Treaty ports in the most basic form were simply locations where foreigners were allowed to trade and conduct business. Some became more developed and became settlements and concessions. There were also eight colonies of other nations. The following table is a list of 49 cities and towns where the Chinese Maritime Customs maintained an office in 1920. Following that table is a list of 33 additional towns that were declared by the Chinese government to be open for international trade. These were other cities where foreigners were allowed to own or lease property and conduct business. The third section is a comprehensive listing of settlements and concessions (foreign residential areas) operating in 1920. By 1928 the number of foreign residential areas had decreased markedly. This decrease was the result of several factors.
 

• The Nationalist Government put pressure on the treaty powers to relinquish leased areas.
• There was a nationwide boycott of British goods from late 1925 into 1927.
• The nationalist Government began to establish responsible organs of government following more than twenty years of instability.
• Economic pressure on the concession exerted by the sponsoring governments to reduce expenditures.

Following 1932 the Western Treaty Powers retained their concessions to show solidarity with the Nationalist Government against the expansionist attitude and actions of Japan.

During the colonial era six foreign nations had possessions in addition to concessions and treaty ports.

• Great Britain - Hong Kong 1842-1997 (Ceded and leased areas)(1)

Weihaiwei 1898-1930 ( Leased area )
• France - Kwangchowan 1898-1946 ( Leased area )(2)
• Germany - Tsingtao 1898-1914 ( Former leased area occupied by Japan 1914 until 1922 )
• Russia - Port Arthur 1898-1905 ( Leased area )
• Portugal - Macau 1557-1999 (3)
• Japan - Taiwan 1895-1945 (4)

Port Arthur 1905-1945

TREATY PORT	PROVINCE	WHEN OPENED	TREATY PORT	PROVINCE	WHEN OPENED
Aigun Amoy Antung Canton Changsha Chefoo Chinkiang Chinwangtao Chungking Darien Foochow Hangchow Hankow Harbin Hunchun Ichang Kiaochao Kiukiang Kiungchow Kongmoon Kowloon Lappa Lungchingtsun Lungchow Lungkow	Heilungkiang Fukien Shengking Kwangtung Hunan Shangtung Kiangsu Chihli Szechuan Shengking Fukien Chekiang Hupeh Kirin Kirin Hupeh Shangtung Kiangsi Hainan Kwangtung Kwangtung Heilungkiang Kirin Kwangsi Shangtung	July 1909 April 1862 March 1907 Oct 1859 July 1904 March 1862 April 1861 Dec 1901 March 1891 July 1907 July 1861 Oct 1896 Jan 1862 July 1909 Jan 1910 April 1877 July 1899 Jan 1862 April 1876 March 1904 April 1897 June 1877 Jan 1910 June 1889 Nov 1915	Manchouli Mengtze Nanking Nanning Newchwang Ningpo Pakhoi Samshui Sansing Santuao Shanghai Shasi Soochow Suifenho Swatow Szemao Tatungkow Tengyueh Tientsin Wenchow Wuhow Wuhu Yangtung Yochow	Heilungkiang Yunnan Kiangsu Kwangsi Sengking Chekiang Kwangtung Kwangtung Kirin Fukien Kiangsu Hupeh Kiangsu Kirin Kwangtung Yunnan Shengking Yunnan Chihli Chekiang Kwangsi Anhui Tibet Hunan	Feb 1907 Aug 1889 May 1899 Jan 1907 May 1864 May 1861 April 1877 June 1897 July 1909 May 1899 June 1854 Oct 1896 Sept 1896 Feb 1908 Jan 1860 Jan 1897 March 1907 May 1902 May 1861 April 1877 June 1897 April 1877 May 1894 Nov 1899

OPEN PORT	PROVINCE	WHEN OPENED	OPEN PORT	PROVINCE	WHEN OPENED
Taonan Mukden Fakumen Fenghuangcheng Hsinmintun Tiehling Tungkiangtze Yingkow Liaoyang Taonan Changchun Kirin Ninguta Chuitzuchien Toutaokou Paitsaokou Tsitsihar	Mongolia Shengking Shengking Shengking Shengking Shengking Shengking Shengking Shengking Kirin Kirin Kirin Kirin Kirin Kirin Kirin Heilungkiang	1915 1903 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1915 1905 1915 1915 1909 1909 1909 1909 1905	Hailar Chihfeng Dolonor Kueihuacheng Hulutao Kalgan Kashgar Choutsun Tsinanfu Weihaiwei Weihsien Woosung Kwangchouwan Wanhsien Gartok Gyangtze	Heilungkiang Chihli Chihli Chihli Chihli Chihli Sinkiang Shangtung Shangtung Shangtung Shangtung Kiangsu Kwangtung Szechuan Tibet Tibet	1905 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1860 1904 1904 1899 1904 1898 1899 1917 1904 1904

• Shanghai -

International Settlement ( Created in 1863 by the consolidation of the British
Concession-1843 and American Settlement-1854 )
French Concession ( 1849 ) - Terminated in 1946.
Woosung ( 1898 )
• Amoy -

British Concession ( 1851-52 ) - Terminated 9.17.1930.
Japanese Concession ( 1900 )
American Concession ( 1899 ) - Proposed. Never taken up or administered.
Kulangsu International Settlement ( 1902)
• Canton - ( Located at Shameen Island near the site of the old 17th and 18th Century factories )

British Concession ( 1861 - Construction began in 1856 with occupation between 1859 and 1861)
French Concession ( 1861 - Construction began in 1856 with occupation between 1859 and 1861)
• Foochow ( opened in 1842; no defined area )
• Ningpo ( Campo set apart in 1844; no defined area )

• Hankow -

British Concession ( 1861, extended 1898 ) - Terminated 1.1.1929
Ex-Russian Concession ( 1886 ) - Chinese administration after 9.1920. Special status terminated 1.1.1929
French Concession ( 1886, extended 1902 ) - Terminated in 1943 by Vichy France andd 1946 by France.
Ex-German Concession ( 1895, extended 1898 ) - Chinese administration after 4.1917. SSppecial status terminated 1.1.1929
Japanese Concession ( 1898, extended 1906 ) - Terminated in 1945.
• &ggt;Changsha - General Foreign Settlement ( 1904 )
• Chungking - Japanese Settlement ( 1901 )

• Kiukiang - British Concession ( 1861 ) - Terminated 1.1.1929.
• Wuhu - General Foreign Settlement ( 1904, originally marked out in 1877 for a British Concession but never taken up )
• Nanking - General Foreign Settlement ( 1899 )
• Chinkiang - British Concession ( 1861 ) - Terminated 11.15.1930.

Seige of the Legations - 1900. The Seige lasted 55 days (June 20th through August 14th) due to intervention of a few senior members of the Chinese Government. Within certain limits they protected the compound from prolonged concentrated assault by regular Chinese Army forces which could easily have overcome the heavily outnumbered defenders. Conditions inside the defense lines were very difficult. No position was truly safe from random shots. Food was in short supply but arrangements were made for some food delivery through the lines. Water was available from wells following suitable treatment. The c.400 defenders came from most nations represented in Peking.

• Peking - Legation Quarter ( 1861, restricted to diplomatic missions, customs and other government employees)
• Tsinanfu - General Foreign Settlement ( 1916 )
• Choutsun - General Foreign Settlement ( 1916 )
• Weihsein - General Foreign Settlement ( 1916 )
• Tientsin - British Concession ( 1861, extended in 1897 and extramural area added in 1903 )

French Concession ( 1861 ) - Terminated in 1943 by Vichy France and 1946 by France.
Ex-German Concession ( 1899 ) - Chinese administration after 4.1917.
Ex-Russian Concession ( 1903 ) - Chinese administration after 9.1920.
Japanese Concession ( 1895 )
Belgian Concession (1900)  - Terminated 8.31.1929.
Ex-Austro-Hungarian Concession (1900)  - Chinese administration after 4.1917.
Italian Concession ( 1898 ) - Terminated 1943 by Japanese and 1945 by treaty.
American Concession - Locally Adminstered 1869 - 1880, Neverr officially recognized or accepted.
• Newchang - British Concession ( 1861 )

Foreign Quarter ( 1900 )
• Hangchow - Japanese Concession ( 1895 )

General Foreign Settlement
• Soochow - Japanese Concession ( 1895 )

General Foreign Settlement