TRUE WORLD HISTORY

 

 

Exploring the Mystery of Atlantis
-Gene D. Matlock, B.A., M.A.


Anyone who has spent part or all of his life living with European traditions will sooner or later hear about the sunken continent of Atlantis. The Greek philosopher Plato first described this mysterious, highly civilized and productive land in his discussions entitled Timeaus and Critias.

According to the story, this land lay far beyond the
Pillars of Hercules (the island of Gibraltar), on the western end of the Atlantic Ocean. On a certain day, a tremendous earthquake caused it to sink under the sea.

This story has so excited and inspired Westerners that over the centuries, more than 25,000 books and countless articles have been written about it. In every year that I remember, we Westerners have been bombarded with different ideas about what Atlantis was and its true location.

Everyone seems to treat the word Atlantis like a dirty word, insisting on calling it by everything except its name and placing its true location in every part of the world except the western end of the Atlantic, as Plato declared. For example, some say that Atlantis was England; others say it lay at the North Pole.

The most popular account is that Atlantis was the island of Santorini. Others say it was Crete. Some Spanish authorities insist that
Spain is Atlantis. One online writer insists that it is Indonesia. Others say that it was India, which is closer to the truth if we are willing to admit that America was Atala or Patala. One writer even claims that Atlantis was in Outer Space.

Early in 2001, an author published a book in which he said that the legend of Atlantis had finally played itself out. During the same year, the movie Atlantis appeared in theaters all over the world. According to the movie, Atlantis lay under Iceland.

Since then, Atlantis has risen from the dead and is haunting the minds of Westerners more ardently than ever before, burying a red-faced, embarrassed, stammering author of a "dead Atlantis account" under a pile of books that no longer sell! The Atlantis myth is now more alive and vigorous than ever before.

For me, the legend of Atlantis never did die. As a young man, I went to live and study in
Mexico. While there, I found out that the country we call Mexico was really at one time Tlan, Tollan, or Tullan, which meant, as in Sanskrit, "Upper or Surface World."

Another Nahuatl (Toltec) word called places or communities that were beside or under water, Atlan. Cities and places in Mexico with Atlan suffixes abound in Mexico. Even as a young man, I realized that this "Tollan" word derived from Sanskrit: A-Tala-anta (The Under World Settlement). Now, let's add a Deza: A-talan-deza (The Underworld Continent) Atlantis.

Several Hindus have told me that during their schooldays, their teachers demonstrated to them that the word Atala or Patala proves that the ancient Indians knew about
America. These teachers would fold a world map, pushing a pin through India.

The pin emerged through the other side in America!
In the series of articles and discussions to come, I will prove that those teachers did, indeed, push their pins through "bullseye

 

India Was the Founder of Atlantis!
-Gene D. Matlock, B.A., M.A.>

During the early days of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, a Catholic priest, Andrés Pérez de Rivas, wrote of the experiences he had with the Indians of Northern Mexico and
Southwestern United States between 1591 -1620.

He was especially interested in two of their main deities: "one they called Variseva. The other was called Vairubi, who was said to be the mother of the first figure they referred to them as the first beings from whom the rest of mankind was born." (History of the Triumphs of Our Holy Faith.)

Unlike western readers of my articles and two books, India Once Ruled the Americas and The Last Atlantis Book You'll Ever Have to Read, my Hindu readers don't need me to tell them who Virasiva and Bhairavi are. Father Rivas described some of the ways the Native-Americans worshiped Varaseva and Vairubi "The Indians moved in and out of this circle, singing and dancing, adorned or painted with rods in their hands."

These rods were undoubtedly "Lingayats." The good father was especially outraged by their custom of praying to oblong upright stones with strange swastika markings and serpents etched on the sides. No need to explain what these were, either.

If Father's observations about Virasiva, Bhairavi, hand-held Lingayats, and stone Shivlings were all the evidence I had that the Amerindians were Hindus, I, too, would be tempted to regard these anomalies as coincidences. But aside from the fact that many of them also claim to be Himday, Inde, Henditre, etc.

I can produce hundreds of proofs more! For example, when I want to identify the Indian origins of their respective deities, most of the time I have only to open up my book Siva's Thousand Names, by Subhash Anand, and find them there.

Although times are looking up, it has been a real struggle for me to make Christians and Hindus as aware of India's past dominance of the world as I am. This obstacle is none other than each group's spiritual subjectivity and sectarian biases. What both Hindus and Christians believe today is radically different from the way they worshiped thousands of years ago.

The Hindus dominated the world when Shiva was almost their only deity. At that time, the other Hindu deities were now more than Yaksas and Yaksinis. The Christians can't understand that Christianity was in existence thousands of years before Jesus Christ was born. Jesus (Yeshua) is just another name of Isvara or Shiva!

When I tell Christians and Hindus that their respective "religions" are the same thing hiding behind different "Halloween masks," and that each has come to be as pagan and idolatrous as the other, my popularity rating zooms downward alarmingly.

Another thing that some Hindus dislike about me is that whenever I read the Rgveda or some commentary about the War of the Mahabharata, I see the Asuras as "the good guys!" And why not I'm descended from the Asuras who fled India thousands of years ago, rather than submit to being demoted to Sudras and worse.

So many Hindus were living in England when Caesar invaded it that he had to use Hindu mercenaries to help him govern England and communicate effectively with the people. Half the place and last names in England are of Indian origin.

It is not my intention in this article to defend my great-great-great, etc., etc. grandparents role in that great war but to show the Indian people how they and my great-etc., grandparents influenced every crook and cranny of this world.The two groups who brought India and its institutions to the world were what the Indians call the Asvin Brothers or the Nasatya Twins.

There is not one nation on earth that wasn't influenced by these two groups we call "Twins." We of European descent know them as The Gemini Twins or Castor and Pollux. The Amerindians call them The Warrior Twins, The Benefactor Twins, and other similar names. In reality, they were just two groups of Yadavas whom history calls Pani and Cabeiri (Kubera).

The Pani (Phoenicians) were international traders who visited and colonized every country on earth. The Cabeiri accompanied them wherever they went, exploiting the world of all the gold, silver, iron, and copper deposits they could find. For that reason, these words, or their derivations, can be found all over the world. Even today,
Central Mexico up to and including the American Southwest is known as La Gran Quivira (The Great Kubera).

Nearly all the gold panned in
Southern Arizona leaks out of the sacred mountain of the O'odham tribe, Babo-Quivari, which means, as it also means in Sanskrit and Hindi, "Grandfather Kubera." However, in O'odham it means "Maternal Grandfather Quivari." Inside this mountain resides their deity I'itoi (Isa; Shiva). The O'odham also worship sacred

                                                     stones known as Hotai, which my discerning Hindu readers will recognize as a derivation of one of God Shiva's thousand names: Huta. (For a wealth of evidence of the O'odhams' relationship with India, see my book, India Once Ruled the Americas!)

The antidiffusionist scholars of the United States want you and me to believe the lie that all the ancestors of our Native-Americans entered the Western Hemisphere via the Bering Strait. The truth of the matter is that most of them were brought here on the ships of the Phoenicians (Yadavas), of which there were two groups: Near Eastern and Indian.

The story of how they spread to every country on earth is truly fascinating. As a caste of traders and shippers, which in ancient India meant that only they could legally build ships and trade, their numbers began to grow beyond India's need for such a large caste. Finally, after a series of small wars, they mutually agreed to spread out over the entire world. The Yadavas who went to Central Asia had a nearly exclusive monopoly over that part of the world, including Egypt and Europe.

The Yadavas of Northern India put down trading factories in most of the Far East and the Malayan Archipelago. It's difficult to say who discovered America first: those of the Near East or those whose ships plied the Pacific.

Legends state that prevailing winds and currents forced the Central Asian Phoenicians or Yadavas to what is now Mexico's West Coast, on the shores of
Veracruz (Vira-Kurus) state. Later on, groups of Phoenicians and Cabeiris were landing on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Mexico, also in South America.

These two groups immediately saw magnificent opportunities for trading and mining in the
Americas, but the tribes who lived there were too sparse and primitive to be of service to them. It was then that they decided to bring over settlers from India and possibly even parts of the Near East.

Although there are still many primitive tribes in the world, it is difficult for us to even visualize the primitivity of most of mankind between ten to five thousand BC. They were little more than animals. At that time, certain groups of India-Indians became the first fully civilized human beings. Their upward climb was always being threatened by the hordes of human animals that roamed
India in those days.

According to what we easily infer from many Hindu myths, the most unredeemable cannibals and savages were sent to Patala or Atala (The Underworld), in the hopes that many of them could be trained in the arts of civilization. "The Underworld," which later came to connote "Hell," and for good reason, was called thusly because according to the ancient Indian way of thinking,
India was Tal or Tala ("The Surface") while its opposite, Atal or Atala, was "Under the Surface," just as Americans like to call Australia "The Land Down Under."

The people on "The Surface" were known as Talan ("Surface People"), while those "down below" were Atalan. The myths of the Meso-Americans (Nahuatl-speaking peoples like the Aztecs, the Mayas, and the original settlers, the Olmecs) all claim that they came from a land called Tollan or Tlan, which is none other than India "Surface People" or Talan. Back in India, Mesoamerica was known as Atalandesha; to the Greeks and Middle Easterners as Atlantis.

The Mesoamericans themselves thought of themselves as Atlanteca ("Underworld People"). The Central Asian Phoenicians called their land in the
Atlantic, Al-Atlantis. For that reason, names having Atlan roots are found all over Mexico: Autlán; Atlán; Mazatlán; Zihuatlán; Cuautitlán; etc. Aztatlán, on Mexico's West Coast in Nayarit (Nairitti) state, means in Sanskrit, "Where the Moon sets in Atala)" or the westernmost border of Atlantis. The hereditary kings in this area were called Nayar.

Not all the people sent to Patala or Atala were crude savages. Some of them were highly civilized and went there, mainly to what are now the Mayan lowlands in
Central America: the Nagas who, in reality, were Yadava warriors, traders, and miners (Cabeiri). The land of the Nagas in Central America was doubtlessly called Nagasetra because even today, that region is called Nacaste. Evidently, these Nagas built a great civilization there because Plato mentioned the wonders of Atlantis in his Timaeus and Critias.

Indian myths and legends mention that many deities (really exalted men) visited Patala or Atala. One of these was Vishnu who went there to help the survivors rehabilitate themselves from the ravages of a flood that nearly destroyed Atlantis. This "Vishnu" was what the Mexicans called Quetzalcoatl; the Mayans, Kukulkan, and the Inca and Moche Guculmatz.

Here are some proofs for my skeptics:God Vishnu's representative in Patala or Atala had to be none other than the Quetzalcoatl, Kukulcan, or Guculmatz. I say this because Vishnu's Vimana (modes of transportation) were an eagle and a raft of snakes. Quetzalcoatl's, etal Vimanas were also an eagle and a raft of snakes.

The eagle signified the ability of those ancient travellers to traverse long distances, heedless of obstacles. The raft of snakes was just the Phoenician Nagas on their ships, the prows of which of resembled snakes and dragons.

The following description of the world's first truly civilized race from India, the Nagas, was taken from the Encyclopedia Brittanica:

Sanskrit NAGA ("serpent"), in Hindu and Buddhist mythology, a member of a class of semidivine beings, half human and half serpentine. They are considered to be a strong, handsome race who can assume either human or wholly serpentine form. They are regarded as being potentially dangerous but in some ways are superior to humans.

They live in an underground kingdom called Naga-loka, or Patala-loka, which is filled with resplendent palaces, beautifully ornamented with precious gems. Brahma is said to have relegated the nagas to the nether regions when they became too populous on earth and to have commanded them to bite only the truly evil or those destined to die prematurely.

They are also associated with waters--rivers, lakes, seas, and wells--and are generally regarded as guardians of treasure.

The above description of the Nagas stated that because they had become too populous in
India, they were sent to other parts of the world, especially to Patala. These Nagas were the ones who built the beautiful floating gardens in Kashmir. The Kashmiris produced the world's first great civilization, even antedating the Sumerians.

They brought their expertise to America. Originally, the Asuras or Nagas were not only a civilized people, but a maritime power, and in the Mahabharata, where the ocean is described as their habitation, an ancient legend is preserved of how Kadru, the mother of serpents, compelled Garuda (the Eagle or Hawk)

To serve her sons by transporting them across the sea to a beautiful country in a distant land, which was inhabited by Nagas, The Asuras (Nagas) were expert navigators, possessed of very considerable naval resources, and had founded colonies upon distant coasts." (The Encircled Serpent, by M. Oldfield, p. 47.)

Proof That Quetzalcoatl Was From India:

1. Tal/Tala = "Top; Surface." Atal/Atala = "Under the Surface." Therefore, if America is "The Underworld," India must be "The Upperworld."

2. Talan is the Sanskrit word for "People of the Surface." Atalan, logically, must be "People of the Underworld." I must conclude that the Nahuatl-speaking peoples' primordial fatherland was Talan, which they called Tollan/Tlan; i.e.
Northern India.

3. The Vimanas or modes of transport of Quetzalcoatl, Kukulcan, Guculmatz and the Indian Vishnu were an eagle and a raft of snakes.

4. Quetzalcoatl was said to have returned to a place called Tlapallan. Tal/Tala = "The Upperworld" or India. Pallan may refer to "People of Pala" or what is now the Indian state of Bihar. This is the province from where, after the Great Flood, the Pelasgo or Palacthon, considered the greatest builders and movers of giant stones in human history, left India for other parts of the world.

Pallan may also be a derivation of Bolan, which lies in Beluchistan, a province of what is now Afghanistan. Talan, or "People of Tal," once lay a short distance to the northwest of Bolan. They were inhabitants of Talan-Des/Talan-Tes ("Land of the Talan'). Naturally, the opposite land, which was in Mexico, would have been known in
India as Atalandes/Atalantes.

5. A region in which Quetzalcoatl once traveled was Xicalanco. (pronounced "Shee-kah-LAHN-ko"). Although the Nahuatl meaning is "Place of Water Jars," this word could have derived from the Sanskrit Shikar (Tiger Hunter) plus Lanka (Ancient Ceylon). The Nahua-speaking people could not pronounce "R."

They would have been forced to pronounce Shikar-Lanka as "Shika-lanka." Ceylon was once famous for the fabrication of excellent pottery. Quetzalcoatl was often depicted as a jaguar; not only as a plumed serpent. The ancient Lankans were supposed to be descendants of male lions and female humans.

6. Nahu-sha/Nahu-shka, a Naga and one of several Hindu equivalents of our Noah, went on a civilizing mission to various nations of the world after the Great Flood. Since this word is so nearly identical to the name of the Nahuatl-speaking tribes of Ibero-America, I am tempted to infer that they regarded Nahusha as their "Primordial Father."

7. Even the word Quetzalcoatl (Plumed Serpent) announces its Indian origins from the housetops. The Quetzal is a beautifully feathered Meso-American bird. The feathers are so beautiful and resplendent that ancient Meso-American leaders used them as scepters or symbols of their authority. In Nahuatl, Quetzalli means "rich feather; beautiful; fine." Being a symbol of kingly

                                                                  authority, the word is probably derived from the Sanskrit Ksiliza (King; Great Lord). Kashitl/Caxitl was the Nahuatl word for "scepter; kingly authority," more than similar to Kshitriya. Hu/Khu was a North Indian or Phoenician word for "Serpent."

Of course, Atal = "Under the surface." Or, the ancient North Indian equivalent of Coatl, the Nahuatl word for snake, could have been Khu-Tala (Serpent Shiva). Even today, the snake is a symbol of Shiva.

The North Indian word for serpent, Khu, spread throughout both Americas. In Arizona, the O'odham name for "rattlesnake" is Koh or Ko'owi. The Zuñi term is Ko-lowi'zi. The most common term for "rattlesnake" throughout Northern Mexico and Arizona is Co-rua.

The Mayans call it Kuh; Gu among the Incas. Two other O'odham words for "snake" hail from
North India, also: Nah-Big, which in Northern India is Nag-Beg. Another North Indian word for "snake," Veh-Mar, barely changed in the O'odham language: Vah-Mat.

English and Spanish have amost choked O'odham out of existence, but there are still enough Sanskrit derived words in the language, leading me to believe that had the Europeans never conquered the
Americas, early immigrants from India would have had no trouble communicating with them.

Grierson's Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language defines Kta as "the name of deadly black-coloured poison said to have been drunk by the Hindu god Siva at the famous churning of the ocean." Another word derived from Kta, Kotil, means "deadly." Kotil could have evolved to Coatl (Snake) after the Naga or Phoenician Indian mariners and colonizers left the Americas.

8. An ancient Sanskrit word for "Buddha" is Put. A "Put" or "Buddha" is a god, demi-god, or saint who is reborn in human form, in order to continue the moral purification of mankind. In the state of reincarnation, a Put in human form becomes a Putara (Messiah). The Nahua-speaking peoples also called Quetzalcoatl by the exact name: Ishi-Putala/Ptla.

(The Nahuas could not pronounce "R.") The above Nahuatl expression translates as "Skin of a God." Nearly all the Amerindian peoples worshiped Ish (Shiva) by his various names, almost exactly as in India. Even Shiva is another name of the Buddha.

These Sanskrit, Kashmiri and Nahuatl words are too nearly exact, both in meaning and in pronunciation, to be "coincidences." I dare anyone to find such similarities in languages other than Sanskrit, Persian, Kashmiri, and Nahuatl.

I have in my files literally hundreds of solid proofs. I am firmly convinced that the ancient Indians first landed and settled in Mesoamerica or Patala/Atala, establishing their city and harbor in what is now San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Veracruz. While the Indians themselves called the Atalanteans Atalandesa, the Greeks and Egyptians did no less.

They said that on the other side of the Atlantic ocean there was once a great nation called Atlantis. Isn't it strange that the Indians knew that Patalandesha or Atalandesha was on the eastern side of the Pacific, and the Greeks finished sandwiching it on the Atlantic side, naming it "Atlantis" And again, why did the Mexican Indians claim to be from Tollan.

The legends of many of the tribes, such as the Hopis, O'odhams, Zuñis, Huicholes, Aztecs, and others even name the specific regions of India from which they originated! Some tribes, like the Yaquis, remember their benefactors by the same names they had back in India: Yatowvi (Yadavi) and Yuri (Yuddhi). The Zunis call them Judaba.

What I have just told you in this article equally applies to the Europeans. There is a fact nobody can deny: Ancient India once controlled the world. Like it or not; want it or not, we are all India-Indians!But India could not hold on to her overseas colonies forever. Brahmin exclusivity, Buddhist isolationism, and Islam's conquest of India shrank the Asvin Brothers out of existence.

When
India left the Americas, most of the other tribes reverted back to savagery and worse because primitive peoples need up to thousands of years to get a firm foothold on the plane of civilization. When the English and Spanish conquerors arrived in the New World, most of the tribes had gone back to eating one another again.

I hope that this tiny Tattva-sized piece of evidence is enough to spark in the Indians a great pride in their contributions to world civilization and culture. And they're still doing it. Here in the United States, they are our medical doctors, scientists, computer experts, motel owners, shopkeepers, and other professionals.

Their children are our winners of school spelling bees. I'm sure that there are more of them among us now than the Britishers who also influenced India in their way. And India is losing her children to us now for the same reasons she did in the past: religious upheavals,

 

 

What the Hopi Indians Need to Know About Themselves!
-Gene D. Matlock, B.A., M.A.


Knowledgeable Hindus never fail to be amazed when I discuss the Hopis and the tribes that "emerged" in America with them, for each of these tribes has a Hindu counterpart. The Navajos or Diné, as they prefer to call themselves, have the same names and traditions of a people who once lived in
Western Tibet:

Nabhi-Ha (Poverty-Stricken Prophet or Holy Person) or Nabhi-Hya (Prophet or Holy Warriors). Din(i) means "People of Religion." Both terms fit them well, for their whole culture revolves around religion. Their famous sand paintings are used to cure physical and spiritual diseases, just as the Tibetan Buddhists sand paintings do. Both the Navajos and the Tibetans destroy these paintings after they are finished.

The Utes (Yutes) must be descendants of the Hindu Yuddhi who once scattered all over the ancient world. The word Supai derives from a dialectical form of god Shiva/Siva:
Suva. The Paiutes? ancestors left their ancient home on the banks of the river Baihoot, or Jailum, the most westerly of the five great rivers of the Punjab (an Indian state and also a territory in Pakistan).

In
Greece, they became the Baoetia.Back in India, the Heheyas were Hahayas, a leadership clan of the Rajputs, better known to us as Phoenicians. The Heheyas were probably related to the Bahannas (White men) who led them to New Mexico, for the Hindu Rajputs had white skin.Apache easily derives from the Sanskrit Apazu/Apashu, meaning "without cattle; penniless; poor; wretched."

The Apaches prefer to call themselves Inde (Indus People). The Hopis are Ophites or snake worshipers. The Opis religion was once one of the major religions of the ancient world, even in Egypt and Greece. It played an important part in the development of ancient Christianity.

Many English-speaking Americans practice Christian Ophiolatry, It originated in
Afghanistan where it and the practitioners were called Khofis, Hopis, or L?Hopitai. Afghanistan (Oph-gani-stan), Land of Ophis (snake-worshipping) tribes), derives its name from them. The Afghan Hopis were a conservative people who, as much as possible, took much less from the land than what it had to give, just as the Hopi traditionalists still do in modern New Mexico.

Ancient
Afghanistan, once part of India, was larger than it is now and included the neighboring republic of Uzbekistan. The forefathers of our Hopis were subject to a royal city state named Kiva. The Cologne Sanskrit Lexicon defines Kiva, as follows: Ki = "ant hill"; Va = "Dwelling."

Kiva was so named because the majority of the common people lived in raised, mound-like pit-houses having clay or adobe roofs. People entered these houses by climbing down a ladder in the center, just as ants enter their mounds through a center hole. The royal buildings and homes of the higher classes were built of sun-dried bricks.

They were tiered, looking exactly like the adobe villages of our own Southwestern pueblo Indians and those of the Anazasi whose ruins tourists now admire in
Mesa Verde, Colorado and Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. In remotest times, Kiva was dominated by two dominant powers with similar names: Massaga (also called Massaka) and a smaller kingdom: Musaka. Their chiefs were called Yavhas.

The Greeks called Musaka "Mousika." Nearly all the inhabitants of ancient
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Kashmir, even the snake-worshiping Hopis, worshiped God Shiva under the name of Mah-eshvara (Shiva the Great). Therefore, the whole of this area was known as Sivapuri (Land of Shiva).

There was much enmity between the Musaka and the Brahmin priestly class, but the former did ally themselves with the Brahmins long enough to help drive Alexander the Great out of India. The Hopis insist that their place of origin was Sibapu or Sibapuni, in an "Underworld" known as Kiva. They were cruelly oppressed by the "spirit" leaders and priests of the ghostly kingdom of Muski.

When they had reached the limits of their endurance, they begged their chief, Yai-Owa (Yavha), to lead them out of bondage. Yai-Owa called on Masauwa (Maheshvara), to remove them from Muski (Musaka) and lead them to a new homeland. Some White men called Bahanna - a term similar to Vahana, the Sanskrit word for "mover; transporter; vehicle; ship; vessel; boat" - led them across a great lake to the new homeland.

Yaponche, the Hopi Wind God, blew them there. Yah is an ancient Indian word for "Great Lord;" Ponch and Pani were ancient Sanskrit words for "Phoenician." After the Bahanna (Vahana?) took the Hopis to Southwestern USA and helped them get established, they left, promising to return someday with supplies. As we all know, the Bahanna (White men) did come back, but not the ones the Hopis were expecting.

Back in ancient India, the Hopis of Kiva stored their food in a type of underground cellar which looked exactly like their homes. It was called Khava. In Sanskrit, Kha = "cavity; hollow; cave; cavern." Again, Va = "Abode; dwelling."

Since this was dry, inhospitable desert country, nearly as dead productively as the Muski of the Hopi myths, a few enterprising inhabitants of Kiva, who did not share the Hopis "grin and bear it" philosophy of taking constant beatings from Nature (Ishvara), or of being poor by choice, decided to mine the mountains and gorges for precious gems and the newly discovered metals now known as copper and gold.

From that time forward, the whole area began to progress. No longer did everyone have to farm for a living. People could survive in other ways, such as being miners, metalworkers, and merchants. All that area sprouted into one the greatest and most advanced civilization of the ancient world, though it is now dead.

These Khivites or Hivites, as the Bible calls them, were honored with the titles of Khi-Vira ("Ant Hill Heroes"). Kha-vira ("Cave Heroes"), and Kuh-Vira ("Mountain Heroes) because they burrowed deep into mountains to get the wealth that made this new empire of Khyber (Kheevira/Quivira) prosper.

 

Today's Khiva is a small city composed of little more than 40,000 inhabitants. Nobody knows how old it is. Legends state that it was founded by Shem, the son of Noah. In olden times, it was an oases on the silk road of Central Asia. Khiva was also the last important outpost where westbound travelers on the Silk Road could get good lodging and meals before crossing the Kara Kum desert to Iran.

Khiva's companion cities, Samarkand and Bukhara, hailed as the Phoenix cities of Central Asia, have been built, destroyed, rebuilt, and destroyed by nomadic invaders, conquerors and occasional earthquakes, over, over, and over again, for more than ten thousand years.

Khiva rests above uncountable layers of ancient civilizations, whose clay and adobe buildings are now dust. That other area of Sibapu (Sivapuri), Kashmir, was heavily forested. The inhabitants of
Kashmir built their homes, palaces, and temples out of logs. These, too, rotted away millenniums ago, leaving not one trace of Sivapuri's ancient glory. It is significant to note that the Hopi word for "metal; silver; money" is SIIVA. The Sanskrit word, Sva, means "money; riches; property; glory."

This word Siiva leads me to believe that the Hopis probably knew what metal was before the arrival of the Spaniards. The Hopis are famous for their Kachina dancers or dolls representing beings from various parts of the spirit world. The Kashis/Kassis, known in history as Kassites, were just the Hindu Kshatriya leadership caste. There are hundreds of Kachinas or Katsinas in Hopi religious traditions.

Nearly all the names of these Kachinas can be traced to places or people in ancient
India. I am of the opinion that Kachinas are the Hopi way of struggling with their lack of written history. Some of these Kachinas are, as follows: Ahola and Ahool: The Aiolas or Haiyulas also went to Greece, becoming the Elysians.

Anga and Angwus: Anga was a large district in India, including Bengal, parts of Tibet, and Baghapuri. We English speaking people also descend from our Anga-Land ancestors. Eewiro/Eewero: These were the Iberians (originally Kheeveria) of Spain and Portugal. Haniya: the Hans or Huns of
Western China.

Hanomana: The Hanuman or "Monkey Warriors" mentioned in the epic Ramayana.

Hemishu/Hemis: This is the "Far Away" Kachina. It is indeed "far away," being Hemis, a town and Buddhist monastery in
Western Tibet.

Hewta/Hooti/Hootsani: Huta is one of the thousand names of Shiva. Hoohoomana/Hool: The Hoohoos or Hoos were an ancient group of Northern Indians.

Isoo: Issa, a name of Shiva. Kaasaye: derived from Kshatriya. Maakka: A people of
Northern India who also became the Greek Macedonians (Makkadonia).

Masaw: Masiha or Mahesa, a name of Shiva.
Ngayaya: Naga-Yaya or "Snake Worshiping Shiva" cult.
Nukeshheya: Nahusha-Haya, or "Warrior of the God Nahusha," the same as the Indian Dyaus-Nahusha or the Greek Dionysius.
Oham: Ahom, a tribe of Nepalese. Palasa;
Palak: Pelasa/Pelasgos, a people from one of
India's most ancient regions, Bihar. They also became the Palestinians. There are at least 8 Kachinas beginning with the prefix Pala.

Sakwahu/Sikya:Sakha/Sakya, Scythians.
Sivu: God Shiva.
Tseeveya: God Shiva.
Yuam: Yamm, the Hindu God of Death. I have presented only about one-tenth of the total amount of Kachinas. The ones not named are no less "Hindu" in sound and meaning. I was truly astonished when I found out the names of the Hopi Warrior Gods: Pokanghoya and Polangahoya. The Hindu origin of these two "Gods" is absolutely undeniable.

In
India in Greece, the 17th century Oriental scholar, Edward Pococke, himself wrote about the India-Indian warrior clan Pokanghoya: "the Greek Guneus, the title of the military chieftains of the Thessalonians, is a corruption of the Greek Gangyus, a name of the Hindu God of War." In ancient India, Po-gang-Hya meant "Chief Gang Warrior."

Pokanghoya's warrior companion, Polangahoya, was also a Northern Indian: Po-Lanca-Hya (Chief Lanca Warrior). These two warriors are the Hopi version of the Cabeiri/Quivira. The "Spider Woman" legends of many Amerindian tribes always give her different names of the Multi-Armed Mother Goddesses of the Hindus, such as Bhairavi, whom the Yaquis, Mayos, Opatas, and some Oodham clans called Vairubi.

The Hopi name for "Spider Woman" also screams out its connection with
India: Sowiti. Sowiti appears to be derived from Sati, a Shiva consort. Sati and Bhairavi were just two names of the same Hindu "Mother Goddess." The Hopi nation is covered with Hindu place names. Oraibi (Orayvi) derives from Eu-Ravi (The Great Sun God).

The name of the Bahanna village of Hotevilla corresponds to the Persian influenced North Indian Hodee-Vira (Hindu Hero). The Hopi word Homolawa means "mounded vagina." Some Hopi clans claim to have "emerged" from the low hills near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, called Homolowi, where there are ruins of an ancient Hopi village bearing the same name.

Homala is linguistically similar to the Sanskrit Himala, meaning the Himalayas. I insist that the Hopis really did "emerge" from the Himalayas. Hindu names and traditions are so abundant in the Hopi nation, language, culture, and religion, that to name them all would be like counting the trees in a forest.

Some people may think that all these hundreds of names and traditions are coincidences, but I cannot. I am convinced absolutely that the freshness and vigor of these names and traditions indicate that the Hopis haven't been here as long as the claim, for the Hopi myths definitely describe political and social conditions in India between 1000 and 1200 AD, when the Brahmins were trying to bring the tribals and lower classes into the caste system and deprive them of their land.

There were many demographic upheavals in those days. For sure, someone brought them to
America. I say that the Hopis have not been here for more than one thousand years!

 

An Atlantis in the Indian Ocean (Review of Stephen Oppenheimer: Eden in the East)

 

 

 

One of the many insulting epithets thrown at AIT disbelievers is that they are no better than "Atlantis freaks". Actually, this is not entirely untrue. Some AIT skeptics who have applied their minds to reconstructing ancient history, have indeed thought of centres of human habitation in locations now well below sea-level. When Proto-Indo-European was spoken, the sea level was still recovering from the low point it had reached during the Ice Age, about 100 metres lower than the present level. It was in the period of roughly twelve to seven thousand years ago that the icecaps melted and replenished the seas, so that numerous low-lying villages had to be abandoned.

After all, it is a safe bet that more than half of mankind lived in the zone of less than 100 m above sea level. In the context of the present debate on global warming, it is said that a rise in sea level of just one metre would be an immense catastrophe for countries like Bangla Desh or the Netherlands. The Maledives would completely disappear with a rise of only a few metres. But more importantly, most big population centres today are located just above sea level: Tokyo, Shanghai, Kolkata, Mumbai, London, New York, Los Angeles etc. If the sea level would rise 100 m, most population centres including entire countries would become a sunken continent, a very real Atlantis. Consequently, there is nothing far-fetched in assuming the existence of population centres and cultures, 10 or 15 thousand years ago, in what are now submarine locations on the continental shelf outside our coastlines.

In a recent book, Eden in the East: the Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia (Phoenix paperback, London 1999 (1998)), Stephen Oppenheimer has focused on one such part of the continental shelf: the region between Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Thailand, Vietnam, China and Taiwan, which was largely inhabitable during the Ice Age. Thinking that this was then the most advanced centre of civilization, he calls it Eden, the Biblical name of Paradise (from Sumerian edin, "alluvial plain"), because West-Asian sources including the Bible do locate the origin of mankind or at least of civilization in the East. In some cases, as in Sumerian references, this "East" is clearly the pre-Harappan and Harappan culture, but even more easterly countries seem to be involved.

Oppenheimer is a medical doctor who has lived in Southeast Asia for decades. He is clearly influenced by Marxism, e.g. where he dismisses religion as a means to "control other people's labour", with explicit reference to Karl Marx's Das Kapital (p.483). His book is based on solid scientific research (genetic, anthropological, linguistic and archaeological), and is in that respect very different from the numerous Atlantis books which draw on "revelations" and "channeling".

The most airy type of evidence, in its massiveness nonetheless quite compelling, is comparative mythology: numerous cultures, and especialy those in the Asia-Pacific zone, have highly parallel myths of one or more floods. These are not opaque allusions to Freudian events in the subconscious but plainly historical references to the catastrophic moments in the otherwise long-drawn-out rise of the sea level after the Ice Age. For, indeed, this rise was not a continuous process but took place with occasional spurts, wiping out entire tribes living near the coast. The last such sudden rise took place ca. 5500 BC, after which the sea level fell back a few metres to the present level.

According to Oppenheimer, the Southeast-Asian Atlantis, provisionally called Sundaland because it now is the Sunda shelf, was the world leader in the Neolithic Revolution (start of agriculture), using stones for grinding wild grains as early as 24,000 ago, more than ten thousand years older than in Egypt or Palestine. Before and especially during the gradual flooding of their lowland, the Sundalanders spread out to neighbouring lands: the Asian mainland including China, India and Mesopotamia, and the island world from Madagascar to the Philippines and New Guinea, whence they later colonized Polynesia as far as Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand.

Oppenheimer aligns with the archaeologists against the linguists in the controversy about the homeland of the Austronesian language family (Malay, Tagalog, Maori, Malgasy etc.): he locates it in Sundaland and its upper regions which now make up the coasts of the Southeast-Asian countries, whereas most linguists maintain that southern China was the land of origin. Part of the argument concerns chronology: Oppenheimer proposes a higher chronology than Peter Bellwood and other out-of-China theorists. My experience with IE studies makes me favour a higher chronology, for new findings (e.g. that "pre-IE" peoples like the Pelasgians and the Etruscans, not to speak of the Harappans, turn out to have been earlier "Aryan" settlers) have consistently been pushing the date of the fragmentation of PIE back into the past.

Another reason for not relying too much on the theories of the linguists is that Austronesian linguistics is a very demanding field, comprising the study of hundreds of small languages most of which have no literature, so the number of genuine experts is far smaller than in the case of IE, and even in the latter case linguists are nowhere near a consensus on the homeland question. Linguistic evidence is very soft evidence, and usually the data admit of more than one historical reconstruction, so I don't think there is any compelling evidence against a Sundaland homeland hypothesis. Conversely, archaeological and genetic evidence in favour of the spread of the Austronesian-speaking populations from Sundaland seems to be sufficient.

It is quite certain that some of these Austronesians must have landed in India, some on their way to Madagascar, some to stay and mix with the natives. Hence the presence of some Austronesian words in Indian languages of all families, most prominently ayi/bayi, "mother" (as in the Marathi girls' names Tarabai, Lakshmi-bai etc.), or words for "bamboo", "fruit", "honey". More spectacularly, linguists like Isidore Dyen have discerned a considerable common vocabulary in the core lexicon of Austronesian and Indo-European, including pronouns, numerals (e.g. Malay dva, "two") and terms for the elements. Oppenheimer doesn't go into this question, but diehard invasionists might use his findings to suggest an Aryan invasion into India not from the northwest, but from the southeast.

But he does mention the legend of Manu Vaivasvata saving his company from the flood and sailing up the rivers of India to settle high and dry in Saptasindhu. Clearly, the origins of Vedic civilization are related to the post-Glacial flood, probably the single biggest migration trigger in human history.

The Tamils have a tradition that their poets' academy or Sangam existed for ten thousand years, and that its seat (along with the entire Tamil capital) had to be moved thrice because of the rising sea level. They also believe that their country once stretched far to the south, including Sri Lanka and the Maledives, a lost Tamil continent called Kumarikhandam. If these legends turn out to match the geological evidence quite neatly, our academics would be wrong to dismiss them as figments of the imagination. But the Indian or Kumarikhandam counterpart to Oppenheimer's book on Sundaland has yet to be written. This indeed is probably the most important practical conclusion to be drawn from this book: extend India's history by thousands of years with the exploration of now-submarine population centres.

Another language family originating in some part of Sundaland was Austro-Asiatic, which includes the Mon-Khmer languages in Indochina (its demographic point of gravity being Vietnam) but also Nicobarese and the Munda languages of Chotanagpur, at one time possibly spoken throughout the Ganga basin. It is the Mundas who brought rice cultivation from Southeast Asia to the Ganga basin, whence it reached the Indus Valley towards the end of the Harappan age (ca. 2300 BC). In this connection, it is worth noting that Oppenheimer confirms that "barley cultivation was developed in the Indus Valley" (p.19), barley being the favourite crop of the Vedic Aryans (yava). Unlike the Mundas who brought rice cultivation from eastern India and ultimately from Southeast Asia to northwestern India, and unlike the Indo-European Kurgan people whose invasion into Europe can be followed by means of traces of the crops they imported (esp. millet), the Vedic Aryans simply used the native produce. This doesn't prove but certainly supports the suspicion that the Aryans were native to the Indus Valley.

Concerning the political polemic, the usual claim that the caste system with its sharp discrimination was instituted by the invading Aryans to entrench their supremacy is countered by the finding that even the most isolated tribes on India's hills turn out to have strict endogamy rules, often guarded with more severe punishments for inter-tribal love affairs than exist in Sanskritic-Hindu society. Here, Oppenheimer confirms that in the Austro-Asiatic and Austrone-sian tribal societies, where many of India's tribals originate, inequality is deeply entrenched: "Yet the class structure which cripples Britain more than any other European state, is as nothing compared with the stratified hierarchies in Austronesian traditional societies from Madagascar through Bali to Samoa. (...) This consciousness of rank is thus clearly not something that was only picked up by Austronesian societies from later Indian influence." (p.484) Social hierarchy is not a racialist imposition by the Aryans, but a near-universal phenomenon especially pronounced among Indo-Pacific societies including most non-Aryan populations.

Stephen Oppenheimer makes a very detailed and very strong case for the importance of the culture of sunken Sundaland for the later cultures in the wide surroundings. India too certainly benefited of certain achievements imported from there. What is yet missing is a similar study for the equally important and likewise neglected culture of the sunken lands outside India's coast.