The Drawbacks of Targeting Social Welfare

may have needs that can only be met equitably by universal provision of health, education and welfare.
Withdrawal of the state may enhance individual or voluntary charity---but such systems cannot substitute for state provision in terms of efficiency, equity and justice.
Most of the points listed above are adapted from Jonathan Boston's chapter, "Targeting: Social Assistance for All or Just for the Poor", in Boston and Paul Dalziel (eds), The Decent Society? Auckland: Oxford University Press (1992).

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brought about through high rates of abatement.  The people for whom such disincentives are particularly powerful tend to be low- and middle-income earners.
Targeting is often said to avoid 'middle-class capture', but this problem has almost certainly been overstated.  Not only is the evidence ambiguous but one has to ask whether middle- and upper-income people are net beneficiaries under systems of universal provision.  With the right tax regime in place, they are not.
In any event, even middle- and upper-income earners

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