CHAPTER 19:  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 

 

 

OBJECTIVES:

 

1.         Fully explain the process (5 parts of) respiration.

2.                Describe the significance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human cells.

3.                Explain the structure and function of mucous membranes that line most of the respiratory tract.

4.                Locate the  respiratory organs on a diagram, describe their structure and functions

5.                Describe how and where sound originates

 6.        Distinguish between a primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchus.

7.        Explain what happens to the epithelial lining, cartilage and smooth muscle of the bronchi as they branch deep into the lungs to form terminal bronchioles.

8.                Explain the effects that histamine and epinephrine have on terminal bronchioles.

9.                Discuss the structure and function of the pleural membranes.

10.            Discuss the microscopic anatomy of the lung.

11.       Track a breath of air from the nose to an alveolus, noting what happens to the air as it meets each structure.

12.       Define the term surfactant and describe its important function.

13.       Define the term pulmonary ventilation, and describe its two actions in terms of forces, muscles, and membranes involved.

14.       Starting with the diaphragm muscle in its relaxed position, describe, in order, the events that occur during inspiration and expiration.

15.       Explain how Boyle's Law relates to ventilation.

16.       Define the term atelectasis, explain what is usually lacking within the alveoli when it occurs, and name the disease of premature newborns when it occurs.

17.       Name the instrument used to measure lung volumes.

18.       List, define, give estimate values, and correlate the six different lung volume measurements.

19.       Define the term external respiration.

20.       State Dalton's Law and explain its significance in respiration.

21.       List the percentages of N2, O2, and CO2 in air.

22.       Define what is meant by the partial pressure (pp) of a gas in a mixture and list the pp values of O2 and CO2 in air and in the lung capillaries

23.       Discuss the factors that influence the rate at which a gas diffuses.

24.       Define the term internal respiration.

25.       Discuss how oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

26.       Discuss the factors that cause oxygen to be released from the hemoglobin of red blood cells.

27.       Define the term hypoxia, and describe how it occurs during carbon monoxide poisoning.

28.       Distinguish between the rhythmicity area and pneumotaxic area of the neural respiratory center.

29.       Explain how respiration is affected by varying chemical (CO2 and O2) concentration in the blood.

30.        Describe the major factors that affect the rate of respiration.