S T A T I S T I C A L L Y

S P E A K I N G

From time immemorial, statistics have been used to prove whatever point the user wants to prove, to support whatever argument the proponent is proposing. Indeed, two people, or for that matter two opposing political parties, may often use the same set of statistics, and from the same source, "to prove" opposing points of view.

Invariably, the Government of the day will produce a set of statistics to highlight employment growth and to boost economic confidence while social researchers will produce a separate set of statistics to highlight areas of deep concern.

During our own statistical research for this project, we were advised by Australian Bureau of Statistics staff

 

that trend series data are revised each month

that every six months all of the previous monthly Labour Force figures are updated

that every February the last twelve months’ figures are completely revised, and

that every five years the figures are adjusted to tally with the census information.

 

We were further advised that trend figures are viewed as more reliable than the seasonally adjusted ones.

In addition, we also discovered a great disparity between statistics produced by the

 

Australian Bureau of Statistics

Commonwealth Centrelink Statistics, and

Tasmanian Department of Treasury and Finance

 

Maybe the George Town participant was closest to the truth in saying that, when it comes to statistics, "we live in a sea of lies".

 

Much would seem to depend on which set of statistics are chosen, what revisions they have or have not undergone, and whether access to them is available.

It would appear evident that the published monthly ABS employment/unemployment figures are in no way adequate or sufficiently comprehensive to deal with this complex issue. In fact, these figures would seem to hide rather than reveal some of the more important and indeed complex employment/unemployment issues, as we seek to demonstrate in this chapter.

We believe that the issues we raise in this chapter, and elsewhere in this report, need to be acknowledged by the Tasmanian Government and brought out into the open and into greater community and public debate.

It is for this reason also that the first recommendation of this report is directed specifically to the Tasmanian State Government, recommending

that the Tasmanian Government appoints a Minister for Employment and Unemployment and devotes more Government resources

We also ask the State Government to recognize that unemployed job seekers

 

STATISTICS RELATING TO EMPLOYMENT/UNEMPLOYMENT

IN TASMANIA

As already mentioned, statistics are invariably used "to prove a point" or "to highlight the truth" of one’s position. When it comes to employment/unemployment, there are many truths that need to sit alongside each other. Maybe the gravest danger is when one version, backed by statistics, is held onto as the only version and is claimed to be the total truth of any given situation.

The following statistics relate to the employment/unemployment situation in Tasmania.

 

Tasmania’s Long-Term Unemployed

 

59.49% of people receiving New Start and Youth Allowance have been doing so for 12 months or longer and 38.5% have been for more than 24 months (Centelink Tasmania, Payment Statistics by Customer Service Centre, Tasmania Selected Properties as at 02/04/01)

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGING THE GOVERNMENT’S VERSION OF EMPLOYMENT /UNEMPLOYMENT IN TASMANIA and ACKNOWLEDGING OTHER VERSIONS

On the release of the February 2001 ABS Employment/Unemployment figures for Tasmania (ABS Catalogue No. 6202.0), the State Government gave a rather glowing picture of the positive jobs growth in Tasmania – "TASMANIAN EMPLOYMENT TREND CONTINUES TO RISE" – and emphasised that over the past 12 months the number of employed persons in Tasmania increased by 3,200. This is true and is surely good news for all Tasmanians and holds out hope for the 20,000 Tasmanians still unemployed at February 2001.

Following this theme, the State Treasurer, The Hon. Dr David Crean, stated in a letter to the Director of TasCOSS, dated 15 March 2001, that

 

"there are now around 9,000 more jobs in the State than there were two years ago, and jobs growth in Tasmania at 4.6% over that time has been higher than the nation as a whole at 4.4%. For the 20,000 Tasmanians that were previously unemployed prior to this turnaround, these new opportunities have been particularly welcome".

 

However, while the above is true, the Government’s optimistic version of Tasmania’s employment/unemployment situation, also gives rise to the following question:.

Are these "new opportunities particularly welcome"

 

9,000 NEW JOBS OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS:

THE PART-TIME/FULL-TIME JOB RATIO?

 

9,000 new jobs have been created in Tasmania over the past two years (letter to the Director of TasCOSS, 15 March 2001, from the State Treasurer, The Hon. Dr David Crean).

In the 5 years from December 1995 to December 2000

 

 

Of the increase of 3, 200 in the number of people employed in Tasmania over the past 12 months, 2,700 or 85% of these are in PART-TIME jobs (Trend Estimate, February 2001, ABS Catalogue No 6202.0).

It is reasonable to suggest that of the around 9,000 new jobs created in Tasmania over the past two years, 85%, or 7,650 of the 9,000 new jobs created have been part-time jobs.

The Treasurer states, in the letter referred to above that

 

"of the 9,000 jobs created in the last two years, full-time and part-time

positions have been represented on a reasonably equal basis".

 

This does not seem to fit with the above figures indicating a significant continuing and growing trend in the drop of full-time employment and the increase in part-time employment.

What are these new 9000 jobs – are they full-time, part-time or casual?

Where are these new jobs – in what industries and in what regions of Tasmania?

Has the creation of these 9,000 new jobs helped reduce the 59.49% of people receiving New Start and Youth Allowance for 12 months or longer and the 38.5% who have been receiving these benefits for more than 24 months?

The Treasurer also speaks of "the employment cycle" wherein part-time jobs may be converted to full-time positions and further states that

 

"when you look back at full-time and part-time job growth over the last two years, this cycle becomes very apparent".

 

The statistics would seem to indicate the exact opposite, namely a clear trend over five years of an alarming increase of 6,700 part-time workers (4,300 in the last calender year) and an equally alarming decrease of 5,600 full-time workers over the same time.

 

JOB CREATIONS and JOB LOSSES

9,000 new jobs have been created in Tasmania over the past two years (letter to the Director of TasCOSS, 15 March 2001, from the State Treasurer, The Hon. Dr David Crean).

 

In the 5 years from December 1995 to December 2000, the number of people employed in Tasmania has increased by only 1,100 - with a national increase of 793,800 workers (ABS Catalogue No. 6203.3 – Revised Figures from Tasmanian Branch ABS, Jan 2001).

 

A reasonable conclusion could be that in the area of job creation, the Tasmanian Government is still falling far short of the mark.

 

Unemployment in Tasmania over the past 12 months has only fallen by 0.1%

 

The present rate of job creation in Tasmania does not appear to be bringing about a significant reduction in the number of people unemployed. This would also seem to indicate that there have been severe job losses over this same period of time, otherwise with the creation of 9,000 new jobs there would have been a significant fall in Tasmanian unemployment.

If Tasmania could even have the same unemployment rate as the rest of Australia, 6.8%, another 5,000 Tasmanians would be in employment, that is, a town the size of New Norfolk (Population size, 1996 census: 5,286) would be in full employment.

Certain statistics are available which show Tasmanian Employment by Industry Sector, outlining job increases and job losses in mainstream industry (ABS Catalogue No. 1306.1 and Department of Treasury unpublished data to December 2000). What these figures do not show is the loss of blue collar jobs in increasing numbers. Around the state more and more blue collar unskilled labouring jobs, which have been traditions within families over generations, are being lost. Frequently we heard of the inappropriateness of the type of "re-training" being foisted upon these workers, and often in the area of information technology.

PART-TIME WORKERS, "THE WORKING POOR"

Part-time workers have increased by 6,700 over the past five years in Tasmania and full-time workers have decreased by 5,600 over this same period. The Treasurer intimates that this is not a concern because "the vast majority of new jobs are for a significant number of hours" and that the average number of hours worked by Tasmanians is "around 33 per week" (letter to the Director of TasCOSS, 15 March 2001, from the State Treasurer, The Hon. Dr David Crean).

 

Is this a case where over-employment, the many who work in excess of 38 hours a week, is used to camouflage the meagre and insufficient number of hours worked by part-time workers?

 

THE CASUALISATION OF THE WORK FORCE

Statistics may or may not demonstrate the increasing casualisation of the work force but there is increasing anecdotal evidence to support such a claim. This would appear to be a case where "official statistics" can hide another complex employment/unemployment issue.

There appears to be no readily available data available on

26.4% of the Tasmanian workforce are employed casually while 34.6% of all female employees are employed casually compared with 19.4% of all male employees (June 2000, ABS Catalogue No. 4102.0,).

 

Casual or seasonal employment means

Casual and seasonal employment also have the requirement to be "on call" and "on stand by" 24 hours a day and involves substantial child care issues.

 

THE "OFFICIAL" UNEMPLOYMENT FIGURES and "THE HIDDEN" UNEMPLOYED

While the official unemployment figures for Tasmania, February 2001, stood at 20,000 (Trend Estimate, February 2001, ABS Catalogue No. 6202.0), there is strong evidence to suggest that the number of unemployed people in Tasmania is far greater. The following categories of people would seem to be among "the hidden" unemployed.

 

 

The definition of being "long-term unemployed" means 12 months or more without work. A true picture of the extent of "long-term unemployment" is not reflected in the official long-term unemployment figures. Work for only a few days during the course of a year cancels a person’s status as "long-term unemployed".

 

We believe that the unemployment situation in Tasmania cannot be addressed by recognising "official" unemployment figures only. A problem cannot be fixed until the nature and extent of the problem is recognised.

 

We believe that the Government needs to take into account the significant number of Tasmanians who fall under the banner of "the hidden unemployed" in its public utterances. We acknowledge that it may not be politically astute for a Government to publicly concede that a problem is bigger and more widespread than it is publicly perceived to be.

 

However, this is an issue about the marginalised and about families and children living in poverty. It is not an issue of "political astuteness".

UP TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE       UPM HOME         DEAD MEN"S SHOES CONTENT

 

 

APPENDIX ONE

Demographic characteristics of job-seekers participating in consultations (n=52)

 

CHARACTERISTIC

GEORGE TOWN

HOBART

HUON VALLEY

TOTAL

 

GENDER

%

%

%

%

Female

20

33

42

33

Male

80

67

58

67

 

AGE

%

%

%

%

16-19

7

0

0

2

20-30

13

6

42

21

31-40

33

28

27

29

41-50

27

33

26

29

51-60

20

33

5

19

> 60

0

0

0

0

 

ABORIGINAL. / TSI

%

%

%

%

Yes

0

0

11

4

No

100

100

89

96

 

PREV. EMPLOYMENT

%

%

%

%

Full-time

60

39

16

36

Part-time

27

22

16

21

Casual

13

39

68

43

 

HOW UNEMPLOYED

%

%

%

%

Redund./Retrench.

69

56

11

41

Retirement

0

0

0

0

Left to provide care

0

0

0

0

Other

31

44

89

59

 

JOB NETWORK PROG.

%

%

%

%

Job Matching

21

24

35

27

Job Search Training

14

6

29

17

Intensive Assistance

65

70

36

56

Other

0

0

0

0

 

TIME ON U/E BENEFITS

%

%

%

%

< 6 months

13

6

22

14

6-12 months

7

22

11

14

12-24 months

13

22

22

20

> 24 months

67

50

45

52

 

APPENDIX TWO

FEEDBACK FROM HOBART CONSULTATION PARTICIPANTS

CONSULTATION - Tuesday 7 November 2000

It was very energizing just to meet other people in a similar situation to myelf.

I had a positive feeling that something could actually be done to improve the lot of "job seekers".

There is so much potential here; intelligent, motivated and vocal people.

The meeting made me feel less useless.

These meetings should continue – even if they only generate hope.

Sharing experiences and positive attitudes with fellow unemployed listening to each other was helpful, and knowing I’m not the only one going through tough times.

There is HOPE that this group could make a difference for ourselves and for others.


It was a good exchange of views with people in similar circumstances.

Meeting the people: everyone was positive, with moving in-put.

Sharing different viewpoints and exchanging experiences, being part of the friendliness and acceptance.

We need to change society’s perception.

I suggest we go further. It would be interesting to get feed back from the other meetings in the Huon and George Town area and to engage in political lobbying.

I enjoyed the participation and the input of others. It was god to have an opportunity to be heard.

I suggest that we be given the opportunity to make suggestions about what Government should do in the future, ie raise the tax free threshold, and also, to make suggestions where we feel the trends will be in future and how people can help themselves and others to create employment and what changes to Government policy would assist this.

The meeting was uplifting, positive and well organised.

I liked the positive attitudes in the face of adversity, but we didn’t have enough time.

I would like to see brainstorming sessions to set up co-operatives and action groups.

It’s really important that our stories are translated into activity with a future focus.

There is a need to keep this initiative on the boil.

I liked today and the idea of T.O.E.S

It was good, combining as a group and sharing ideas and experiences, and discussing relevant problems.

I found it a very interesting and useful exercise.

What I liked:

being able to share freely and listen freely;

all parts of the conversation being respected;

personal sharing being allowed and respected;

the informal environment;

real genuine people, and

provision of lunch, tea, coffee, etc.

Ideas for next time:

talk more about strategies we could use;

implement the strategies;

breaking tasks down and building up to reach objectives

An enlightening and supportive discussion. I would certainly be interested in any further meetings.

The meeting helped me in dealing with my unemployment situation and this has given me a view to what I could be and what I could do to help my community. More time would be a good factor to take on board. I would very much like to be involved in further dealings on this subject.

Today’s meeting has been good in highlighting

  1. the employment seekers’ plight in the eyes of the general community

  2. the collective resource available from employment seekers

  3. the power of the group to progress things and ideas to a productive end.

I personally believe it would be a travesty to allow this energy to go unharnessed any longer. I am prepared to assist in any way possible in order to achieve change and influence attitudes to the positive. To this end I am available in any guise you can use me. Thanks.

It was a good opportunity to tell and to hear other people’s stories.

It was a worthwhile TasCOSS event, very proactive and well run.

FEEDBACK FROM HUON VALLEY CONSULTATION PARTICIPANTS

CONSULTATION – Friday 17 November 2000

I liked being able to be honest. I liked hearing others’ stories and being heard.

I liked being able to "laugh in the face of adversity".

I liked seeing the diversity and not having to justify myself.

I liked the sharing of experiences.

I would like to see a "kid friendly" music arvo for "the job seekers", i.e. a gig with local musos etc – there’s enough of them unemployed!

An "Art Exhibition" by unemployed as a graphic//visual description of their experiences.

What I liked:

it is good to see that people or groups of people like this are actively trying to provide a positive outlook for unemployed people. In doing so the voice of the unemployed is increased and the range of solutions is also increased. It was a good meeting, positive and also empowering for the individual.

I liked the opportunity to "re-member" what it was like to struggle and the empowering that being at the bottom can bring: when you are down at the bottom the only choice is to look up to the light.

Ideas – swamp the Boards of Management (Job Networks) with people who really know what it is like to be below the poverty line with little hope or means.

Have a "feel fine" day festival for the unemployed.

Thanks for the opportunity to let off stream – I was surprised at how much anger I have been carrying around with no one to share it with.

I am keen to be able to use the energy released in me in a productive, empowering way with others.

I would be interested in being involved in forwarding the TasCOSS purposes.

T.O.E.S. sounds like a good name.

It was valuable and worthwhile.

I liked the opportunity to share how it feels to be out of work with others who are more likely to understand and empathise. It was positive rather than just Centrelink/Job Network "bashing" (very important).

Where to from here? Politicians will only change legislation/policies if there’s a vote in it for them as far as ordinary people are concerned. Whatever we or TasCOSS do, we should remember this!

What I liked – I got a better picture of what is happening. I would like to meet again and get some new directions.

It was good to have a bit of a laugh – take away the ‘seriousness’ of the situation. Everyone seemed pretty positive in my opinion.

I enjoyed the confidence and positive response from the participants - to be "unemployed unashamedly" - to be "unemployed and speaking out".

I better understand problems faced in a variety of situations.

It was interesting – talking with others about experiences and hearing others.

I would like to see something come out of this but I am pessimistic.

I would like to see the government care a lot more and to hear some of this.

It was great to have the opportunity to talk and share experiences and realise that I am not alone in the way I feel about myself and my situation.

No-one talked down to us or made us feel like no-hopers. Instead, there was an understanding of our problems and a willingness to try and change government rules to help us.

The consultation fee money was most welcome – though not the reason I came.

I found it actually gave us the opportunity to have our say – to speak out.

It was reassuring that I am not the only one in this situation.

It would be good if what was said would be taken notice of by all the top shots.

If more people got together, the more we could be helped.

I liked talking about and listening to the problems that I and others in my group have had with Centrelink and meeting new people.

Centrelink should ask unemployed people more about things and what they think should be done rather than just presume that it will work.

What I liked about today:

the opportunity to discuss personal stories and to have these stories validated and listening to other people’s stories and knowing you are not alone in your situation;

building on the strengths and positives (stories of resistance) to recognize and acknowledge that I can stay positive and focus energy that isn’t in a negative context.

Future Options: to develop and implement an ongoing support group to lobby and focus on change as well as providing a supportive network of people in similar situations.

I liked the fact that we could talk about unemployment problems and the fact that people were listening and that I am not alone.

I liked the sharing of stories and feeling "normal" and having my say about the issues that I have being unemployed.

I would like to meet more often with community sector reps and with local businesses to identify:

skills needed, work available and avenues for applying for work.

Listening to different views and stories about the unemployed was helpful.

I feel positive that something positive will come from this group and I feel good about myself for contributing.

Some one was listening for once!

I realized that everyone else is in the same boat and you don’t feel singled out for once.

The future: hopefully with what was said today, it will finally make a difference and that it will be a benefit for some of the people here today.

We got to have a say about what we think. Hopefully our points of view will get put across.

There’s more of us out there in the same boat.

 

I liked being able to talk to other people about what is going on about the unemployed.

Maybe we could meet again sometimes.

I liked the energy of the group – ‘group dynamics’.

We could use the Online Centre to advertise looking for jobs – a website for unemployed people in Huonville.

It’s a big relief to be able to talk about how I feel as a job seeker. Feeling so frustrated and hopeless was able to come out of my chest.

I hope the organization will come up with something for someone like me who feels like life has stopped because of my age.

I liked the way it was run and the discussions in small groups.

I liked the format and direction of the meeting. Thanks to TasCOSS for helping voice a perceived problem with the unemployed.

My idea for the future would be to meet and create a resource and opportunity rich environment to empower those outside employment. This meeting of people and pooling of energy could create some great new forward looking profit making opportunities.

FEEDBACK FROM GEORGE TOWN CONSULTATION PARTICIPANTS

CONSULTATION – Tueday 12 December 2000

Today was good and it was nice to know that there are other people with the same problems. I think this sort of group would be good for people, especially the unemployed.

I only hope that Centrelink can learn to have a bit of compassion towards other people.

I hope there will be another group as I will be attending.

This was a great idea; it helped me and the whole group.

This will be a great idea for the future.

I think this meeting was pretty good because its not very often that people are willing to listen and help people speak about all this.

It was a good opportunity to share views and ideas with people in the same boat as us.

For the future: the good formation of a group with similar objectives to be heard in numbers.

It’s been great. It’s a lot better to go to this than to those other places we have to go to. At least we got to talk and it’s not pretending they’ll get us a job. It’s been good. If you have another one, I’ll come.

I felt that today’s discussions may lead to bigger and better results of escaping the unemployment cycle; it also helped me unload the burden of stress caused through this. I enjoyed talking to people who are in the same situation and hope our tiny voices can be heard.

What I liked about today is that you can speak your mind and I hope this meeting really gets up the Government and Centrelink.

It’s been good; it didn’t drag on like Centrelink.

It was very good to be able to share our feelings and to realize there are others in the same boat.

I think there is a good future for this sort of group in George Town as there are so many people unemployed in the town.

Positive. Hopefully it will have good results.

Good to meet other people in similar circumstances and know I am not the only one.

I liked the chance to air my concerns, to talk to others in the same position as I am in and to know that others think and feel the same way as I do.

I hope that the comments of today can be of use to change the way that unemployed are treated (as outcasts) by the community and by Centrelink.

I think without projects like this we don’t have a lot of hope for our children.

Today’s meeting was informative and educating. Lots of interesting thoughts. I am looking forward to the next meeting. Glad to see I’m not the only one.

I found some nice people with the same trouble as myself.

I hope we meet again.

Feelings about today: I found it cathartic for a lot of people. They were able to air their feelings about unemployment and their dealings with Centrelink.

Maybe in further meetings we could deal with different ways to cope with unemployment and build self-esteem.

APPENDIX THREE

LETTER FROM T.O.E.S. TO STATE AND FEDERAL POLITICANS

Tasmanian Organization of Employment Seekers

P O Box 1046

Sandy Bay TASMANIA 7006

Wednesday 21 February 2001

Dear

T.O.E.S is a state wide organisation of employment seekers who are concerned about the trends that they see occurring in government attitudes regarding the disadvantaged in our society.

Our organisation was formed with a number of aims:-

A response to this letter and also your addressing the following issues in the form of a policy statement will enable our members and the Australian public to make a more informed decision when the day comes to cast their votes deciding who they would prefer to represent them in Canberra.

Welfare of the People

The federal government appears to be more concerned in achieving a balanced budget than they are in the welfare of the people they represent. It appears that the government is not so much committed to having all able members of our society in work as they are to having no one in this country receiving assistance.

The government has adopted an adversarial approach when dealing with the disadvantaged, be it the unemployed, disabled, single parents or pensioners. This raises the question, ‘what does the future hold?’

Work for the Dole

This term is derogatory and gives the impression that those required to participate in this would otherwise "do nothing" and are lazy layabouts. Also, if this task is paramount when then is there time to seek ‘real’ employment? Furthermore, if these ‘jobs’ are ‘out there’ why not pay a proper wage and thereby reduce the unemployment statistics in an honest fashion and scrap this entire scheme?

Threats/Breaching

We are concerned at the trend of ‘breaching’ those who fail in some minor way to meet their ‘mutual obligation’. Those receiving benefits live in fear of inadvertently doing something ‘wrong’ and losing their benefit. Correspondence is worded in a threatening manner and now the means of appealing any adverse departmental decision has been significantly altered and is no longer a viable option.

Declaration of Earnings Prior to Payment

This causes real suffering. Regardless of whether payment has been received benefits are cut leaving, in most cases, people without any form of income. A more logical approach would be to cut the benefit AFTER the payment has been received.

In addition, the present tax system penalizes those on benefits doing casual work as any earnings are significantly eroded by tax. Raising the tax-free threshold would alleviate this problem and provide an incentive to those seeking work.

Mortgage/ Rent

It is grossly unfair that people should lose their homes if they lose their jobs. Mortgages are, in effect, rentals and should be treated and assisted as such.

Lack of Representation

No person receiving benefits or, indeed, those who have direct contact with them, is included amongst those who have input to the policies that affect their lives.

Alienation

In recent months there has been a constant stream of statements from the Minister for Employment designed to give the impression that those who are not working are made up of those who seek to be a drain upon those who do.

Policy statements in regards to welfare issues appear to be deliberately aimed at creating a ‘them’ and ‘us’ mentality amongst the Australian people. This seems to be a deliberate campaign aimed at alienating those in work – the taxpayers - from those who are receiving social security benefits so that any future ‘cuts’ to the social security system will be applauded rather than abhorred by those in work.

It would appear that the present government is determined to follow the example of the USA and third world countries in regards to welfare and this being so can we expect this adversarial attitude to continue?

Such is not out of the question if the current trends continue.

In Tasmania, 37% of the population is supported by social security benefits of some kind. Whilst we accept that this statistic applies only to our state and not to Australia as a whole, nevertheless, in other states there will be a large portion of the voting public who, like our members, are concerned with the current trends in government policy as it relates to these issues.

We request that you give your urgent attention to the issues outlined above and look forward to your immediate response in this election year.

Yours faithfully

Vince McCormack (for and on behalf of T.O.E.S.)

APPENDIX Four

Demographic characteristics of job-seekers participating in consultations (n=52)

 

CHARACTERISTIC

GEORGE TOWN

HOBART

HUON VALLEY

TOTAL

 

GENDER

%

%

%

%

Female

20

33

42

33

Male

80

67

58

67

 

AGE

%

%

%

%

16-19

7

0

0

2

20-30

13

6

42

21

31-40

33

28

27

29

41-50

27

33

26

29

51-60

20

33

5

19

> 60

0

0

0

0

 

ABORIGINAL. / TSI

%

%

%

%

Yes

0

0

11

4

No

100

100

89

96

 

PREV. EMPLOYMENT

%

%

%

%

Full-time

60

39

16

36

Part-time

27

22

16

21

Casual

13

39

68

43

 

HOW UNEMPLOYED

%

%

%

%

Redund./Retrench.

69

56

11

41

Retirement

0

0

0

0

Left to provide care

0

0

0

0

Other

31

44

89

59

 

JOB NETWORK PROG.

%

%

%

%

Job Matching

21

24

35

27

Job Search Training

14

6

29

17

Intensive Assistance

65

70

36

56

Other

0

0

0

0

 

TIME ON U/E BENEFITS

%

%

%

%

< 6 months

13

6

22

14

6-12 months

7

22

11

14

12-24 months

13

22

22

20

> 24 months

67

50

45

52