題 : [0-3] Newsgroup 的利用 This FAQ covers the three newsgroups in the comp.publish.cdrom hierarchy, one for software, one for hardware, and one for multimedia. The names of the newsgroups imply that the intended topics are related to publishing material on CDROMs, but the current discussions cover most everything related to CD-Recordable devices. Here are a few guidelines. These aren't hard and fast rules -- nobody died and put me in charge of making the rules -- but if you're not sure what the appropriate subject matter is then this may be helpful. comp.publish.cdrom.hardware is the most popular of the groups. Appropriate material includes questions about past, current, and future CD-R devices. Asking for installation help or advice on what to buy is appropriate, as are questions about related hardware like SCSI adapters and CDROM drives. Some related newgroups are: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.cd-rom comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.systems comp.periphs.scsi alt.cd-rom linux.apps.cdwrite comp.publish.cdrom.software is for discussions about software used to prepare material for and create CDs and CDROMs. Questions about how to do things with a specific piece of software belong here, as do "the CD-R software from XXX won't recognize my drive", and "does a program exist that does YYY". Some related newsgroups are: alt.cd-rom linux.apps.cdwrite comp.publish.cdrom.multimedia is for discussions about creating multimedia products on CDROMs. Questions about multimedia authoring software belong here, as do most production-type questions, e.g. "where can I go to get my CD pressed with jewel cases and glossy inserts?" Related newsgroups are: comp.multimedia rec.video.desktop rec.video.professional rec.photo.digital misc.education.multimedia Please try to keep cross-posting to a minimum. Broadcasting questions to 3 or 4 related newsgroups will increase the noise level and probably won't get you more answers. Some general rules apply to all groups: (1) Piracy of CD-R software or CDs: CD-Rs can be used to make copies of copyrighted material, and while backups of data are legal, making or accepting copies from others most likely isn't. Whatever your opinion of the matter, software piracy and other copyright violations are illegal in most countries in the world, so requests and/or advertisements for pirated material should be kept off the newsgroup. Also, please don't start or participate in a debate about whether or not software piracy is bad. There have been hundreds of such debates over the past several years, and the only thing that either side has managed to prove is that piracy debates are a tremendous waste of time. (2) Personal CD-R hardware and software sales: strictly speaking, these groups aren't appropriate for selling off your old hardware or software. Such things are best left in misc.forsale.computers.*, ba.market.computers, and related groups. Since many readers are in the market for new hardware, a limited number of clearly marked articles are tolerated. The common Usenet convention is to use "FS: HP4020i $400 obo" for "For Sale" messages and "WTB: HP4020i" for "Want To Buy" messages. (3) CD-R product advertising: these groups by their nature are somewhat commercial. Many readers are in the market for new hardware or CD-R media, and for this reason a *limited* amount of retail/wholesale advertising is tolerated but discouraged. If you *clearly* mark your postings as advertisements, you will get relatively few complaints. Posting frequent and useless followups just to broadcast your 20-line signature will get you flamed and subsequently ignored. Feel free to send mail to people who post questions about product pricing and availability, but please don't create mailing lists and broadcast to everyone who posts. (4) Other advertising: while it's certainly the case that most or all of the readers have a CDROM drive on a computer, the same could be said of almost every person reading news from a home computer today. Please keep ads in newsgroups that are more appropriate. Advertising the latest educational, game, or adult CD is inappropriate for these groups, as are "hot new Cyrix 686 PC" posts. Subtle attempts to advertise web sites ("golly, this looked really neat, so I thought I'd tell everyone") are more obvious than you might think. (5) Spam: you cannot make money fast. That's life, get used to it. If the message involves putting your name at the top of a list of 5 or 10 people, don't post it. If it has an 800 or 888 number that a reader would call to hear more about your unique business opportunity, don't post it. If you have an account at interramp.com, your posts may get ignored. (6) Job postings: looking for job candidates on these newsgroups is a tolerated but generally futile exercise. Most of the readers are looking for or offering help on CD-Rs, not searching for a job. Try one of the other groups, like misc.jobs.offered. One final note: bear in mind that these groups are read by people all over the world. If you're looking for local retailers, be sure to specify what "local" is for you. Posting in English is the best way to ensure that you will get a response, but the readership is diverse enough that you will likely get a reply no matter what language you use. If you want to quote prices, specify the currency to avoid confusion (e.g. US$300 or CAN$300 or Y30000 or ...). 主題 : [1] 基礎理論 These are intended to be brief (if somewhat incomplete) answers to basic questions. More detailed information can be found later in the FAQ. 主題 : [1-1] 什麼是 CD-R? CD-R 是光碟燒錄片 ( CD Recordable ) 的簡寫。光碟燒錄片是一種 " WORM " 的 媒體，所謂 " WORM " 是指可以單次寫入，多次讀取 (Write Once, Read Multiple) 的意思。它可以像一般標準的光碟片來使用。CD-R 跟其他光學媒體比起來，優點是 它可以用一般標準型式的光碟機來播放、使用。缺點是不能把它重新覆寫。 有一種新的技術是可重覆寫入的光碟 (CD Rewritable, CD-E, 或 CD Erasable)， 它跟 CD-R 類似，但是它可以把資料洗掉後再寫入新的。這種產品將在 1997 年面世。 主題 : [1-2] 它們跟正常的 CD 相同嗎﹖ 你在店裡買到的 CD 是用模子壓出來的。而 CD-R 是用雷射光燒出來的。外觀上 也有所不同，有綠片、金片、藍片等等，不像一般壓片 CD 是銀色的。它們跟壓片 CD 比起來，較不能承受極度的溫度和陽光照射，而且壽命也比較短。( 但它們的 保存時間已經算是很長的了。) 主題 : [1-3] 我可以用它來拷貝我的 CD 嗎﹖ 是的，音樂及資料性的 CD 都可以複製。 但是要記得大部份的 CD 都受著作權法所保護。如果是做軟體的個人備份是 可以的，但對音樂 CD 而言則不一定合法。在 "http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/bad_laws/dat_tax.html" http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/bad_laws/dat_tax.html 有這方面相關的資訊。 主題 : [1-4] 一片 CD-R 可以存放多少資料﹖ 大約是 74 分鐘的聲音 (audio)，如果存放資料 (data) 最多可達 650 MB。 主題 : [1-5] 我可以像使用軟碟片那樣，把檔案 COPY 到 CD-R 上嗎﹖ 可以，但也可說是不可以。因為這個 COPY 的過程比起軟碟片是複雜多了。 它必須要使用特殊的燒錄軟體，通常這些軟體會跟燒錄器一起搭售。 不必把全部的容量一次燒完，可以分次燒入，但每一次燒寫時，不可以中斷 燒錄過程。使用過的空間也不能回收。每一次燒寫過程都會浪費掉一定的空間， 不是全部都用於存放資料。 較新的方式是使用 "Packet Writing (封包寫入﹖)" 的軟體，可以更輕鬆地 完成，但是燒出來的片子可能在其它的系統上會讀不到。 主題 : [2] CD 編碼 CD 基礎知識 主題 : [2-1] 物理上而言，這些資料是如何被儲存的﹖ Ken Pohlmann 的"http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Bibliography.html#CDHandbook" "The Compact Disc Handbook" 第二版 (ISBN 0-89579-300-8) 這樣描述: "可燒寫一次的光碟媒體，其製作原理類似平常只用來播放用的光碟。跟一般 光碟一樣，它也有 polycarbonate 介質層，反射層，以及保護層。不過在介質層 及反射層之間，多了一個錄寫層，它的成份是有機染料。.... 另外，在燒錄片 上還有預先製成的螺旋溝形軌道，可以在燒錄時，引導雷射光順著這個軌道前進， 這樣可以簡化燒錄器硬體的設計，並確保燒錄片的相容性。" 光碟燒錄器的雷射光，會在燒錄片的色素層 (即錄寫層) 上燒出一連串的小孔， 這些孔就叫做 "pits"，在孔跟孔之間平坦的部份則叫做 "lands"。Pits 跟 lands 的型態就成了資料的一種編碼方式，可以在 audio 或 data 的光碟機上還原成 原來的資料。 您可在 參考資料部份找到更多的資料，尤其是在"http://www.cd-info.com/" http://www.cd-info.com/。在 "http://www.why.net/home/araltd/whatscdr.html" http://www.why.net/home/araltd/whatscdr.html也有一些不錯的圖片。 主題 : [2-2] 什麼是 XA﹖CDPLUS﹖CD-i﹖MODE1 及 MODE2﹖ 紅/黃/藍皮書﹖ 您可在 參考資料部份找到更多的資料。 在"http://www.cdarchive.com/info/default.htm" http://www.cdarchive.com/info/default.htm , "http://www.cd-info.com/" http://www.cd-info.com/ 及 alt.cd-rom FAQ 的頁面有不錯的資料。 在"http://emf.net/~mal/cdplus.html" http://emf.net/~mal/cdplus.html提到了 CD Plus。 以下是其簡單的摘要 : 紅皮書 音樂 CD (CDDA) 的標準格式 黃皮書 資料 CD 的標準格式 綠皮書 互動性光碟 (CD-i) 的標準格式 橘皮書 可燒錄光碟 (CD-R) 的標準格式 第一部份 CD-MO (磁性-光學, Magneto-Optical) 第二部份 CD-WO (可燒寫一次; 包括 Photo CD 的 "hybrid" 規格) 白皮書 Video CD 的格式 藍皮書 定義 CD Extra (有時候也用來稱呼 LaserDisc 的格式) CD Extra 一種兩個 session 的 CD，第一個 session 是 CD-DA (audio)， 第二個 session 是資料軌。( 又叫做 CD Plus ) CDROM/XA 即 eXtended Architecture, 是介於黃皮書和 CD-i 之間的格式。 MODE-1 標準的黃皮書的 sectors 規格 MODE-2 可能是 form-1 或 form-2 FORM-1 一個 sector 有 2048 bytes, 有錯誤修正碼 (ECC)，為資料 性光碟 FORM-2 一個 sector 有 2324 bytes, 無錯誤修正碼 (ECC)，為 聲音 /影片 光碟 ISO 9660 光碟檔案結構的標準規格 (以前叫做 High Sierra) Rock Ridge 一種延伸的規格，可以使用像 Unix 系統的長檔名 CDR-RFS Sony 公司的漸增式封包寫入 (incremantal packet-writing) 檔案系統 CDR-UDF 工業標準的漸增式封包寫入 (incremantal packet-writing) 檔案系統 CD-Text Sony 公司 (?) 在 audio CD 上附加歌曲資料編碼的標準 以上的敘述似乎相當簡單，但在黃皮書事實上同時定義了 mode 1 及 mode 2， 其 mode 2 含有 2336 個 byte 記錄使用者資料。而綠皮書定義了 mode 2 的 form 1 及 form 2。這樣說來，mode 2 的 sector 也有可能是 "無型式的 (formless)" ，既 非 form 1 也非 form 2 ，這種情形就是指黃皮書 mode 2 而言的。 請到 "http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Bibliography.html" http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Bibliography.html ，可以找到如何取得這些 標準書的資訊 。 主題 : [2-3] 我如何得知光碟是那種格式﹖ 可以從包裝及 CD 上的印刷得知。 CD-DA 的光碟，會有 "Compact Disc Digital Audio" 的標誌。 CD+G 的光碟，會有 "CD Graphics" 的字樣。 CD-i 的光碟，會有 "Compact Disc Interactive" 標誌。 Video CD 會有 "Compact Disc Digital Video" 標誌，及/或 "Video CD"的字樣。 主題 : [2-4] CDROM 防拷是如何達成的? 有很多種可能，但製造商從來不會說明他們是如何做成的。(原因很明顯) 有一種可能的方式是，使用特別的讀片及製作的軟體，在資料 Sector 的 ECC (錯誤 修正碼) 部份，寫入錯誤的假資料。複製時一般標準讀片的 CDROM 硬體會根據這個 ECC 碼來修正資料 sector，使得拷出來的 CD 資料與原來的不同。 拷完之後讀取複製片時會把整個 sector 視為未加工的資料載入，不做錯誤修正。如果 它不能發現原始的未修正的資料，那麼它就會以為是讀到了正確的複製資料。(但其實 已經不同原母片) 這種方法事實上僅可在 Sony Playstation 之類的系統上存在，它的驅動 機制及韌體公認為走在時代的尖端。 另外一種較不高明的方式是壓片時壓出超過 74 分鐘的資料，使它大於燒錄片的 容量。所以要盜拷這種片子就必需要使用特別的燒錄空白片，或拷到硬碟並刪除不 必要的檔案，使得容量適合燒錄片，或者直接用壓片的方式。 主題 : [2-5] 什麼是多次寫入( multisession ) 的碟片? 一個 session 是指一個燒錄的段落，其中含有一軌或多軌任何型式的資料。燒錄 時並不需要把所有資料包含在一個 session 之內一次燒完，，可以一個 session 一個 session 地增加，直到空間用完或是 close disk 為止。一些標準的資料性 或音樂性的 CD Player，必需等到最後一個 session 被 close disk後才能讀取。 (譯註 : 一般 CDROM 在燒錄資料片未 close disk 前還是都可以讀取。只要有 close session 即可，但音樂性 CD 則要等到 Close disk 後才能播放。) 多次寫入的方式原本是使用在 Photo CD 的製作上，使得燒錄片可以繼續使用，加進 更多的相片圖檔。現在它常被用在資料片或是 CD Extra 上。這個部份需要多一點解 釋。 當你把資料性 CD 放進光碟機時，作業系統會去找這片 CD 的最後一個 session， 並讀取其中的目錄結構。( 所以在不同的作業系統或光碟機可能會讀出不同的結果。) 除了麥金塔的 CD 是用 HFS 的檔案結構外，一般大多數都是用 ISO 9660，它的 "目 錄入口� (directory entry)" 記錄區可以指向光碟片上的所有檔案，不論它是在那 一個 session。所以數個 session 便可以連結在一起。 大多數常用的 CD 燒錄軟體允許你把先前的 sessions 連結到目前所要燒錄的 session 上。所以以前所燒的東西以後還是讀得到，只不過是改寫了目錄區而已。如果 你在最後一次燒錄時選擇性地去除一些檔案或目錄，那就如同在形式上刪除了該 檔案或目錄，雖然它還是存在光碟中，但新的目錄區已不指向它。也可以用此方法 先去除舊檔的連結，再燒入同檔名的新版本檔案，這樣就可以達到形式上的覆寫 (overwrite)了。 相反的，當你把 audio CD 放進標準的 CD Player 時，它僅能讀到第一個 session， 因此在 audio CD 是不能用多次寫入的。不過這個缺點在某些情況下反而成 了優點。 多次寫入的 CD 也可以把音軌及資料軌合併在一起，詳細情形請看主題 : [3-14] 如果把 multisession 的片子放進光碟機當作音樂 CD 播放，會有什麼情形發生? 答案依你的光碟機而定。以 Plextor 8Plex 為例，它會正確執行 (只播放音軌)。 其它的光碟機就由你自己去試試吧。 注意 MODE-1 (CDROM) 和 MODE-2 (CDROM-XA) 的 session 是不能用 multisessiom 連結在一起的。你可以試著做一片看看，但光碟機可能會讀半天讀不出所以然來。 主題 : [2-6] 什麼是 subcode channels? 有八個 subcode channels : P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W。確實的編碼方法已超出本 FAQ的範圍。 要知道的部份是，在整個 CD 上都有 subcode channels 的資料，而每一個 channel 全 部可以達到 4 MB 的容量。 P subcode channel 可以被 JVC / Pinnacle 燒錄器所控制，但很明顯的， P subcode channel 被用得並不多。 Q subcode channel 包含了有用的資料，可以被許多燒錄器所讀寫。使用者資料區 包含了三種 subcode-Q 資料 : 位置資料、媒體目錄數、及 ISRC 碼。在 導入 (lead-in) 區還可以找到其它不同形式的 Subcode-Q，它是用來產生多次寫入的功能， 以及記錄了 TOC (目錄表, Table of Content)。 位置資料是給 Audio CD Player 用來顯示目前播放位置 (以時間表示)。還有軌數/索引 等資料。做 Disc-at-Once 燒錄時可以控制這些資料。 ISRC (國際標準燒錄碼)是燒錄工業界的標準。它記錄了製造國家、擁有者、年份、 各軌的序號等等，而且每一軌都可以不同。不過這是可以選擇性使用的，有很多的 CD 都不使用它。媒體目錄數 (Media Catalog Number)是相類似的，且每個 CD 的媒體 目錄數都是個固定的數字 (constant)。注意這些數碼跟 UPC 碼是不同的。 其他的 subcode channels 一般是無法使用跟存取的。但有個例外是 CD+G (CD w/graphics, SegaCD 所支援)。Philips 也發明了 R 至 W channel 的新用途，叫做 ITTS。它可以使得在播放 audio CD 時顯示文字或圖形，不過需要特別的 player。 更詳細的資料，可以看 Pohlmann 所寫的書 : The Art of Digital Audio，第二版, by John Watkinson, Focal Press, 1994, ISBN 0-240-51320-7. 在主題 2-1 也有提到。 主題 : [2-7] CD 識別區域 (Identifier fields) 是否被廣泛應用? 目前並沒有很多的製造商使用，也不是所有的機器都能讀到這些區域。 主題 : [2-8] 燒錄一片光碟需要多少時間? 依你所要燒錄的資料量，以及你的機器的速度而定。燒錄 650 mb 的資料如果是單倍 速寫的話要花 74 分鐘，如果是二倍速的話要 37 分鐘，四倍速的話要 19 分鐘，不 過在結束燒錄的動作時還要再花一兩分鐘。記得單倍速是 150 KB/sec, 二倍速是 300 KB/sec, 以此類推。 如果資料量只有一半 (375 MB) 當然所花的時間也是大約一半。 主題 : [2-9] Disc-at-once 和 track-at-once 有什麼不同? 有兩種基本的燒錄方式，一種是 Disc-at-once，它是指一次燒錄一整張的 CD，可能 也燒錄了多軌。整個燒錄過程不可以中斷，而且燒完之後就不能再加進任何資料了。 Track-at-once 的燒錄方式允許多次的燒寫。一個 track 的長度最少是 300 個 blocks， 如果是資料性光碟的話，就是 600 K。而一片光碟最多可以達到 99 個 tracks。 在雷 射停止或開始的一段時間, 會稍微用掉一些空間。用 track-at-once 的方式燒寫的缺點 是，大部份的 audio CD player 都會去 play 軌和軌之間，雷射停止及開始時所燒的那 一部份。結果在軌和軌間就會產生輕微但擾人的爆音。 有一些燒錄器，例如 Philips CDD 2000，允許所謂的 "session-at-once" 的燒錄方式， 它一方面像 disk-at-once 可以去除軌和軌之間雷射停止及開始時所多燒的無用的 gap， 一方面又像 track-at-once 能夠再加入更多的 sessions。 主題 : [2-10] 從 image 檔燒入和 on-the-fly 燒錄有何不同? 許多燒錄軟體都會有這兩個選項，兩種方法都各有利弊。 光碟的 image file 有時候又叫做虛擬光碟 (virtual CD) 或 VCDs (不是 Video CD 喔!) 在 image file 裡面包含了將要燒入光碟裡的所有資料。如果使用 74 分鐘的空白片的話， 一個資料性 CD-ROM 的 image 檔最大可以達到 650 MB，audio CD 的話可達 747 MB。 如果 CD 上既有資料軌也有音軌的話，就會有一個 ISO-9660 的 image 檔，加上數個 16-bit, 44.1KHz 的立體聲檔。 On-the-fly 的燒錄方式會用到一個 "虛擬 image 檔"，其中記錄與要燒錄的檔案有關的 資料，而非資料的內容。在 CD 燒錄時就直接到硬碟去讀取檔案的內容。這種燒錄方 式需要較少的硬碟空間，因為不必製作 image 檔。但是 buffer underruns (請看主題[4-1]) 的危險卻增加了。另外還有一個好處是可以把這個虛擬 image 檔存起來，下次要再燒 錄時便可以根據它來增刪。如果是用 ISO image 檔的就必需全部重做，較花時間。 ( 譯註 : 為了減少飛盤 ---＄＄＄，寧願多花一點時間! ) 如果要燒的資料完全一樣的話，兩種方式燒錄出來的光碟是相同的。用那一種要看個人 習慣及硬體的效能夠不夠。 主題 : [2-11] Audio CD 的 player 怎麼知道要跳過資料軌? 每個音軌都有 subcode 旗標 : 資料 如果有設置，就代表該軌為資料軌，若未設，就是聲音軌。 數位拷貝許可如果有設置，就代表允許 copy。 四聲道聲音紅皮書的標準允許使用四聲道的聲音，但很少有光碟這樣製作。 Pre-Emphasis 如果錄音有用 pre-emphasis 的話才設。 最後三個很少用到。 主題 : [2-12] 我該等待 CD-E/CD-RW 的出現嗎? CD-E 就是 CD-Erasable 的簡寫，但聽起來好像上面的資料很容易隨便被刪掉的感覺， 所以有些人也叫它 CD-Rewritable (CD-RW, 可重覆寫入光碟)。CD-E 和 CD-R 的區別 就如字面上一樣，CD-E 可以把資料塗去重新回收空間，CD-R 則同一空間只能寫過一 次無法回收。 即將上市的 CD-E 光碟機是使用相變式技術，它不是在染料層燒洞及變形，而是使 物質在結晶及非結晶的狀態間變化。目前的燒錄器無法燒寫 CD-E 的片子，而目前 的唯讀光碟機也不能讀取這種光碟。 主題 : [2-13] 我該等待 DVD-R 的出現嗎? 不該。 主題 : [3] 如何．．． 以下是對一些特別問題的建議方法。 主題 : [3-1] 如何複製資料性光碟? 有一些光碟對拷的軟體可以用，其中最便宜的是 Adaptec 的 EZ-SCSI 中所附的一個 叫 "CD Copier" 的簡單的對拷軟體，以及 Jeff Arnold 的免費軟體 "CD2CD"。 複製只有單一資料軌 CD 最簡單，最有效，也是最不貴的方法就是使用 Jeff Arnold 的 CD2CD，它是在 DOS 底下操作，支援大部份的硬體。 另一種方法是，先在硬碟上製作 image 檔，然後再把這個 image 檔燒入 CD 中。 Arnold 所寫的及 Adaptec 公司出的軟體都有這個功能。 其它的燒錄軟體大多較複雜難用。複製 Multisession 及其它形式的的片子需要較特別的 軟體，例如 Jeff Arnold 的 SNAPSHOT 軟體。 重要的一點是，讀片的光碟機，其速度不能比燒錄器燒寫的速度慢，而且也不能有錯 誤。如果讀片時因為讀到光碟的邊緣部份，而使速度慢下來或甚至暫停，那麼這塊燒 錄片大概又可以拿去當做飛盤了。大部份的燒錄軟體都有模擬燒錄的功能，整個過程 跟正常燒錄是一樣的，只不過雷射是關著的。在真實燒錄前先做模擬是一個很好的做 法。 主題 : [3-1-1] 為什麼不能像 copy 軟碟那樣 copy 光碟? CD 並沒有環形的軌道。它是用螺旋形的軌道，由多個 sector 組成軌，好幾個軌形成 多個段落 (multisession)。資料在 sector 中的儲存是用 interleave 的形式。這種 sector 的格式是一種標準，但並非唯一的標準。 ("對於標準來說，有很多種選擇是一件很好的事。" -- Andrew S. Tannenbaum) 能否讀到一片光碟的某一部份和光碟機的韌體有關。有些光碟機無法讀取多次燒錄 (multi-session) 的片子，有的無法像讀取資料軌那樣讀取聲音軌。 主題 : [3-2]如何從 audio CD 裡抓取音軌或 copy 全片? 如果是 Audio CD 片對拷的話，讀片的光碟機必須能夠讀取數位聲訊，這一點大部份 舊型的光碟機都沒辦法。如果是用 Adaptec 的 "CD Copier" 軟體的話，它是一個軌一 個軌地 copy (Track-at-once)，如果用 Jeff Arnold 的 "Snapshot" 軟體，則是採取 Disc-at-once 的方式對拷。 如果你只是想做數位音訊的抓取，那你根本不必用到燒錄器，所需要的只是一台 支援音軌抓取 (DA extraction) 的唯讀光碟機，以及一些軟體就夠了。請到 : "http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/pc/cdrom/CDDA.html" http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/pc/cdrom/CDDA.html ，有這方面的訊息及所需軟體。 不同的光碟機抓取音軌的速度也有所不同，例如 Plextor 6Plex 可以用六倍速抓， 而 NEC 6Xi 則只能用單倍速去抓。 有一點要指出的是，雖然音軌的抓取是把 CD 音軌準確地 copy 下來，然而這裡所謂 的準確是指準確地把光碟機所讀到的部份拷到硬碟，而它所讀得到的部份可能跟母片 會有稍微的不同，不過其差異的程度可能很難聽出來。所以不同的光碟機所抓的結果 可能就會有所不同，甚至同一台光碟機在不同速度抓取的結果也會有所不同，但很難 聽出破綻。 燒錄片聲音輸出的品質，大部份跟你的 CD Player 和該廠牌的燒錄片配合的程度有關。 這一點請看下一節有關如何避免爆音的部份。 最近的 YAMAHA 燒錄器在抓取音軌方面有一點問題。它會在應該開始的位置偏後幾 個 blocks 開始抓，在應該結束的位置偏後幾個 blocks 結束。傳言是因 driver 有問題所 引起，但並不清楚到底是那一個 driver 需要修正。 另外一點：在 audio CD 上的資料是以 "Motorola" big-endian 的格式所儲存的，開頭是 每一個 16 位元 word 的 high byte，但是 WAV 檔是用 "Intel" little-endian 的格式 儲存。必須確定你的軟體可以正確地處理 endian-flipping。Byte-swapped 的 audio CD 聽起來就跟噪音沒什麼兩樣。(譯 : 這一段在講什麼碗糕?)-- 主題 : [3-3] 如何避免產生爆音? 可以用 Disk-at-once 的方式來燒錄。Track-at-once 的燒錄方式會在每軌的結束和開始 的部份產生多餘的 sectors，在 CD Player 播放時就會產生爆音。製作的方式必須 先把 CD 中所有的音軌 copy 到硬碟中，然後再用 Arnold 的 DAO.EXE 或是 Adaptec 公司的 Easy-CD Pro 95，用 Disk-at-once 的方式來燒錄。 如果你是用 track-at-once 的方式燒錄，發現在每一軌的開頭都有一小段爆音，那麼可 能就是因為你的燒錄軟體把聲音檔的檔頭也燒了進去。改進的辦法就是改採較佳的燒 錄軟體，或是手動去除檔頭的部份 ( 在 WAV 檔的開頭 44 bytes )。 如果是在音軌的中間部份發現爆音，這可能是在抓取音軌或是在寫入光碟的時候所加進 去的。如果用燒好的片子去聽有爆音，但播放原始的 WAV 檔 (在 MAC 則是 AIFF 檔) 卻沒有爆音，這可能是在燒錄時曾經幾乎發生 buffer underrun，但硬撐了過來。如果 聽 WAV 檔，有同樣的爆音，這表示抓取音軌的方法有缺陷。(請看 主題 [3-2]) 如果是在音軌的結尾部份發生爆音，可能是因為抓取音軌的軟體在WAV檔的最末端加 進了一些額外的資料 ( 這是可以的，一些燒錄軟體會自動忽略這一部份 )。 請看 主題 [3-12] 有關於如何用 Cooledit 軟體來去除這段資料的提示。 一些唯讀光碟機或燒錄器用高速抓取數位音訊會有問題，所以如果發現有很多爆音 的話，可以改用較低的速度試看看。如果寫入硬碟的速度趕不上抓取音軌的速度，那 麼也會有問題。有一位USER提到，先對硬碟做defragment，再抓取音軌可以去除爆音。 問題的一部份是 Philips 光碟的規格不需要正確的區段定址 ( block-accurate addressing)。 當你在把 CD 暫停之後重新 play 時，只要在暫停的位置 75 個 block 範圍 (1 秒鐘) 內開 始都算是正確的。如果在抓音軌時 CD 的速度超越硬碟，那麼 CD 就會暫時停下來等 資料都寫入硬碟後才會再開始繼續讀下去，此時重新開始的位置可能就會有了一點偏 差。有一些光碟機，例如 Plextor 8Plex，使用特殊的硬體，使得重新開始讀 CD 時，可 以找到正確的位置。 如果你用 track-at-once 的方式燒寫，要確定是在一個 session 燒完，因為大部份的 Audio CD player 不會去找第一個 session 以後的 session。 最後，有人發現在用 HP 4020i 燒錄音樂 CD 時，如有發生 "靜止" 現象的話，把 DMA 傳輸速率降為 2MB/sec 可以解決這個問題。 主題 : [3-4] 如何複製 Sony Playstation, Sega Saturn, 或 3DO 的碟片? Jeff Arnold 有一個軟體叫做 SNAPSHOT 可以做到。請到他的網頁看看吧! "http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html" http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html 不過這軟體還是沒辦法拷有防拷的 CD。 另外在 Usenet 上請求或廣告盜拷的軟體是不應該的。在大部份地區，這都是違法的。 主題 : [3-5] 如何燒錄長檔名? 有很多不同的方法，但大部份製造出來的光碟在許多不同系統上卻無法讀取。以下幾個 次主題將會提到。 請看 "http://www.adaptec.com/support/cdrec/filename.html" http://www.adaptec.com/support/cdrec/filename.html 有詳細的討論及範例。 主題 : [3-5-1] ISO-9660 第一層的 ISO 9660 定義檔名為熟悉的 8 + 3 格式，這是 MS-DOS 使用者長期忍受的格 式。檔名 (最多) 有八個英文字，一個句點，再加上三個英文字的副檔名，全部都是大 寫。許多的特殊字元，如空白、連字符號、tilde、 等號、加號等都不能用。另外還有 一個檔案版本號碼，跟檔名以一個 " ; " 符號相隔，不過通常都被忽略。 第二層的 ISO 9660 允許使用長檔名及較多層的目錄結構 ( 32 層，而非 8 層)，但是在 一些作業系統上無法使用，尤其是 MS-DOS。 主題 : [3-5-2] Rock Ridge ISO 9660 的 Rock Ridge 延申標準定義了 UNIX 類的長檔名，支援大小寫混合及符 號字元的檔名。 因為它還是 ISO 9660 的檔案系統，所以即使在不支援 Rock Ridge 的系統上還是可 以讀取，但是看不到長檔名。 目前只有 UNIX 及 Mac 支援 Rock Ridge，DOS 及 Windows 目前仍未支援。 主題 : [3-5-3] HFS HFS 是一種階層排列的檔案系統，用於 Mac。它取代 ISO 9660 的檔案系統，使得 製作出來的光碟在不支援 HFS 的作業系統下無法使用。 目前，可以讀 HFS 光碟的有 Mac、Amigas ( AmiCDROM, 這方面的資料可至 ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/aminet/disk/cdrom/ 取得)、還有 Apple IIgs、及執行 Irix 的 SGI 機器 (它們看起來是 AppleDouble 的格式)。 有一些用於 Mac 及 Windows 的燒錄軟體能夠製作混合的光碟，上面同時有 ISO 9660 及 HFS 的檔案系統。 主題 : [3-5-4] Joliet 這是 Microsoft 自訂的檔案系統，支援 Win95 及 WinNT。在備份 Win95 至光碟時可以 使用。它也是 ISO 9660 的檔案系統，且在 Win95 之下可以顯示長檔名。 主題 : [3-5-5] Romeo Adaptec 公司的燒錄軟體能製作 "Romeo" 檔案系統的光碟。至於它所能支援的範圍為 何，並不清楚。 主題 : [3-5-6] ISO/IEC 13346 及 ISO/IEC 13490 這些是最新的標準，將用以取代 ISO 9660。目前仍未廣汎應用。相關資料請看 "http://www.mv.com/users/kaikow/" http://www.mv.com/users/kaikow/。 主題 : [3-6] 如何在 PC 上使用 CD-i 碟片? 短一點的答案 : 不能用，除非在主機板上加了專用的介面卡。即使你的光碟機符合 CD-i (綠皮書) 的標準，仍然會有一些阻礙。使用的檔案系統不是 ISO 9660 規格， 還有 CD-i 的播放機器是以 680x0 的 CPU 為基礎，播放影片及聲音媒體需要特殊硬體。 長一點的答案 : 它隨光碟的種類而定，也跟你所謂的"使用"是什麼意思有關。 Photo CD 跟 Video CD 是 CD-ROM/XA "Bridge Format" 的光碟，它們可以在 CD-i播放 機以及電腦的光碟機上播放。它們使用 ISO 9660 檔案系統，可以用一般常見的 Photo CD 軟體及 MPEG-1 播放軟硬體來播放。 Philips 公司在 1994 年六月以前所製造的 DigitalVideo 光碟，是 CD-i 的格式， 而不是 Video CD，要在 PC 上播放需要額外的硬體。 如果你的光碟機支援每 sector 2352-byte 原始資料讀取的話，便可以用來讀取綠皮書 格式的光碟，也就是能把聲音及 MPEG 影像的數位資料讀取出來存到硬碟。 主題 : [3-7] 如何從 audio CD 上取得光碟及音軌的標題? 典型的紅皮書 audio CD 規格並沒有提到這方面。Adaptec 及 Microsoft 所提供的一些播 放 audio CD 的軟體，可以輸入有關該 CD 的資訊，如歌名，作者等等，然後這些就會 存入硬碟裡的一個資料庫檔案中。有一些 FTP SITE 有這類的資料庫可以下載。 一些新的格式，如 CD Extra，允許或甚至必須把這些資訊收入 CD 中。 主題 : [3-8] 如何 copy 80 分鐘的 audio CD? 由於 CD 上的資料是記錄在一條螺旋形的軌道上，所以軌道如果刻得較密一點，自然 資料量就可以增加。標準的紅皮書 Audio CD 規格是定義最大資料長度為 74 分 33 秒 。可能有些製造者把螺旋紋做得較密，或者使 CD 的 "pits" 和 "lands" 間的距離變近，因 此而製造出超過 74 分鐘的 CD 片。但這樣的 CD 在某些光碟機上讀取可能會有問題。 燒錄片上的螺旋軌道是預製的，sector 的位址也是固定的，因此沒有辦法彈性增加空 間。 目前也有 80 分鐘的空白片，但是價格很貴，而且可能無法在所有的系統上使用。 最長的 CD-R 應該是 79 分 59 秒 74 frame，因為最後可能 lead-out 的開始時間也要算 進去。 也許可以藉由消除 lead-out 的部份來增加空間，但不清楚這是否容易做到，或是不是 一個好主意。 主題 : [3-9] 如何製作 PhotoCD? 需要用特殊的軟體，如 Adaptec 的 Photo Theatre 或 CD Creator 2。但首先你要能夠製作 相片的數位圖檔。可用的工具像 Apple QuickTake 數位相機，掃瞄器，影像捕捉卡，或 單格畫面捕捉器 (frame grabbers)。 主題 : [3-10] 如何製作在 PC 或 MAC 上都可以用的 CD? 如果是製作一片充滿資料 (如 JPEG 圖檔) 的 CD，那麼選 ISO-9660 格式即可，但是 要把檔名後面的版本號碼 (";1") 去掉。 如果想要使得格式更具彈性，在 PC 或在 MAC 上都可以執行 CD 內的程式，那麼就 要製做一種"混合"的 CD，在一片 CD 上同時存在兩種格式。Astarte 的 Toast for the Mac 是比較廣受推薦的軟體。請看 主題 (6)，有這方面的訊息。 主題 : [3-11] 如何讀取多次寫入的光碟上不同的 Session? 視情況而定。 在 MS-DOS 下，你可以看到第一個 session，而在 Win95 下，你可以看到最後一個 session。(譯：這一點存疑。) Corel 的一些驅動程式可以讓你選擇要看到 那一個 session。 一些燒錄軟體 (例如 Adaptec Easy-CD Pro) 在每一個 session 都會再寫一個完整的 TOC (目錄表)，部份指向現在這個 session 內的檔案的位址，部份指向前面的 session 內的檔案，使得 session 間可以連結在一起，以便能夠漸增式地備份檔案。( 這只能用在 ISO-9660 的格式，HFS 系統就不行了。然而這樣是比較方便，不像 Mac 是把每一個 sessions 當作獨立的 volume 來啟用。) Adaptec 的 Easy CD Pro (譯: win 3.1 版？) 可以讓你把前面數個 sessions 的內容合 併在一起，成為一個新的 session (可以不必有新的檔案)，它會寫一個新的 TOC，記錄所 有 load 進來的 session 內的檔案，然後 Close session。(譯 : 這個方法可以救回 multi-session 燒不成功的片子，但印象中只有 For Win 3.1 的版本才可以。) 有些情況跟 SCSI 的 driver 也有關係。 Corel 在 Corel CD Creator v2.x ( 現在是 Adaptec's CD Creator) 裡有一個選擇 session 的功能，但只能用在 SCSI 光碟機。(譯：有網友來信說專屬介面的光碟機也可以) 主題 : [3-12] 如何把錄音帶變成 CD? 請到 "http://www.octave.com/octave/audiocd.html" http://www.octave.com/octave/audiocd.html，有一篇不錯的介紹。如果對音效卡有 問題或需要建議的話，可以到以下兩個 News Group 去看看： rec.audio.tech comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard.tech 首先要把錄音機的 analog output (不能調音量的那個) 插座，用線連到 PC 上音效卡的 pre-amp (line in) 插座，它可以把音訊標準化成 RIAA 標準，然後讓 PC 把它加以數位 化，以便存到硬碟中。 你可以用音效卡 (如 SoundBlaster 16) 上的類比轉數位的功能，但是聲音的品質可能不 會很好。用 Turtle Beach (Tropez, Tahiti) 和 CrystaLake 的音效卡效果就有進步了， 而用 Digital Audio Labs CardD+ 的效果就和內接的 A/D 轉換卡差不多了。如果你對音 質真的很認真的話，那你應該用外接式的 A/D 轉換器，例如 Symetrix 620，經由它轉成 數位音訊後，再輸出給電腦。( 你也可以先把聲音轉到 audio DAT 錄音帶上，再用 DAT 輸出給電腦，效果是一樣的。關於這方面，請看 下一節 有詳述。) 在播放時，盡可能得到最多的聲訊。正常化 (Normalization) 會使聲訊提升，但無法取 代已失去的聲訊。聲音編輯軟體，如 GoldWave 或 Cool Edit，可以用來使聲訊平衡化、 正常化，甚至於可以 減低雜音。 對於 PC 使用者，有以下的建議： 直接用 Cool Edit 去錄，用可能的最高 input level (譯 : 指音量嗎？)，但不 要超過最大值。 在 "雜音消減 (noise reduction)" 的對話框中，把 FFT size 設為 8192，FFT precision 設為 10， #of samples 設為 96。 在歌曲之間或錄音帶結尾之處，找出一段無聲的部份，要有背景噪音但不能有太 大的突發爆音。設定 noise level。 選取整軌，然後進行約 70％ 的 noise reduction。 選取整軌，然後進行正常化。 手動去除一些較大的爆音 (可以用 zoom in 來定位，然後用 edit 選單下 的 "spectral view" 功能)。 Zoom in 後放大 8％。視爆音來源選擇左或右頻道。如果是 左右頻道都有，那麼可以把有爆音的那一小段刪除，然後重建使其平順(smooth)。如果不 可能做到的話，就只把一個頻道變平順，再把另一個頻道放大 8％。 Cool Edit 會在 .WAV 檔的最後面加上一小段資料，本來這是可允許的，但是有些軟體 碰到這段結尾卻不會自動忽略它，因而產生問題。為了避免這件事，可以用 "Options" 選單，再選 "Info"。有一個項目叫做 "Fill * fields automatically"，預設是 ON 的， 把它改為 OFF，且在這裡面不要輸入任何訊息。 記住 CD 聲訊是 16-bit、stereo、44KHz，所以寫成 WAV 檔時硬碟空間很快就會被佔 滿。另外請看 主題 (3-3) 的部份，有提到如何避免產生爆音的問題。 各位如果對於 "Pre-xxx" 的意思不甚了解，以下這一段可以給你參考： 來源：mikrichter@interramp.com: "Preemphasis has been used since the earliest days of commercial recording. In general, the high-frequency content of the music (or whatever) being recorded is low and the noise is high. Therefore, treble was boosted and lows were cut by a preemphasis curve which was removed in playback. The standard RIAA curve for turnover and rolloff (the amount and frequency for treble and bass, respectively) was not accepted universally until the 50's, and some fine preamps offered selectable values with presets for the common curves into the early transistor era." 主題 : [3-13] 如何把 Audio DAT 帶子變成 CD? 必需用一種能把 DAT 的數位資訊轉存到硬碟的介面卡。要確定這種卡可以處理 DAT 錄音機所使用的數位標準，也就是 S/PDIF (Sony/Phillips 數位介面格式，有時又稱 "家用型 (domestic)" )，或 AES/EBU ("專業型")。 對於 PC 而言，可以用 DigiDesign AudioMedia (請看 "http://www.digidesign.com/" http://www.digidesign.com/)， Zefiro Acoustics ZA2 (請看 "http://www.zefiro.com/" http://www.zefiro.com/)， AdB Digital Multiwav Pro (請看"http://www.adbdigital.com" http://www.adbdigital.com)， 或是 Digital Audio Labs CardD+ (請看 "http://www.digitalaudio.com/products.htm" http://www.digitalaudio.com/products.htm)。 建議用最後這一種。 先把 DAT 的數位聲訊轉存到硬碟上，再把這些硬碟上的檔案燒入 CD 成為音軌。假如 你想要直接從 DAT 燒進光碟，不經硬碟這個步驟，那麼可能將會浪費不少燒錄片，原 因是 Buffer-under-run 或是許多小錯誤。另外必需使用 Disc-at-once 的方式來燒錄， 才能得到最好的效果。建議使用 Jeff Arnold 的 DAO 軟體。 有一些燒錄器甚至有類比聲訊輸入裝置，不過你大概不會想要吧。請看 主題 (7-8) 如果你對製作 Audio CD 很有興趣的話，可以到 "http://www.sadie.com/" http://www.sadie.com/看看。 主題 : [3-14] 如何把聲音和資料放在同一張 CD? 有兩個方法：第一種是把資料放在第一軌，把音軌放在資料軌之後。光碟機會自動 尋找第一軌，忽略後面的音軌，因此便可以讀到資料的部份。同時也可以播放音軌， 但可能會因作業系統不同而有不同的狀況。要注意的是資料軌和所有聲音軌必需要 在一個 session 裡燒完。請參考 主題 (3-2)。 缺點是 Audio CD 播放機可能會試著播放第一軌，即資料軌，這樣可能會使音響裝備 受到損害。不過較新的 CD Player 大多已經設計得可以處理這種 CD，因此這不會是 個大問題。 另一種方法是製作一個 multisession 的 CD，第一個 session 燒聲音軌，第二個 session 燒資料軌。 這就是 CD Extra (以前也叫做 CD Plus) 的模式。Audio CD 播放機只會 找到第一個 session，即聲軌，而電腦的光碟機 (一般認為) 可以讀到最後一個 session， 因此資料軌的讀取也沒問題。(譯：原文沒提到音軌的 session 是要用 Disc-at-once 還是 Track-at-once，但是如果是用 Disc-at-once，那麼應該無法再燒一個資料的 session 才 對。難道這類的 CD 音軌部份都得用 Track-at-once?) 如果把這種 multisession 的片子放進光碟機當作音樂 CD 播放，會有什麼情形發生? 答案依你的光碟機而定。以 Plextor 8Plex 為例，它可以正確地播放音軌的部份。其 它的光碟機就由你自己去試試吧。 主題 : [3-15] 如何製作可開機的 CD? 在 Mac，這並不是個難題 (雖然我並不知道怎麼製作)；在 PC，這就有點難。 一些主機板的 BIOS 可以支援開機光碟。Phoenix (BIOS 製造公司) 發展出一套標準 ，叫做 EL Torito，就是用來開發開機光碟之用的。你可以在 "http://www.ptltd.com/techs/specs.html" http://www.ptltd.com/techs/specs.html 找到有關 El Torito 的規格書及一篇製作指南。 有一篇 HTML 格式的文件，描述製作的每個步驟，你可以在 "http://mail.ncku.edu.tw/~thlx/bootcd.htm" http://mail.ncku.edu.tw/~thlx/bootcd.htm 找到。文件格式的文件可以在 ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/fa/fadden/bootcd.txt. 找到。 "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/CDR.html" CDR Publisher 軟體可以製作 PC 及 UNIX 的開機光碟。請參考主題 (6-1-9)。 主題 : [3-16] 如何把家庭錄影帶轉成 MPEG 或 QuickTime 的 CD? 這個主題已經超出本 FAQ 的範圍了，所以我不想寫得太深入。這方面的 Usenet New Group 有：rec.desktop.video。我並不知道這方面的問題是否有 FAQ 文件可參考， 不過您可以到 "http://www.cris.com/~videoguy/jump.htm" http://www.cris.com/~videoguy/jump.htm，由此入門。 你需要有一片影像捕捉卡，用來把影片輸入電腦，存於硬碟中。如果是全解析度， 即以 NTSC 規格而言，640x480x24， 每秒 60 fields，那麼每秒將用掉 2MB 的硬碟空 間，包括合理程度的壓縮。所以也得考慮硬碟空間的問題。如果品質的要求不是很 高的話，所需的硬碟空間就可以減小一點。 如果你只對 MPEG 有興趣，那麼最好用 MPEG 壓縮卡而不是一般玩家用的影像補捉 卡。在 "http://www.b-way.com/" http://www.b-way.com/ 及 "http://www.darvision.com/" http://www.darvision.com/都可以找到這方面的資訊。 Broadway 卡也可以提供很好的品質。 在抓取影像之後，便可以加以編輯，像是去掉不要的部份，或是加上標題文字等等。 這方面的軟體，如 Adobe Premiere 及 Ulead MediaStudio，通常都會跟影像捕捉卡一起 附售。這些軟體其他功能還有調整影像解析度，顏色深度，及壓縮的品質，以便於 適合在不同速度的光碟機上播放。 Ulead 公司有一種軟體可以把 AVI 檔轉換成 MPEG 檔，或是把 MPEG 檔轉成 AVI 檔。(請看 "http://www.ulead.com/" http://www.ulead.com/) 你也可以選擇使用影像編輯軟體的 compression codec 來製作 QuickTime 或 AVI 影片。 如果你是用 Linux 作業系統，那麼你應該注意 Bernhard Schwall 的一個叫做 "avi2yuv" 的程式。它可以把影像補捉卡所抓取的 M-JPEG 影片轉換成 Berkeley MPEG-1 及 MPEG-2 編碼器所能接受的格式。avi2yuv 軟體的 readme 檔把製作 MPEG (含聲音)的影片所需的其他軟體列了一個表 ( 這些軟體都是於 Linux 下執行的免費軟體 )。大部份 (全部？) 的應用程式也都能在 DOS 下執行。 最後，要曉得 MPEG 播放是很耗 CPU 的，如果沒有硬體的支援可能播放的效果不會 很好。Macintosh 的 "Sparkle" 軟體，目前的版本尚無法處理 MPEG 影片的聲音部份， 而 Unix 的 "xanim" 軟體目前不能處理 MPEG 的 B 和 P frames (也就是說，對一些充份 壓縮的影像完全沒有用處)。在投資 MPEG 硬體時要記得這些問題。 製作 Video CD 的步驟則不同。Corel 公司的軟體可能可以做到，但是在 Usenet 上 的朋友們似乎對這方面沒有足夠的經驗可說。 主題 : [3-17] 如何同時燒錄數張 CD? 這問題不是只用軟體便可解決的。別以為說去店裡一下子買了六台燒錄器，然後接到 你的 SCSI Bus上，就可以開始同時燒錄六張 CD，這是不夠的。(譯：沒有軟體可做這 件事，還要有其他特殊硬體設備才行。) 對於這個問題，有幾個以硬體為基礎的解決辦法，包括使用支援 daisy-chaining 的燒錄 器，或是使用有 Control Units 的機器，其中簡單一點的，是操控好幾台串接在一起的 燒錄器 (譯：同時可燒錄數張片子)，複雜一點的是使用機械手臂自動更換光碟片 (譯： 一片一片地燒錄)。但這些設備大多相當昂貴。 請看 "http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/duplication.html" http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/duplication.html，針對幾種不同的系統 做了相當出色的概說。 主題 : [3-18] 可以從 COPY 的 CD 再 COPY 嗎? 以下是 Jeff Arnold 所說的： "我不建議用 Snapshot 來製作 "copies 的 copies"。無法每次都成功的原因是有 許多唯讀光碟機在讀取 raw sectors 時並不會做錯誤的校正。結果 Copy 出來 的光碟上面就會有一些可或不可修正的錯誤。當你用複製的光碟再去複製時 ，這個二手複製的光碟上面除了有第一次複製時所產生的所有錯誤外，又增 加了第二次複製時讀片過程所產生的新的錯誤。如此一再累積的結果，最後 可能會複製出無法使用的光碟。" 這裡需要再多一點解釋。問題的核心是來源裝置讀取資料的方式。當軟體在讀取 "raw (生的，未加工的)" 的 sector 時，它讀到的是整個 2352 Bytes 的區塊，也就是 包含了該 sector 的錯誤修正碼。但是它只是忠實地讀而已，並不會根據錯誤修正 碼來修正這個 sector。 這個問題的防範，可以用 "cooked (煮熟的，經過處理的)" 的讀與寫。資料是經過修 正的 (如有必要的話)，而不是把來源 sector 完全一樣地複製。 Cooked 的處理方式， 會根據錯誤修正碼把該 sector 的 2048 bytes 資料區可能存在的錯誤移除，然後交給 燒錄器產生新的，合適的錯誤修正碼及其它 header，再寫入燒錄片。理想上 Snapshot 應該可以以軟體的方式做錯誤修正的工作，但明顯地並無現成的 code (程式碼？)能 做這件事。另外一種方法是把每個 sectors 讀兩次，一次是讀 raw sector，一次是讀 cooked 後的資料，但是這樣會使得燒錄的時間加倍。 也許你會問，乾脆燒錄時都一律使用 cooked 方式不就行了？首先要說明的是：有一 些燒錄器，如 Philips CDD2000 及 HP4020i 並不支援 cooked 式燒錄。 of all, some recorders (e.g. Philips CDD2000 and HP4020i) don't support cooked writes. (Some others will do cooked but can't do raw, e.g. the Pinnacle RCD-5040.) Second, not all discs use 2048-byte MODE-1 sectors. There is no true "cooked" mode for MODE-2 data tracks; even a block length of 2336 is considered raw, so using cooked reads won't prevent generation loss. The original version of this quote went on to comment that Plextor and Sony CDROM drives were not recommended for making copies of copies. The reason they were singled out is because they are the only drives that explicitly warned about this problem in their programming manuals. It is possible that *all* CDROM drives behave the same way. The documentation for SNAPSHOT describes whether "raw" or "cooked" writes are recommended for several different CD-R drives. See the section on "USING THE /COOKED OPTION" in "snapshot.txt", found in: ftp://ftp.cdarchive.com/pub/jarnold/readme.zip. The final answer to this question is, you can safely make copies of copies, so long as the disc is a MODE-1 CDROM and you're using "cooked" writes. Copies made with "raw" writes may suffer generation loss because of uncorrected errors. 主題 : [3-19] 如何壓縮或隱藏資料在 CD 上? The easiest way is to use your favorite compression or encryption utility and process the files before putting them on the CD. However, this isn't transparent to the end user. A product called capaCD (see "http://www.ewb.com/ewbassoc/" http://www.ewb.com/ewbassoc/) provides transparent compression specifically for CD-Rs. The end-user needs to have the capaCD driver installed to read the compressed data. "http://www.pgp.com/" http://www.pgp.com/ has some good encryption software, but none of it works transparently. 主題 : [3-20] 可以用 CD-R 來做備份系統嗎? Yes, but there are limitations. The only program designed for this is published by Adaptec, and appears to be meant for backups smaller than the size of a CD. It doesn't support spanning multiple volumes, but does allow you to do incremental backups by creating linked multisession discs. Of course, it's not really necessary to use special software. Most CD creation programs will allow you to copy arbitrary files onto CDROM, and by using the Joliet standard you can preserve long Win95 filenames. The only disadvantage is that all files are marked as read-only (required by the ISO-9660 spec), so write permission must be re-enabled by hand. (Linux users can su to root, mount the volume as MSDOS FAT, cd to the directory in question, and do "find . -print | xargs chmod +w" to enable write permission for the current directory and all subdirectories. If you're using "vfat", which shows long filenames with spaces in them, you can't use xargs. The slower "find . -exec chmod +w \{\} \;" will work though.) 主題 : [3-21] Windows 95 的 Autoplay 是如何進行的? 如何改變 CD 的 icon? When preparing a CD for Win95, put a file called "autorun.inf" in the root directory, with entries that look like this: [autorun] open=filename.exe icon=someicon.ico When the CD is placed into the drive (assuming auto-insert notification is turned on), it will be shown with the specified icon, and the program named will be launched. If you turned auto-insert notification off while burning the disc, you may need to reboot before it's re-enabled. 主題 : [4] 問題集 當燒錄一片 CD-R 時遇到的問題。 主題 : [4-1] 什麼是 "buffer underrun" ? 意思是你的桌上會有一個引人注意的新茶墊。 光碟片的燒寫過程中不能被打斷。 為了預防這種事情的發生，製作燒錄器的廠商會在 機器中放入一個寫入暫存器，通常是 512K 或是 1MB。 資料從硬碟，磁帶，或是其他 的光碟片讀出後存在這個暫存器中，然後當燒錄器需要時就將之取出。 如果燒錄器從寫入暫存器索取資料卻發生已無資料可拿時，便叫做 buffer underrun。 片子還在轉，可是沒有資料可以寫入，所以燒錄器停止燒錄程序。 如果那片光碟片上還有足夠的空間，而且你還沒讓你使用的燒錄程式將那片光碟片結 束掉的話，你還是可以將 session 關閉後再開另一個，然後在支援 multisession 的 光碟機上使用。 透過這篇 FAQ 散佈預防 buffer underruns 的忠告，明白的總結如下: 使用快速，AV 等級的硬碟(也就是說不要用熱校正很慢的硬碟)。 用慢速燒錄 - 當用 1X 燒錄時會花長一點的時間清空暫存器。 燒錄時不要在那台電腦上作任何事。 不要從檔案伺服器抓資料燒錄! 如果要做 on-the-fly 燒錄前請重組你的硬碟。 用 ISO 映像檔燒錄要比用 on-the-fly 燒錄好。 視設定而定，你可能需要將燒錄器和硬碟放在不同的 SCSI 控制卡上。 同時也要注意像是防毒程式的突然執行，虛擬記憶體開始與硬碟切換，燒錄過程中 螢幕保護程式的啟動，不尋常的網路活動，和在背景下傳的資料或傳真。 有一個檢 查的方式是在 Win95 下執行硬碟重組程式。 如果過幾秒就重新開始，那就是有程式 在使用那一顆硬碟。 大部分以 Win95為基礎的程式建議將自動安插通知關閉。 不然的話當 close session 或 甚至是插入光碟片到光碟機時都會造成影響。 你可以用下列方式關掉這個功能: 開始 - 控制台- 系統 - 裝置管理員 。 選擇在 CDROM 下的每一個裝置，點 "設定值" 的 標籤，然後確定 "自動安插通知" 前的小方塊沒有打 X。 [ 只把燒錄器的自動安插通知 關掉而 CDROM 的沒關時，即使 CDROM 沒有使用仍會發生發生 SCSI 錯誤。] 在 "http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/technotes/bufunder.html" http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/technotes/bufunder.html 對於 buffer underrun 有較廣泛的資訊。 主題 [4-2] Win95 的英文長檔名不能正常使用 通常會發生的的狀況如下: 在 Win95 檔案總管下很正常。 在 DOS 下看得到目錄，但是看到的不是 "dirname1" 而是 "dirname57"。 試著去讀取時會發生錯誤。 打 'cd dirname~102' 可能會失敗但是直接打 'cd "沒有~的長檔名"' 卻可以用。 這表示 Win95 和 DOS 7.x 已經搞成一團亂。 主題 : [4-3]multisession CD 做好了卻讀不到 SCSI 驅動程式需要信任光碟機能對付 multisession 的光碟片。 大部分這種狀況你需 要更新你的 SCSI 驅動程式。 (這種問題曾在使用 Buslogic BT946C 控制卡的 HP4020i 上發現過; 如果你有一台 HP 的 機器的話，你應該要到 HP 的網站上拿 c4324hlp.vxd 這個驅動程式。位置請看 主題 (6)。 另一個可能的原因是 multisession 光碟片是以 MODE-1 格式寫入。有些舊型光碟機錯誤 的假設 MODE-1 光碟片不能使用 multisession，所以除非是用 MODE-2 (CD-ROM XA) 格式 寫入否則不會找尋額外增加的 session 。 還有，如果 CD 上最後的一個� session 沒有 close� 的話，標準的 CD players 可能會 搞混 (NEC 6Xi 在 Win95 就是這樣)。 並不是一定要 close disk，而是 close session 即可。 (事實上，NEC 6Xi 也不喜歡 "open disk".....唉！) 主題 : [4-4] 寫入程序經過幾分鐘後失敗 有兩種可能。 一是你的資料來源跟不上 CD-R 的速度 ; 試試看以 1X 的速度以 ISO 映 像檔用 disc-at-once 的方法進行燒錄。 如果還是不行，你就需要重整你的硬碟。 如果這樣也失敗了，一些人已經發現問題出在燒錄器上 (Sony 和 HP 的機器都發現過 相同的狀況，但機器結構不同)。 在跟廠商接觸前先試著用單倍速燒寫，並使用快速 的來源光碟機或硬碟，先收集多一點資料，因為廠商將會叫你做同樣的事，不如先做 好。 確定沒有環境因素導致問題發生。燒錄器通常做成可以處理小的震動，但是如果有一 組喇叭正在放大聲的音樂又剛好與燒錄器擺在同一個桌面上的話，可能導致燒錄器跳 針，使得寫入失敗。 音爆，重型建築裝備，核爆都有相同的效果。 也有可能是你用了不合的光碟片，試著用不同型式或牌子的光碟片。 一些零售商 (如 dataDisc) 能讓你把有缺陷的光碟片拿回去換新的。 主題 : [4-5] 為何我的光碟片在 "測試" 及 "寫入" 程序中間會跳出來? 大部分的燒錄器需要在 "測試" 及 "寫入" 程序中間清除記憶體。 在某些燒錄器，執行這 個工作的唯一方法就是使燒錄片跳出。如果燒錄器用的是拖槽，那麼它會把片子推出 後再自動收回去，如果是用 caddy 就需要手動插回去了。 一些燒錄軟體允許你在測試程序成功後幾秒，就開始真正的寫入程序。 即使知道光碟 片會跳出來他們也不會取消這項功能。 這個選項最好是設成 "等到通知後才繼續" 。 主題 : [4-6] 我的唯讀光碟機不吃任何燒錄片 簡單的測試方法是找一片光碟機讀得到的 CD，用金片及綠片拷貝後試試看。(這是確 認這個問題不是因為機器不支援 multisession 光碟片等因素所引起)。 如果金片及綠片都失敗了，有可能是你的光碟機不吃可燒錄光碟片。 這很少發生但不 是沒聽過。 有一個案例，他是換了光碟機後就解決了問題。 主題 : [4-7] 如何在 ISO-9660 片子上避免 ";1" 的發生? ISO-9660 把這當作是版本號碼使用 (在檔名後面有一個分號及一個數字)。 大部分作業 系統會忽略，但麥金塔的機器不會忽略並產生一些問題。 (對麥金塔而言，用 Command-I 查詢在系統 : 延伸檔案夾內的 "ISO 9660 File Access" 的資料，如果版本號碼是 5.0 (含) 以後，那你的系統應該可以處理這個版本號碼的問題， 如果不是，那你應該對你的系統軟體進行升級。) 主題 : [4-8] 我一直發生 SCSI timeout 的錯誤 如果你是用 Adaptec SCSI 控制卡接 Philips CDD2000 (機械構造與 HP4020i 相同)，給你 一個建議： 把燒錄器的 SCSI ID 設在 2 卡上對燒錄器的設定，關掉 Fast SCSI，SCSI Linking，SCSI Disconnect 等等項目 主題 : [4-9] 燒錄一片完整的光碟片時有麻煩 當 HP4020i 燒錄器接在 AdvanSys SCSI 控制卡上，於 Win311 (也就是 WfWG) 下燒 錄時經常發生這個問題。 解決的方法是把 CONFIG.SYS 中的 IFSHLP.SYS 拿掉。 (IFSHLP.SYS 是用來啟動 32-bit 檔案存取及網路支援，所以在拿掉 IFSHLP 前你要 關閉這兩項功能。在 Win95 下你可能運氣會好一點。) 其他同樣設定的使用者發現，在燒錄前做電源啟動測試及裝置重置後會有一點幫助。 主題 : [4-10] 燒錄時總是發生 Write Append Error 這似乎發生在以 Philips CDD2000 為基礎的機器上，像是 HP4020i，通常是在保固期限 過後沒多久發生。 處理的方法可以從理性的逐步檢查，直到在一些零件上擺上雞的內臟試看看 (譯：表 示想盡辦法)。 使用AdvanSys SCSI 控制卡時減少 DMA 等級可能有點幫助，買好一點 的SCSI 排線並檢查有無正確終端處理會有點改善，或甚至在燒錄前將燒錄機電源關 掉後再開也可行。 有一位 User 說，Pilips 公司告訴他，如果 error 50h (即 write append) 發生的話， 就表示這台機器必需送回維修中心來處理。也有其他 User 被告知此問題是由於燒錄到空目 錄或大小為 0 的檔案時所發生的。 這問題也涵蓋在 HP4020i 的 FAQ之內，請至： "http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/HP-FAQ.html" http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/HP-FAQ.html。 主題 : [4-11] 在 mixed-mode CD 讀第一軌時有錯誤發生 在資料軌結尾有 150-sector postgap 區隔。 有些程式能自動分辨，有些不行。 如果你 發現這種錯誤，試著在讀取那一軌 (Read Track) 時將磁區總數減掉 150 。 主題 : [4-12] 我的 CD-R 馬上把空白片跳出來 這有兩種可能，一種是軟體，一種是硬體。 那可能是系統正在找光碟片，找不到 TOC 後就當是沒用的片子跳出。 你需要把這項 功能關掉。 在 Win95，關掉所有光碟機的自動安插通知 (看主題 (4-1))。在麥金塔，你需要更新驅 動程式。 如果沒用，請確定燒錄機是在完全水平的狀態下，很明顯的有些機器對某個角度的傾 斜敏感。 如果沒有任何幫助，非常可能那部機器已經失調需要送校。這問題經常發生在機器的 運送過程中。 有使用者描述當用錯誤型式的 caddy 時會發生問題。 一定要用 Sony 型式的 caddy， 這在商店中是很常見的。 主題 : [4-13] 做功率校正時發生問題 燒錄機的雷射功率範圍是在 4 到 8 milliwatts。 可燒錄光碟片在標準燒錄區外有一段 叫做程式校正區 (PCA)，用來針對你用的牌子的片子做做雷射功率調整。 這個錯誤指出燒錄機在做功率設定產生問題，試試看不同牌的片子，如果還是不行 的話那你應該把你的機器送去檢查。 某些 Philips CDD2000 及 HP 4020i 用的軔體的版本會在你用 4x 讀取後用 1x 寫入時 發生功率校正的錯誤。 主題 : [4-14] 我的 Adaptec 2940 在找到 CD-R 後停住了 通常發生在 Yamaha CDR-100 。 解決方法是進到 Adaptec BIOS 設定畫面(在開機時 按 Ctrl-A)，然後關掉 "support removable disks under BIOS as fixed disks" 及 "boot from CD-ROM" 的選項。 主題 : [4-15] 在光碟片上看不到所有的檔案 有兩種可能: 不是檔案不在光碟片上，就是檔案已經在上面而你不能看。 用不同的機 器(如 Mac 及 PC)去讀看看應該可以給你一些線索。 過期版本的 MSCDEX 已經被確認在瀏覽光碟片時會 "忘記" 某些檔案。 如果你用 DOS 或是 Win95 真實模式的驅動程式，要確認你用的是最新版的 MSCDEX。 某些舊版的 CD 燒錄程式有時會在燒一大票檔案時丟掉一些。然而這種問題已經沒再 被提起過了。 如果你要燒 multi-session 的光碟片，那就要靠你自己了。 主題 : [4-16] 我忘了在最後一次寫入時將 multisession 連接起來 燒 multisession 光碟片常犯的錯誤是忘了將前一個 session 與現在這個 session 連結起來。 結果是你只能看到新 session 裡的檔案而看不到舊 session 裡的檔案，除非 你有一個程式能讓你選擇你要看的 session。 如果你用 Easy-CD Pro for Win31 或 Corel CD Creator，你可以將前面所有 session 的 內容全部載入，然後燒一個新的 session，裡面會有你要的全部檔案。 這個功能在 Easy-CD Pro 95 已經沒有了，它只能允許你與前一個 session 做連結。 要注意的一點：如果沒有類似 Corel's Session Selector 的程式，你可能看不到光碟 片上最後一個 session。(譯：這說法怪怪的，應該是看不到前面的 session 才對吧?) 一些光碟機經過一個確認點後會停止尋找 session。 主題 : [4-17] 我得到 SCSI 錯誤或資料錯誤的訊息 良好的 SCSI 線及終端裝置 (termination) 是絕對重要的。SCSI bus 錯誤會造成 buffer underruns 或資料的錯誤 (特別是有些廠商會送出一些沒有 parity checking 的貨)。 Bertel Schmitt 寫了一篇相當好的文章，提到適當的 SCSI 線及終端裝置的一些細節。 這篇文章的文件格式檔可以在ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/fa/fadden/avdrive.txt 找到。Granite Digital 是一家製造高品質 SCSI 線及終端裝置的公司，其 HomePage 在 "http://www.scsipro.com/" http://www.scsipro.com/。 如果你是用 HP 4020i 燒錄器搭配 AdvanSys SCSI 卡，把 DMA 傳輸速率降低會有幫助。 主題 : [5] Hardware The numbers after the model name (e.g. "CDR-102 (2x4/512K)") refer to the read and write speeds of the unit and the size of the write buffer. "2x4" would be a double-speed writer that's also a quad-speed reader. If it just says "2x", the write speed is double-speed and the read speed isn't known (but presumably is at least 2x). Buffer sizes written with a '+', e.g. "2MB+", indicate that the buffer can be expanded further. All CD-R drives are SCSI unless indicated otherwise. IDE and parallel-port CD-Rs have been announced only recently. 主題 : [5-1] Which CD-R unit should I buy? Based on the experience of users posting to the comp.publish.cdrom.hardware Usenet newsgroup, the models to get are, in order: Yamaha CDR-100/CDR-102 (also as S&F 4000/S&F 1004) Sony 920S/940S (also as S&F 1002/2004) Philips CDD2000/CDD2010 and CDD2600 (often as HP 4020i and 6020i) Ricoh RS-1420C (also as Turtle Beach 2040R) Philips CDD522 (also as Kodak PCD225) Everything else These are discussed in the next few sections. See also the "CD Recorder Specification Chart" frame on "http://www.cdarchive.com/info/default.htm" http://www.cdarchive.com/info/default.htm, and the (somewhat Adaptec-specific but still useful) "CD RECORDABLE SUPPORT" section from ftp://ftp.adaptec.com/pub/BBS/dos/ezlist.txt. See http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Industry/Mfgrs/RecorderManufacturers.html for company contact information. If you have specific needs, you should verify with the manufacturer that the drive will do what you need. Many of the devices are simply OEM versions of another company's recorder. It's unwise to assume that the units are equivalent, however: in many cases the firmware has been changed, and may not work as well as related models. PC Magazine reviewed several of these in April '96. The review was flawed for a number of reasons, but it did conclude that the two best *packages* for overall features, ease-of-use, and support for the hardware and the bundled software were the 1002 and 4000 models from Smart and Friendly. Since these use the recorder mechanisms listed as #1 and #2 above, these would seem to be excellent choices for people who aren't familiar with PC hardware integration issues or don't want to spend a lot of time struggling with configuration problems. External drives are preferred to internal drives because of heat problems. Don't buy an internal unit unless you have exceptional ventilation in your PC case. I'm not currently listing stand-alone recorders like the "CD Blaster" or "CD Dupe-It", which are boxes with a CPU, CD-R, and hard drive that can duplicate CDs without tying up a full machine. Most of these low-end CD production boxes are off-the-shelf hardware and software packaged into a single unit, so listing them separately doesn't make much sense. Besides, they're not of much interest to the average user. 主題 : [5-1-1] Yamaha See "http://www.yamahayst.com/" http://www.yamahayst.com/ Models are the CDR-100 (4x4/512K) and CDR-102 (2x4/512K). The CDE-100 is just the CDR-100 in a Yamaha external case. It has been reported that the CDR-102 is the same mechanism as the CDR-100, but with the 4x writing feature disabled. There is no known way to convert it into a 4x writer. Note Yamaha doesn't do customer service. The dealer you purchase the drive from is expected to do this. Yamaha CDR-100s with firmware version 1.08 may experience problems when recording audio. Upgrading to version 1.10 is recommended. Since the Yamaha units don't have flash ROM (and apparently the upgrade involves more than just changing a ROM chip), the drive needs to be sent back to the dealer for the upgrade. The current firmware version for Yamaha drives is v1.12 for the CDR-100 and v1.01(?) for the CDR-102. The change was to "allow mastering in Blue Book specs". If you aren't having problems, don't get the upgrade. 主題 : [5-1-2] Sony See "http://www.sel.sony.com/SEL/ccpg/storage/cdr/940.html" http://www.sel.sony.com/SEL/ccpg/storage/cdr/940.html Models are the CDW-900E (2x2/3MB), Spressa CDU920S (2x2/1MB), and Spressa CDU940S (2x4/1MB). The 940 has replaced the 920 in Sony's lineup. The CDW-900E has a separate connector that allows multiple "slave" drives to be daisy-chained, allowing multiple CD-Rs to be written in parallel. The Spressa 9211 is a 920 in an internal case. Likewise, the Spressa 9411 is a 940 in an external case. The 940S drive is actually a 924S; the 940S designation refers to the complete bundle (software, cables, etc). 主題 : [5-1-3] Smart & Friendly See "http://www.smartandfriendly.com/" http://www.smartandfriendly.com/ Models are the CDR1002 (2x2/1MB, based on the Sony CDU920S), the CDR1004 (4x2/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-102), the CDR2004 (2x4/1MB, based on the Sony 940S), and the CDR4000 (4x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-100). The CDR2004 has replaced the CDR1002. 主題 : [5-1-4] Philips See "http://www.philips.com/pkm/laseroptics/cdr/" http://www.philips.com/pkm/laseroptics/cdr/ See "http://www.philips.com/pkm/laseroptics/cdd522.htm" http://www.philips.com/pkm/laseroptics/cdd522.htm Models are the CDD2000 (2x4/1MB), CDD2600 (2x6/1MB), and CDD522 (2x2/2MB). The CDD521 (2x2/256K) is an older model; if you use one, the firmware upgrade is strongly recommended (but increasingly hard to find). The CDD522 does not support reading of subcode-Q data. The CDD521, CDD522, and Kodak-labeled PCD225 have a sensor that can read the barcode data from the inner ring on a CD. See the HP section for comments about the CDD2000 firmware. The firmware is kept in flash ROM, so it can be updated with software attainable over the net. You should be at version 1.25 or later for best results. Some users of Philips CDD2000 and derivitive units (like the HP4020i) have reported that the drives went bad over a short period of time, often 1 to 3 months. While these cases represent the minority of users, reports have been persistent. On the plus side, in every case HP or Philips was willing to exchange the unit for a new one. Drivers are available for the CDD2000 from: "http://www.philips.com/sv/pcaddon/cdr/" http://www.philips.com/sv/pcaddon/cdr/ 主題 : [5-1-5] HP See "http://www.corp.hp.com/Publish/isg/cdr/html/prodinfo.html" http://www.corp.hp.com/Publish/isg/cdr/html/prodinfo.html See "http://hpcc998.external.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html" http://hpcc998.external.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html Models are the SureStore 4020i (2x4/1MB, based on the Philips CDD2000) (sometimes identified as part number C4324) and 6020i (2x6/1MB, based on the Philips CDD2600). The HP 4020i got off to a rough start because of buggy firmware and problems with the AdvanSys SCSI controller shipped with the drive. Four firmware upgrades have been made available so far (v1.20, v1.25, v1.26, and v1.27), and most but not all problems with the firmware have been eliminated. HP recommends that users with the v1.20 or later firmware who aren't having problems should NOT get upgrade. Contact HP tech support for more information. The AdvanSys controller continues to cause problems for some users, which is made worse by HP's refusal to support people who try to use a different card. The best approach seems to be to try the card and stick with it if it works, otherwise buy an Adaptec board (e.g. the 1522A) and use it with that. There may be a newer rev of the AdvanSys board. A few users have reported that, after getting lots of "-24 - Target aborted" errors with jarnold's software, they successfully resolved their problems by getting a new drive from HP. An unofficial HP 4020i FAQ maintained by Grek Volk (gvolk@umr.edu) can be found at "http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/HP-FAQ.html" http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/HP-FAQ.html. Drivers and software upgrades are available from: ftp://ftp.hp.com/pub/information_storage/surestore/cd-writer/ 主題 : [5-1-6] Plasmon See "http://www.plasmon.com/products/cdformat.htm" http://www.plasmon.com/products/cdformat.htm Models are the RF4100 (2x2/2MB, based on the Philips CDD522), CDR4220 (2x4/1MB, based on the Philips CDD2000), and CDR4240 (2x4/1MB?, based on the Panasonic CW-7501?). The RF4100 does not support disc-at-once recording. 主題 : [5-1-7] Kodak See "http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+PCD+Writer+225" http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+PCD+Writer+225 See "http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+PCD+Writer+600" http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+PCD+Writer+600 Models are the PCD200 (2x/256K), PCD225 (2x2/2MB, based on the Philips CDD522) and PCD600 (6x/2MB+). The Philips CDD522, Kodak PCD225, and Kodak PCD600 will interface with the Kodak Disc Transporter, which supports unattended duplication of up to 75 CD-Rs, making it a useful combo for CD-R production. 主題 : [5-1-8] JVC See "http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/C&Dcdr-e.html" http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/C&Dcdr-e.html See "http://www.jvcinfo.com/" http://www.jvcinfo.com/ See "http://www.interscape.net/cdr/xrw2010.htm" http://www.interscape.net/cdr/xrw2010.htm Models are the XR-W1001 (1x/64K), XR-W2001 (2x/1MB), XR-W2010 (2x4/1MB), and XRS-201 (2x2/1MB). Bundled with JVC "Personal Archiver" or "RomMaker" software. 主題 : [5-1-9] Pinnacle See "http://www.pinnaclemicro.com/product/rcd.html" http://www.pinnaclemicro.com/product/rcd.html Models are the RCD-202 (1x, based on the JVC XR-W1001), RCD-1000 (2x, based on the JVC XR-W2001), the RCD-5020 (2x2/1MB), the RCD-5040 (2x4/1MB, based on either the Philips CDD2000 or the JVC XR-W2010, depending on who you listen to), and the RCD-4X4 (?/?). The -1000, -5020, and -5040 models are flash ROM upgradeable. RCD-1000 units shipped after Sept 1995 can do audio extraction if they have firmware v2.35 or later. An upgrade is available from their BBS. Pinnacle earned a bad reputation after shipping drives with buggy firmware, a poorly ventilated enclosure, and bad customer support. Pinnacle customer support is reported to be almost nonexistent, except for some recent tech support via e-mail. 主題 : [5-1-10] Ricoh See "http://www.ricohcorp.com/" http://www.ricohcorp.com/ See "http://www.microse.com/ricoh/" http://www.microse.com/ricoh/ Models are the RS-9200CD (1x/1.2MB), RO-1060C (2x2/512K), RS-1060C (2x2/512K), and RS-1420C (2x4/512K). The RS1060C does not support disc-at-once recording, reading of digital audio, or subcode-Q data. (One user reported that his RO1060C *could* read digital audio, but the drive took a little convincing. Another user says that it has always been supported, but not documented, so it can be done with the right software, e.g. CDDA v1.5.) 主題 : [5-1-11] Pioneer See "http://www.pioneerusa.com/cds.html" http://www.pioneerusa.com/cds.html See "http://www.pioneerproduct.com/prdsoft/cdr/index.html" http://www.pioneerproduct.com/prdsoft/cdr/index.html See "http://www.pioneer.co.jp/" http://www.pioneer.co.jp/ Model is the DW-S114X (4x4/1MB). The PDR-05 is an audio CD-R recorder, described in section (7-8). Does not support disc-at-once recording. Mainly sold in large jukebox systems. 主題 : [5-1-12] Olympus See "http://www.olympusamerica.com/digital/products/CDR2x4/CDR2x4.html" http://www.olympusamerica.com/digital/products/CDR2x4/CDR2x4.html Models are the CDS615E (2x2/1MB) and CDS620E (2x4?/1MB?). The CD-R2 is the CDS615E in an external case. The CD-R2x4 might be the external version of the CDS620E. 主題 : [5-1-13] Optima See "http://www.optimatech.com/CDR.html" http://www.optimatech.com/CDR.html Model is the DisKovery 650 CD-R (2x2/1MB, based on the Sony CDU920S). 主題 : [5-1-14] Mitsumi See "http://www.mitsumi.com/" http://www.mitsumi.com/ Models are the CR-2200CS (2x4/1MB, based on the Philips CDD2000), CD-2201CS (2x2/?), CD-2204 (2x4/1MB, also based on the Philips CDD2000), CR-2401TS (*also* based on the Philips CDD2000?), and CR-2600TE (2x6/?; IDE). The CR-2401TS is flash upgradeable, but finding upgrades is difficult. 主題 : [5-1-15] DynaTek Automation Systems See "http://raider.dynatek.ca/optcstor/cdm.htm" http://raider.dynatek.ca/optcstor/cdm.htm See "http://www.dynatek.co.uk/" http://www.dynatek.co.uk/ Models are the CDM200 (2x2/1MB), CDM240 (2x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-102), and CDM400 (4x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-100). They also sell the CDM4000, which is a stand-alone CD burner. 主題 : [5-1-16] Microboards of America See "http://www.microboards.com/" http://www.microboards.com/ Models are the PlayWrite 2000 (2x2/1MB, based on the Sony CDU920S), PlayWrite 2040 (2x4/512K+), and PlayWrite 4000 (4x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-100). 主題 : [5-1-17] Micro Design International See "http://www.mdi.com/mdinofr/products/cdwriter.htm" http://www.mdi.com/mdinofr/products/cdwriter.htm Model is the Express Writer. There's no apparent model numbers. They used to sell the "old one" (2x2/1MB, based on a Pinnacle (i.e. JVC) drive), now they sell the "new one" (2x4/?). 主題 : [5-1-18]MicroNet Technology See "http://www.micronet.com/HTDOCS/products/MCD+4x4.html" http://www.micronet.com/HTDOCS/products/MCD+4x4.html Model is the MasterCD Pro (4x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-100). 主題 : [5-1-19] Procom Technology See "http://www.procom.com/homepage/wbhrcdrs.html" http://www.procom.com/homepage/wbhrcdrs.html Model is the PCDR-4X (4x4/512K, based on the Yamaha CDR-100). 主題 : [5-1-20] Grundig See "http://www.grundig.com/" http://www.grundig.com/ [mostly in german] Model is the CDR100IPW (4x2/1MB, based on the Philips CDD2000). Subject: [5-1-21] Plextor See "http://www.plextor.com/cdr.htm" http://www.plextor.com/cdr.htm Model is the PlexWriter PX-R24CS (2x4/512K, a cousin of the Ricoh 1420C). The unit is flash upgradeable. 主題 : [5-1-22] Panasonic See "http://www.panasonic.com/PCSC/PCPC/multimedia/cdr_specs.html" http://www.panasonic.com/PCSC/PCPC/multimedia/cdr_specs.html/a Model is the CW-7501 (2x4/1MB). 主題 : [5-1-23] Teac See "http://www.teac.com/dsp/cdrec/cdrec.html" http://www.teac.com/dsp/cdrec/cdrec.html Model is the CD-R50S (4x4/1MB). The unit is flash upgradeable, with updates on ftp://nemus.teac.de/cdr_up/. Apparently they need to be at 1.0E or later to do quad-speed writing reliably. 主題 : [5-1-24] Wearnes See ? Model is the CDR 432 (?/?). 主題 : [5-1-25] Turtle Beach See ? Model is the 2040R (2x4/512K, based on the Ricoh RS-1420C). Many users have had trouble installing the AdvanSys SCSI card that is bundled with this unit. Most of the problems can be corrected by enabling PnP installation, which is disabled by default. 主題 : [5-1-26] Creative Labs See "http://www.creaf.com/wwwnew/tech/spec/cdrom/2000.html" http://www.creaf.com/wwwnew/tech/spec/cdrom/2000.html Models are the CDR2000 (2x2/512K, based on the Ricoh RS1060C) and CDR4210 (2x4/1MB?, based on the Panasonic CW-7501?). 主題 : [5-1-27] Taiyo Yuden See ? Model is the EW-50 (?/?). 主題 : [5-2] How long do CD-R drives last? The MTBF on these drives is typically 25,000 to 50,000 hours, and they come with a 1 year warranty. Compare that to hard drives rated at between 500,000 and 1,000,000 hours with a 3 or 5 year warranty and that should give you some idea. Most of the drives available weren't meant for mass production; notable exceptions are the Philips CDD 522, Kodak PCD 600, and Sony CDW-900E. Incidentally, MTBF is not an estimate of how long the drive will last. Rather, it's an estimate of the failure rate of the drives during the expected lifetime of the device... after a year or two, the anticipated failure rate increases. If you have new drives with an MTBF of 25,000 hours, and you run 1000 units for 100 hours, you can expect to see four of them fail. It does NOT mean you can expect them to run for 2.8 years and then all fail at once. 主題 : [5-3] What kind of PC is recommended? If you're about to buy a computer system and are seriously thinking about buying a CD-R, here are some things to keep in mind. (See the next section if you're interested in buying a Mac instead of an IBM PC.) CPU: buy a Pentium, the faster the better. This is true in general, since systems tend to be outdated after a year and obsolete after three or four. A '486 is a *minimum* configuration for a CD-R system; a Pentium gives you some breathing room. P6 is probably overdoing it. Motherboard: get one with PCI slots. Not only can PCI cards move data more quickly, they're much easier to configure. SCSI: most CD-R drives are SCSI, not IDE/EIDE, so SCSI is still the most common choice. Whether it's built into the motherboard or on a separate card, make sure the host adapter supports ASPI and ASPI for Windows (see section (5-7)). Don't bother with Wide SCSI unless you're planning to buy a disk array or fancy devices - most 7200rpm drives don't exceed the limits of 8-bit Fast SCSI anyway. Bus mastering SCSI cards are preferred over non-bus-mastering cards, though it's less important if the hard drive and CD-R are on different controllers. Some vendors have announced IDE and parallel port CD-R drives. Sound: the Creative Labs SB16 and AWE32 boards are widely supported and very popular, but if you're thinking seriously about recording sound through it, you'll want to consider alternatives. See section (3-12) and (3-13) for other options. Hard drive: needs to be reasonably fast, and large enough to hold whatever data you plan to put on a CD. IDE hard drives work fine. See section (5-6) for more details. Video card and monitor: depends on what you want to do. A PCI-based video card is a good idea (though more expensive than an ISA-based card), and a 15" or 17" monitor will work fine for most applications. If you're planning on creating multimedia products, you'll want a PCI video card with 4MB of {D,V,W,SD,SG}RAM and a good 17" monitor. CDROM: for a variety of reasons, you'll probably want a SCSI CDROM rather than an IDE CDROM. See section (5-5). 主題 : [5-4] What kind of Mac is recommended? Any Mac of Quadra 700 or higher capability with a reasonably fast disk should be suitable for 2x writing (PowerBooks excepted). All PowerMac-class machines, and probably most Mac clones, should work fine. Block-by-block copies are the best way to create discs. If your pre-mastering software has to assemble files and build an ISO filesystem on the fly, you will need a high-end PowerMac. The above hardware may still be suitable for such on-the-fly mastering, but as a general case, building a prototype image to a disk or disk partition will be safer. Using the "simulated cut" feature available on Toast and other software is also prudent. Make sure you turn off file sharing before you start a burn, or things will fail if it tries to read a file that's already open. You may also have trouble writing from the boot/system volume, since it will always have files open. (Macintoshes - especially 68K and low-end PowerMacs - have lousy I/O, notably in the filesystem and network. Fortunately, the lack of preemptive multitasking in System 7 and before keeps things flowing at a constant rate. As an additional bonus, most internal Mac CDROM drives can do digital audio extraction with the appropriate software.) 主題 : [5-5] Which standard CDROM drives work well with CD-R? Besides the obvious question - can it read CD-R discs that you create - there's also the question of how well the drive works as the source device when copying discs. To be more specific: Does the drive support digital audio extraction? Does the drive hog the SCSI bus, obstructing writes to the CD-R? Does the drive support multisession discs? Toshiba and Plextor SCSI models generally work well. The Plextor 6Plex and 8Plex can extract digital audio at high speeds, and come with a set of utilities that are actually useful. The 8Plex is often recommended. NEC models tend to hog the SCSI bus. Older NEC models (especially the NEC 3x) and some Mitsumi models have trouble reading CD-Rs. There is one hard and fast rule for direct CD-to-CD duplication: the source drive must be faster than the target drive (i.e. source 4x if target is 2x, source 6x if target is 4x). 主題 : [5-6] What kind of HD should I use with CD-R? Must it be AV-rated? There is a fair amount of confusion over what exactly is an "AV drive". A brief discussion is presented here; for more information see Bertel Schmitt's article at ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/fa/fadden/avdrive.txt. The most important issue is thermal recalibration. Your basic hard drive will pause for up to half a second (or even up to a full second, depending on who you believe) every so often to adjust the head positioning to the current operating temperature. For most applications this goes unnoticed, but when recording a CD-R you must write the current track to completion without interruption. AV drives deal with the problem in a way that doesn't disrupt the disk activity. A drive that does a quick thermal recalibration is acceptable if the system is otherwise fast enough or the buffer in the CD-R unit or in the recording software is large enough (early drives had only 64KB, while current drives have 512KB or 1MB, making it much less of an issue). You need to be sure that the recorder's write buffer won't empty during the recal period, or you'll end up with a buffer underrun. If your recorder's buffer is less than 512KB, or you're planning to record at 4x or greater, you should seriously consider an AV drive. Otherwise, it probably won't matter. Also, don't believe everything you hear from a salesman -- verify with the manufacturer that the drive model is AV-rated. What separates a Seagate Barracuda from a Seagate Barracuda AV is that the latter is tuned for AV performance. This is simply a software change that affects cache allocation algorithms, error correction, and other SCSI parameters that may will give better performance for transfers of large blocks of contiguous data. These sorts of optimizations are more important for digital video (which runs at a few MB/sec) than CD recording (which is only 600K/sec at 4x). If you think AV optimizations will help you, you should take a look at "Dr. SCSI" at "http://www.scsitools.com/" http://www.scsitools.com/. It will help you do the same optimizations that the AV drive sellers do, for a price that's about equal to the difference between a standard drive and an AV drive. 主題 : [5-7] What kind of SCSI adapter should I use with CD-R? Using different SCSI adapters for the HD and the CD-R used to be recommended, but isn't necessary with non-ISA adapters. If your CD-R hogs the SCSI bus the HD may not be able to keep the write buffer full. Under some operating systems, particularly OS/2, devices that support SCSI disconnect will work better than those that don't. In general, the faster the better. PCI or VLB is better than ISA, and the board should support (and have enabled) SCSI disconnect. The Adaptec 2940 (PCI) is a popular choice , though some users have reported problems with the Adaptec 2840 (VLB). See the README that comes with Adaptec EZ-SCSI v4.0 and later for some things to try with SCSIBench to make sure that you're going to get enough throughput on a single SCSI bus. The adapter MUST support the ASPI standard (ASPI provides an interface between software and the SCSI controller) for both DOS and Windows. If you're having trouble with the 2940UW, go into the configuration menu (hit Ctrl-A while booting) and make sure the drive is set for 10MB/sec with Wide Negotiation disabled. If you're using Win95, make sure that Auto Insert Notification is disabled for all CDROM drives (see section (4-1)). 主題 : [5-8] Can I use a CD-R as a general-purpose reader? You can, but it's not clear that you'd want to. The seek times tend to be slower than a standard CDROM drive because the head assembly is heavier. There's also not much need for rapid seeks when writing a disc, so there's little reason for manufacturers to try to optimize this. Some users have reported jerky video playback on a CD-R drive. The MTBF on CD-R units tends to be low, so it may be wise to use a different drive for general use to preserve the life of the CD-R. In addition, if you're using Win95, some CD-R devices don't show up as readers without additional drivers, or show up as 8 separate LUNs (Logical UNits, useful for CD jukeboxes). The reason why many don't show up by default is because they're classified as "type 4" SCSI-2 devices, which is used to indicate write-once devices. Standard CDROM drives are "type 5". HP and Philips supply drivers for their units, Corel supplies several for different devices, and the Sony 920S works as-is. If you have Adaptec Easy-CD 95, you can get a patch from Adaptec at ftp://ftp.adaptec.com/pub/BBS/win95/cdr4up.exe that will allow many type 4 drives, including the Yamaha CD-R 100/102 and JVC XR-W2010, to appear as CDROM drives. (As it happens, the patch works even if you have the free Easy-CD demo, available from the Adaptec web site.) If you don't have the drivers, you can still get it to work by loading the real-mode drivers like this (example is for an Adaptec 2940): In Config.sys: DEVICEHIGH=C:\SCSI\ASPI8DOS.SYS /D DEVICEHIGH=C:\SCSI\ASPICD.SYS /D:ASPICD0 In Autoexec.bat: LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\MSCDEX.EXE /D:ASPICD0 /M:12 Incidentally, to *remove* the Adaptec cdr4up driver, you should remove the file "CDR4VSD.VXD" from \Windows\System\Iosubsys, and reboot. 主題 : [5-9] Can I burn CDs from a Jaz drive? Tape drive? With a little extra care, yes. For a Jaz drive, defragmenting the drive right before starting a burn seems to be the key to success. It's also very important to ensure that nothing else is trying to access the drive while the write is underway. One user reported being able to write at 1x from a DAT tape drive using Seagate's Direct Tape Access, but this isn't recommended. Copying the data to a hard drive and doing the burn from there is much more likely to succeed. There are no known instances of successful CD-R burns using punched card readers as the source device. Doing a test run is strongly recommended when using any of these devices. 主題 : [6] Software PC users may be better off with Win31 than Win95. While many people have had great success under Win95, several users have found that they have a better chance of success under DOS, Win31, or WinNT. Mac System 7.x works well. UNIX variants (notably FreeBSD and Linux) work, but there aren't a lot of people using them to create CD-Rs. 主題 : [6-1] Which software should I use? Generally speaking, you get what you pay for; the more expensive software has more features. However, this isn't always the case, and the software with more features isn't necessarily more reliable. There's little standardization among CD-R drive manufacturers, so not all devices are supported by all programs. 主題 : [6-1-1] "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/adaptec.html" Adaptec - Easy-CD, Easy-CD Pro, and Easy-CD Pro MM Platforms supported: Windows (3.1, 95, NT3.x), Mac See "http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec" http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec The software was developed by a company called Incat, which was purchased by Adaptec in 1995. A limited version of Easy-CD is part of the Adaptec EZ-SCSI 4.0 utilities. Easy CD Pro is generally considered to be the best of the PC software. Can be made to work under NT4 with a little work. 主題 : [6-1-2] "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/adaptec.html" Adaptec - CD-Creator Platforms supported: Windows (3.1, 95, NT3.x) See "http://www.corel.com/" http://www.corel.com/ See "http://www.corel.com/support/web/pages/downfile.htm" http://www.corel.com/support/web/pages/downfile.htm [upgrades] See "http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/d_sheets/CDC_broc.html" http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/d_sheets/CDC_broc.html The software was developed by Corel, and published by them until it was purchased by Adaptec in mid-1996. The package includes drivers that allow several popular CD-R drives to be used as general-purpose CD readers under Win95. Version 2.x is a considerable improvement over version 1.x. Versions older than 2.01.079 had some problems inserting "knacks" into audio CDs. 主題 : [6-1-3] "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/elektroson.html" Elektroson - GEAR Platforms supported: DOS, Windows (3.1, 95, NT), OS/2, UNIX, Mac. See "http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/gear.htm" http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/gear.htm This is bundled with some drives. It has been described as "low end". Does not support Joliet (useful for long Win95 filenames). Will work under WinNT4 with a patch. 主題 : [6-1-4] Astarte - TOAST CD-ROM Pro Platforms supported: Mac. See "http://www.cdarchive.com/hwsw/default.htm" http://www.cdarchive.com/hwsw/default.htm (demo available) This package is recommended for making Mac/PC hybrids, and is the most popular package for the Mac. It has also been sold as "CDitAll". Software updates are available on the web. 主題 : [6-1-5] CeQuadrat - WinOnCD ToGo Platforms supported: Windows Has been described as "low end", but has the fastest VCD (Virtual CD) database creation. 主題 : [6-1-6] Young Minds, Inc. - SimpliCD Platforms supported: Windows See "http://www.ymi.com" http://www.ymi.com Has been described as "low end". See also "CD Studio" for UNIX and WinNT, and some specialized solutions for things like recording over Novell networks and working with CD-R jukeboxes. 主題 : [6-1-7] Jeff Arnold - CD utilities Platforms supported: DOS. See "http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html" http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html These run under DOS. Contains sophisticated CDROM duplication programs, track-at-once and disc-at-once utilities for sound and data, and other goodies. Some of the software is free, the rest are relatively inexpensive. These come highly recommended for creating audio CDs. Updates for the software are available on the net. 主題 : [6-1-8] Optical Media International - QuickTOPiX Platforms supported: Windows (3.1, 95/NT), Mac. See "http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/qt.htm" http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/qt.htm See "http://www.cdarchive.com/hwsw/default.htm" http://www.cdarchive.com/hwsw/default.htm Mac versions can make "shared" hybrids. 主題 : [6-1-9] "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/CDR.html" Creative Digital Research - CDR Publisher Platforms supported: Windows, UNIX See "http://www.cdr1.com" http://www.cdr1.com Can create Mac/PC/UNIX hybrid CDs, as well as bootable CDs for PC and UNIX. The Solaris version should be available through Sun's Catalyst program; see "http://www.sun.com/sunsoft/catlink/cdr/cdrpub.htm" http://www.sun.com/sunsoft/catlink/cdr/cdrpub.htm. 主題 : [6-1-10] mkisofs Platforms supported: UNIX See ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/cdrom/mkisofs-1.05.tar.gz This allows creation of a prototype ISO-9660 filesystem on disk or tape, which can then be copied to a CDR. It supports the Rock Ridge extensions, and can be configured to ignore certain facets of the ISO standard (like maximum directory depth). The package includes a "cdwrite" program that is apparently used by Yggdrasil to produce their UN*X distributions. It requires a working worm device driver. The program was developed on a Philips CDD52x, and success has been reported with the HP 4020i under Linux and FreeBSD. See "http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/~forrest/" http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/~forrest/ for a copy of "cdwrite" patched for use with SGI, and ftp://viz.tamu.edu/pub/sgi/hardware/cdrom/cd-w riters for the FAQ on SGI CD writing. X-CD-Roast is a Tcl/Tk/Tix front-end for mkisofs and cdwrite. See "http://www.fh-muenchen.de/home/ze/rz/services/projects/xcdroast/e_overview.html" http://www.fh-muenchen.de/home/ze/rz/services/projects/xcdroast/e_overview.html Users without a supported drive can still write the image to an MS-DOS drive, and then use a program like Arnold's FILE2CD to write the image. 主題 : [6-1-11] Asimware Innovations - MasterISO Platforms supported: Amiga See "http://www.asimware.com/" http://www.asimware.com/ (demo available) Your basic CD-R mastering package for the Amiga. 主題 : [6-1-12] Newtech Infosystems, Inc. (NTI) - CD-Maker and CD-Copy Platforms supported: Windows (95/NT) See "http://www.ntius.com/" http://www.ntius.com/ (demo available) CD creation and duplication software. Reportedly works very well on otherwise difficult discs. They also make "CDR Explorer", free CD-R creation software that works like Win95 Explorer. It's available at their web site. 主題 : [6-1-13] Cirrus Technology - CDMaker Platforms supported: OS/2 See "http://www.cirunite.com/" http://www.cirunite.com/ (demo available) Drag-and-drop CD creation, written specifically for OS/2. 主題 : [6-1-14] Hohner Midia - Red Roaster Platforms supported: Windows See "http://hohnermidia.com/proaudio.html" http://hohnermidia.com/proaudio.html Windows-based CD-R software that has some nice features for creating audio discs, including the ability to edit the PQ subcode data. The "rrdemo.zip" on the web site is actually a demo of Samplitude Master from SEK媛 Software. Samplitude Master is a fancy audio editing program that - among other things - allows you to create ISO images suitable for writing to a CD-R, but the demo package doesn't include software to do the actual writing. 主題 : [6-1-15] Dataware Technologies - CD Author Platforms supported: DOS See "http://www.dataware.com/site/prodserv/cd_rom.htm" http://www.dataware.com/site/prodserv/cd_rom.htm See "http://www.dataware.de/untern/index.html" http://www.dataware.de/untern/index.html CD creation software aimed at the corporate user. Comes with libraries for creating custom applications. 主題 : [6-1-16] CreamWare - Triple DAT Platforms supported: Windows (3.1, 95) See "http://www.creamware.com/" http://www.creamware.com/ A hardware and software combo for professional-quality sound editing, this now includes an audio CD creation tool. 主題 : [6-2] What other useful software is there? Software related to CD-Rs that isn't a direct part of the premastering process. 主題 : [6-2-1] Optical Media International - Disc-to-Disk Platforms supported: Windows (3.1, 95/NT), Mac. See "http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/d2d.htm" http://www.oneoffcd.com/cdprod/d2d.htm Fancy extraction from audio CDs. 主題 : [6-2-2] Gilles Vollant - WinImage Platforms supported: Windows See "http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/gvollant/winimage.htm" http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/gvollant/winimage.htm Among other things, this lets you list and extract the contents of an ISO-9660 image. 主題 : [6-2-3] Asimware Innovations - AsimCDFS Platforms supported: Amiga See "http://www.asimware.com/" http://www.asimware.com/ Allows the Amiga to read High Sierra, Mac HFS, and ISO-9660 (including Rock Ridge extensions). 主題 : [6-2-4] Steven Grimm - WorkMan Platforms supported: UNIX See "http://www.hyperion.com/ftp/WorkMan/" http://www.hyperion.com/ftp/WorkMan/ In addition to its primary role as an audio CD player for UNIX workstations, version 1.4 (still in beta) allows SPARC/Solaris2.4+ workstations to extract digital audio into ".au" files. 主題 : [6-2-5] "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/adaptec.html" Adaptec - Easy-CD Backup Platforms supported: Windows Backup software designed to store data on CD-Rs. Allows incremental backups via multi-session writes. 主題 : [6-2-6] Cyberdyne Software - CD Worx Platforms supported: Windows (95/NT) See "http://www.tfh-berlin.de/~s570959/cdworx.html" http://www.tfh-berlin.de/~s570959/cdworx.html Full-featured extraction and manipulation of audio data from CDs. 主題 : [6-3] What is packet writing software? Packet writing is an alternative to writing entire tracks or discs. With track-at-once recording there's a maximum of 99 tracks per disc, a minimum track length of 300 blocks, and an additional 150 blocks of overhead for run-in, run-out, pregap, and linking. Packet writing allows several writes per track, with only 7 blocks of overhead per write (4 for run-in, 2 for run-out, and 1 for link). Drives based on the Sony 920S/940S and Philips CDD2000 mechanisms are capable of packet recording. Upgrades will probably be made available for other drives. Sony and Sony-based drives are now shipping with CD-RFS, which is Sony's proprietary implementation of packet writing. Adaptec plans to have support for the industry-standard CD UDF real soon now. Take a look at "http://www.adaptec.com/DirectCD/" http://www.adaptec.com/DirectCD/ for details on Adaptec's software, as well as a better explanation of the benefits and limitations of packet writing and UDF. Announcements of software that use this can be found at: http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/Premastering/flexcd.html http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/Premastering/SonyCD-RFS.html Specifications for the Sony CDR-FS stuff can be found at: "http://www.sel.sony.com/SEL/ccpg/support/cdrfs/cdrfshome.html" http://www.sel.sony.com/SEL/ccpg/support/cdrfs/cdrfshome.html Another program that appears to use packet-writing is: "http://www.cheyenne.com/Press-Releases/zapcd95.html" http://www.cheyenne.com/Press-Releases/zapcd95.html 主題 : [7] Media This section covers recordable CD media. 主題 : [7-1] What kinds of media are there? The basic building blocks of CD-R media are "green" dye (cynanine) and "gold" dye (phthalocyanine). Taiyo Yuden produced the original green CDs, which were used during the development of CD-R standards. Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals invented the process for gold CDs. See section (7-3) for details on who manufactures what. There are gold/gold, green/green, green/gold, and silver/blue CD-Rs. The silver/blue CD-Rs (metalized azo dye, also based on cynanine, with a silver alloy substrate) are relatively new. They appear to have a very low BLER (BLock Error Rate), come with a scratch-resistant coating, and are reputed to be more resistant to UV radiation, but their lifespan relative to green and gold media has yet to be determined. The process is patented by Verbatim. Some CDs have an extra coating (e.g. Kodak's "Infoguard") that makes the CD more scratch-resistant, but doesn't affect the way information is stored. The top (label) side of the CD is the part to be most concerned about, since that's where the data lives, and it's easy to damage on a CD-R. Applying a full circular CD label will help prevent damage. "http://www.mitsuigold.com/" http://www.mitsuigold.com/ has some info on MTC media. 主題 : [7-2] Does the media matter? Yes. There are three factors to consider: How long does it last before it starts to decay? What's the typical block error rate for the media? Which CD readers can use it? Some audio CD players (like the ones you'd find in a car stereo) have worked successfully with one brand of gold media but not another. Some players fail completely with green, some fail completely with gold, some only work with blue. Some people have found brand X CD-R units work well with media type Y, while other people with the same unit have had different results. Recording a disc at 4x may make it unreadable on some drives, even though a disc recorded at 2x on the same drive works fine. To top it all off, someone observed that discs burned with one brand of CD-R weren't readable in cheap CDROM drives, even though the same kind of media burned in a different device worked fine. A number of specific discoveries have been posted to Usenet, but none of them are conclusive. Many people have reported that Kenwood CD players don't deal with CD-Rs very well, while Alpine units play nearly everything. 主題 : [7-3] Who manufactures CD-R media? Taiyo Yuden made the first "green" CDs. They are now manufactured by TDK, Ricoh, Verbatim, and Kodak as well. Mitsui Toatsu made the first "gold" CDs. They are now manufactured by Kodak as well. Verbatim made the first "blue" CDs. They are the only manufacturer. Most CD-R brands (e.g. Yamaha and Sony) are OEMed from one of the above manufacturers. Attempting to keep track of who makes what is a difficult proposition at best. 主題 : [7-4] Which kind should I use? The Orange Book standard was written based on the original "green" discs from Taiyo Yuden. Green media is more forgiving of marginal read/write power variations, making them easier to read on some drives. TDK's media is a popular (if not the most popular) choice. Gold media has a longer lifespan and may work better in higher speed recording. Mitsui's gold/gold discs are recommended by some vendors, and in some informal and unscientific tests were more compatible with car CD players than Kodak gold or TDK green discs. Trying samples of blanks is strongly recommended before you make a major purchase. Remember to try them in your reader as well as your writer; they may not be so useful if you can't read them in your normal CDROM drive. Maxell discs have been slammed repeatedly on the newsgroups, and are probably best avoided. A survey can be found at "http://www.tcp.co.uk/~blades/cdr/" http://www.tcp.co.uk/~blades/cdr/. See also Is There a CD-R Media Problem? by "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/CD-InfoCo/Katherine.html" Katherine Cochrane originally published in the Feb '96 issue of CD-ROM Professional magazine. 主題 : [7-5] How long do CD-Rs last? The manufacturers claim 75 years (green dye) or 100 years (gold dye) once the disc has been written. The shelf life of an unrecorded disc is estimated at between 5 and 10 years. Exposing the disc to excessive heat, humidity, or to direct sunlight will greatly reduce the lifetime. In general, CD-Rs are far less tolerant of environmental conditions than pressed CDs, and should be treated with greater care. One user was told by Blaupunkt that CD-R discs shouldn't be left in car CD players, because if it gets too hot in the car the CD-R will emit a gas that can blind the laser optics. However, CD-Rs are constructed much the same way and with mostly the same materials as pressed CDs, and the temperatures required to cause such an emission from the materials that are exposed would melt much of the car's interior. The dye layer is sealed into the disc, and should not present any danger to drive optics even if overheated. However, leaving a CD-R in a hot car isn't good for for the disc, and will probably shorten its effective life. See also http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/Media/Longevity.html. 主題 : [7-6] How much data can they hold? There are 21-minute (80mm), 63-minute (120mm), and 74-minute (120mm) CD-Rs. These translate into data storage capacities of 184MB, 553MB, and 650MB, respectively (note these numbers are approximate). CD-Rs may advertise that they hold 650MB, 680MB, or even 700MB of data, even though they all claim to hold 74 minutes of audio. The reality is that they're all almost exactly the same size, and you're not going to get more data onto a 74-minute disc by buying a different brand. Folks interested in "doing the math" should note that only 2048 of each 2352-byte sector is used for data on typical (Mode 1) discs. The rest is used for error correction and other misc fields. This is why you can only put 650MB of data on a disc that will hold 740MB of audio. It should also be noted that hard drive manufacturers don't measure megabytes in the same way that CD-R and RAM manufacturers do. The "MB" for CD-Rs and RAM means 1024x1024, but for hard drives it means 1000x1000. Keep this in mind when purchasing a hard drive that needs to hold an entire CD. A data CD holds about 682 "disk" MB of data. Some programs, such as Easy-CD Pro '95, will tell you the exact number of 2K blocks available on the CD. (With Easy-CD, put a blank disc in the CD-R and go to the "Disc Info / Tools" menu item.) One user reported that BASF "gold" showed 333376 sectors (651.8MB), while Mitsubishi "blue" had 335250 (654.7MB), so there's some variation possible. The PCA (Program Calibration Area), PMA (Program Memory Area), TOC (Table of Contents), leadin, and leadout areas don't count against the 74-minute rating on single-session CDs. You really do get all the storage that the disc is rated for. Bear in mind, however, that the "cluster" size is 2K, and that the ISO-9660 filesystem may use more or less space than an MS-DOS FAT or HFS filesystem, so 650MB of files on a hard disk may occupy a different amount of space on a CD. On a multisession disc, you lose about 23MB of space when the first session is closed, and about 14MB for each subsequent session. A common mistake when writing multisession CDs is to overestimate the amount of space that will be available for future sessions, so be sure to take this into account. Factory-recorded CDs hold up to 74 minutes of data (but see section (3-8)). 主題 : [7-7] Is it okay to stick a label on the disc? Only if you're careful. Some adhesives can dissolve the protective lacquer coating if the adhesive is based on a solvent that the lacquer is susceptible to. Asymmetric labels can throw the disc out of balance, causing read problems, and labels not designed for CDs might bubble or peel off when subjected to long periods of heat inside a CD drive. Specific information can sometimes be found on the back of the jewel case that the discs come in. The TDK CDR-74 discs have the following warning: [...] 2. Do not attach labels or protective sheets, or apply any coating fluids to the disc. 3. When writing titles and other information on the label (gold) side of the disc, these should be written in the printed area using an oil-based felt-tipped pen. [...] Other brands say "use a permanent felt-tipped pen" or words to the effect that the ink shouldn't smudge. Most important part is to use a felt tip pen and not a ball-point, because the top layer is somewhat delicate. Several people have reported good luck with Sanford "Sharpie" pens, but make sure you don't etch the surface accidentally if you have an "Ultra Fine" pen. Dixon Ticonderoga sells a water-based felt tip marker called "Redi Sharp Plus" that is both permanent and smear-proof. Only use labels made specifically for recordable CDs. Attempting to remove the label once attached is probably a bad idea. ProSource Sales & Marketing, Inc. ("http://www.inter-look.com/prosource/" http://www.inter-look.com/prosource/) sells labels and an applicator that are reputed to work well. See also " http://www.neato.com/" http://www.neato.com/ for information on the NEATO CD-Label kit (complete with animated illustrations). 主題 : [7-8] What are audio CD-Rs? An audio CD-R recorder is similar to normal CD recorders, except that it's more expensive, requires special audio CD-R blanks that cost considerably more (roughly $25 vs $6) and only hold 60 minutes of data, and may employ SCMS (Serial Copy Management System) to prevent making copies from a copy. The difference in price is due to licensing agreements and volume. The manufacturer pays a royalty to a studio consortium under the assumption that everything recorded to an audio CD-R is pirated material. The technology is identical; the "audio" discs just have a mark that says a royalty has been paid. A less expensive solution for audio recording is to get a good audio digitizer, record onto a hard drive, and then write the recorded data onto a CD as digital audio data. See sections (3-12) and (3-13). 主題 : [7-9] How do CD-Rs behave when microwaved? Disclaimer: I'm not recommending you put a CD into a microwave. CDs may contain metals that will cause your microwave to arc, destroying the microwave emitter (see cautions about metal objects in the manual for your microwave). Don't try this at home. Better yet, don't try this at all. The basic process is, take a disc that you don't want anymore, and put it shiny-side-up on something like a mug of water so it's nowhere near the top, bottom, or sides of the microwave. (Actually, you may want to leave it right-side-up if the disc doesn't have a label, because the foil is closest to the top of the CD). Turn off the lights. Program the microwave for a 3-second burst, and watch the fireworks. Performing this operation on replicated CDs results in blue sparks that dance along the CD, leaving fractal-ish patterns etched into the reflective aluminum. For those of you not with the program, this also renders the CD unreadable. Trying this with a green/gold CD-R gives you a similar light show, but the destruction patterns are different. While pressed CDs don't show much of a pattern, the TDK green CD-R I'm looking at (stupid Incat error handling) shows some definite circular patterns. On a different note, CD-Rs seem to smell worse, or at least they start to smell earlier, than replicated CDs. The materials used are non-toxic, but breathing the fumes is something best avoided. 主題 : [7-10] What can I do with CD-R discs that failed during writing? If the disc wasn't closed, you can write more data in a new session. If the disc was closed, or was nearly full when the write failed but is still missing important data, then its use as digital media is over. However, that doesn't mean it's useless. Here are a few ideas: Fill in the center hole to avoid leaks, and use them as drink coasters. Create a hanging ornament or wind chime. The latter isn't all that interesting - they just sort of "clack" a little. Use them as mini-frisbees in an office with cubes. Since they're rather solid and may hurt when they hit, you should await a formal declaration of intra-office war before opening up with these. Have CD bowling tournaments where you see how far you can roll one down a narrow hallway. You'd be surprised at how hard it can be unless you get the wrist motion just right. Put them under a table or chair whose legs don't quite sit right. Run them through one of those industrial-strength paper shredders (the kind with the rapidly spinning wheels) to get shiny green or gold confetti. Make really, really big earrings. Try to convince people at the beach that it's a shell from a new species of abalone. Hook them into your bicycle spokes as reflectors. Use them as wheels on a toy car. (If you had buggy firmware, you're probably stocked for a toy 18-wheeler.) Build a suit of "CD-R chain mail" for laser-tag games. Use them as art-deco floor or ceiling tiles. Hang them from the rear view mirror in your car. Cut it into a jigsaw puzzle with a small wire saw. If you've given up hope of doing something "useful" with it, do something destructive with it. Try to scrape the reflective layer off the top with your fingernail. Drop it on the ground so that it hits edge-on and see if the reflective layer delaminates or the plastic chips. Try to snap it in half. Different brands of media have different levels of tolerance to abuse, and it doesn't hurt to see just how much or how little it takes to destroy a CD-R. In one experiment it was determined that CD-Rs behave differently from pressed CDs when you slam them edge-on against the ground. The aluminum ones will chip (once you throw them hard enough, otherwise they just bounce) and create silver confetti. The gold one I tried chipped and the gold layer started peeling, leaving little gold flakes everywhere. One user reported that a Verbatim blue CD developed bubbles even though the plastic was intact. More experimentation is needed (but not around pets, small children, or hard-to-vacuum carpets). 主題 : [8] Net Resources and vendor info Some of these sites have both technical information and product sales; they're listed twice. The CD-Info bibliography at http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Bibliography.html is updated more frequently and will probably be more accurate than this section. It also has pointers to books, magazines, relevant areas on commercial online services, and other good stuff. 主題 : [8-1] Information resources "http://www.cd-info.com" http://www.cd-info.com Information about CDs and CD-Rs, especially technology and industry stuff. "http://www.osta.com/" http://www.osta.com/ Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA); see the CD-R Q&A doc. "http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/" http://www.adaptec.com/cdrec/ Useful information on CD-R. "http://www.westnet.com/~gsmith/cdrecord.htm" http://www.westnet.com/~gsmith/cdrecord.htm Some practical advice and experiences with CD-R, including a lengthy discussion on transferring audio recordings from other sources. "http://www.cdarchive.com/" http://www.cdarchive.com/ Lots of information on CDs and CD-Rs. ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/cdrom/faq Information and FAQs from the alt.cd-rom group. "http://www.araltd.com/whatscdr.html" http://www.araltd.com/whatscdr.html Product information plus some nifty graphics. "http://www.hsv.tis.net/disc/" http://www.hsv.tis.net/disc/ Technical info. "http://emf.net/~mal/cdplus.html" http://emf.net/~mal/cdplus.html Info on CD Plus (a/k/a CD Extra). "http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g496/eric0139/Papers/paper.html" http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g496/eric0139/Papers/paper.html Highly technical data on CDs. "http://www.compulink.co.uk/~xi/hp4020i.htm" http://www.compulink.co.uk/~xi/hp4020i.htm Site dedicated to the HP4020i. "http://www.telalink.net/~epool/mtc/mtc_02.html" http://www.telalink.net/~epool/mtc/mtc_02.html Information about CD-R in general and MTC media in particular. "http://www.octave.com/ricoh/handbook.html" http://www.octave.com/ricoh/handbook.html Ricoh's CD Recordable Handbook in HTML form. "http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/pc/cdrom/CDDA.html" http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/pc/cdrom/CDDA.html Information and links to software for digital audio extraction. 主題 : [8-2] Magazines and other publications "http://www.onlineinc.com/" http://www.onlineinc.com/ CD-ROM Professional magazine. "http://www.kipinet.com/" http://www.kipinet.com/ Several publications which may be of interest. 主題 : [8-3] Net.vendors "http://www.cdrom.com/pub/simtelnet/msdos/cdrom/" http://www.cdrom.com/pub/simtelnet/msdos/cdrom/ Free or shareware utilities. "http://www.ecsd.com/~rhhedgz1/cdr.html" http://www.ecsd.com/~rhhedgz1/cdr.html List of hardware and software vendors, with some prices. "http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html" http://www.mainstream.net/~jarnold/cdrom/cdrom.html Jeff Arnold's CD-R page; freeware and inexpensive DOS-based software "http://www.com/mediasource/" http://www.com/mediasource/ Hardware and media. "http://www.cdarchive.com/" http://www.cdarchive.com/ Hardware, software, and media. "http://www.cddimensions.com/" http://www.cddimensions.com/ Media and some high-end hardware like networked CD-R jukeboxes. "http://www.NCAcomputers.com/" http://www.NCAcomputers.com/ NCA's online catalog. "http://www.oneoffcd.com/" http://www.oneoffcd.com/ One-off CDs and CD reproduction; also hardware, software, and media. "http://www.datares.com/cretek.htm" http://www.datares.com/cretek.htm Media and hardware. "http://www.araltd.com/" http://www.araltd.com/ Media and hardware. "http://www.inter-look.com/prosource/" http://www.inter-look.com/prosource/ Media, hardware, and oft-recommended CD labels. "http://sweb.srmc.com/andys/index.html" http://sweb.srmc.com/andys/index.html grasser's SCSI wholesale page. "http://www.microtech.com/" http://www.microtech.com/ CD-R duplication hardware and services. "http://www.netzone.com/syntrillium" http://www.netzone.com/syntrillium Cool Edit (.WAV editing) software site. "http://www.cdrmicro.com/" http://www.cdrmicro.com/ Media and hardware. "http://www.hk.linkage.net/~metro" http://www.hk.linkage.net/~metro Hardware, software, and media. "http://www.octave.com/" http://www.octave.com/ Hardware and software. "http://www.pasystems.be/" http://www.pasystems.be/ Hardware and media. 主題 : [9] Contributors Most of the information contained in this FAQ was culled from the Usenet newsgroups comp.publish.cdrom.* and the WWW sites mentioned in the previous sections. Please note that the author is NOT a CD-R expert, so sending him mail won't get you very far. Please *post* questions to comp.publish.cdrom.*. This FAQ was assembled by: Andy McFadden fadden@netcom.com With a great deal of help from: Katherine Cochrane katherine@cd-info.com Hal Rottenberg hal@mediasourceinc.com Georges Brown Georges@cdarchive.com And information and suggestions -- mostly in the form of posts to comp.publish.cdrom.* -- from: Pierre-Yves Andri PierreYves.Andri@ping.be Jeff Arnold jarnold@mainstream.net Blaine blam1@aol.com Jim Blietz entexse@interaccess.com Peter 'Pedro' Blum peter@microtech.com Patrick Boen patrick.boen@tip.nl Eric Jan van den Bogaard bogaard@euronet.nl Axel Booltink ab@comex-sales.com Scott Bracken scott@oneoffcd.com Simon Brownlee simon.brownlee@jrc.it Craig Burgess craigb@microstar-usa.com Mark Carde mcarde@nntpq30.bnr.ca Brian D. Chambers bucknife@electriciti.com Dave Chung dtchung@vms6.sci.csupomona.edu Kevin Clark clark@crl.com Christophe CLERC-RENAUD clerc@ntt.fr Jef Collin Jef.Collin@tornado.be Gary Crosby gacrosby@mail.socomm.net datta datta@archive.uwp.edu Steven M. Dietz steve@burp.hboc.com Kurt Dommermuth kurtz@lanminds.com Russell Duffy rad@gulf.net Jonathan Edelson winnie@teleport.com Steve Enzer enzer@mpi.com Grant Erickson eric0139@itlabs.umn.edu Voytek Eymont voytek@ibm.net Tung Siu Fai sftung@metro.com.hk Frank Feder fwfeder@deltanet.com Joel Finkle jjfink@skcla.monsanto.com Emile Gardette egardett@freenet3.scri.fsu.edu E. Goldberg earl@sky.net Colin Gordon gordonc@oldpeter.agw.bt.co.uk Jac Goudsmit jacg@xs1.xs4all.nl Gary E. Grant ggrant@crl.com grasser grasser@srmc.com Patrick Green patrick@bbs.fornext.com Richard Green srcemag@gate.net Dave Grimes dgrimes@cts.com Ron Gustavson rongus@tiac.net Steven Duntley Halpape UserNAme@ix.netcom.com Russ Harper topquark@niia.net Robert Hedges rhhedgz1@ulkyvm.louisville.edu Herman Hillebrand hermanh@bio.vu.nl Steve Holzworth sch@unx.sas.com Vincent van't Hoog hoog@zeelandnet.nl Malcolm Humes mal@emf.net Andrea Invernizzi ainvernizzi@tinet.ch Arnold Jones arnold@mdi.com Tapio Keihanen dio@snakemail.hut.fi Roger A. Kendall kendall@ucla.edu Jerry Kohoutek jerryk@rmii.com Alexander S. Kosiorek alex_audio@interramp.com Lemarcha lemarcha@plg.u-nancy.fr Wee-Keong LIM keong@deepdene.ecr.mu.oz.au Linda linda@htp.net George Lindholm lindholm@ucs.ubc.ca Mike Linhart mlinhart@rsl.ukans.edu Torbj顤n Lindgren tl@funcom.com Chris HP Lovecraft tmservo@ksu.ksu.edu nelson luc nelson_luc@isd.toshiba.com.au Jean-Paul Maas jmaa@ictlux.com Bob Martin rtm@netgate.net John Marvin jsm@fc.hp.com Jean-Francois Masse jfmasse@teaser.fr Anthony McCarthy anthony@xi.compulink.co.uk Doug McFadyen dmcfadye@kea.bc.ca Gene Miller gmiller@vnet.ibm.com Mikrichter mikrichter@interramp.com Hans Mons ehv.cp.philips.com F.Mouta fernando.mouta@mail.telepac.pt John Navas JNavas@NavasGrp.Dublin.CA.US Niderost, B.U. niderost@fys.ruu.nl Jon nobody nobody@nowhere.net David Oseas davido@aimla.com "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/CD-InfoCo/Dana.html" Dana Parker danapark@ix.netcom.com Jeff Pearson lumpofcoal@aol.com Matthias Petofalvi mpetofal@vub.ac.be Jason Petrait petrait@u.washington.edu Jaap v.d. Pol jaap.van.de.pol@tip.nl Kevin Purdy kpurdy@voicenet.com Frank Racis racis@voicenet.com Paul Reeves reeves@guy.asimware.com Phillip A. Remaker remaker@cisco.com Paul Rubin phr@netcom.com Michael Rubin mickster@li.net Torsten Sander ints@sun.rz.tu-clausthal.de Nick Sayer nsayer@quack.kfu.com Bertel Schmitt bschmitt@panix.com Barbara Severance digihorse@earthlink.net Shawn shawnl@jax.jaxnet.com Brett Sherris bsherris@li.net Jim Riggs jriggs@verbatimcorp.com J. Robert Sims, III robsims@depeche.lvld.hp.com Eric Smith eric@goonsquad.spies.com Greg Smith gsmith@westnet.com Tim Smith tzs@coho.halcyon.com Deirdre' Straughan 74431.2004@CompuServe.COM Ron Stuurman rons@bart.nl "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/CDR.html" Paula Terrell paula@cdr1.com tethys tethys@ml.com Gregory Theulings marcomlo.pkm@nl.cis.philips.com Kevin Patrick Thibedeau thibedek@wpi.edu tRIs sis5264@sis.port.ac.uk Tung Cheng Tsai thlx@mail.ncku.edu.tw Louis Tumbao tumbao@usa.pipeline.com Rich Unger rbu1@cec.wustl.edu Chris Valentine c.p.valentine@open.ac.uk Vo, Charles H. st3wr@rosie.uh.edu Greg Volk gvolk@umr.edu Gilles Vollant 100144.2636@compuserve.com Wanderer wanderer@li.net Mark Warbington markoni@mindspring.com Gerald E. Weber geweber@hiwaay.net Jerome H. Whelan whelanj@oasys.dt.navy.mil Royce White cd001456@interramp.com "http://www.cd-webstore.com/cd-info/Sponsors/octave.html" Roy Worthington royw@octave.com Oliver Zechlin oliver.zechlin@erl9.siemens.de Zohar Ziv zziv@actcom.co.il OSTA CD-R Q&A "http://www.osta.org/" http://www.osta.org/ 英文版 Copyright 1997 Andy McFadden 中文版 Copyright 1997 TC Tsai & Doll