All are eukaryotic-having a nucleus.
65,000 species of protozoa.
All are heterotrophic.
Are either free-living or parasitic-living.
Famous one is the Ameba genus.
40,000 species
Scavengers that feed on decaying organic matter in rivers, streams, and lakes.
Have flexible membranes.
Move using pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions that function in movement.
Cytoplasm-2 regions
Endoplasm-Exactly like ectoplasm except it’s located in the interior of the cell.
When the protozoan moves, the endoplasm pushes outward with the help of the slippery ectoplasm and becomes a pseudopodia
It moves by amboid movement-internal flowing of the contents of the cell.
Usually hypertonic to environment and have a contractile vacuole which pushes the water out.
Surround the water and ingest nutrients by phagocytosis-englufing the food.
Surrounds the food with its pseudopodia.
Closes together its cell membrane and pinches together in and the food is in a food vacuole.
Enzymes then digest the food.
They use binary fission-asexual and mitotic that
produces identical offspring.
Usually takes less than an hour.
8,000 Species
Live in freshwater and saltwater.
Move with cilia, which beat in synchronized strokes. The cilia causes the body of it to rotate and it moves forward.
Doesn’t change it’s shape like Sarcodina because it’s surrounded with a rigid protein covering called a pellicle-covered with thousands of cilia arranged in rows.
Has two different kinds of nuclei.
-Controls respiration, protein
synthesis, digestion, and asexual reproduction.
digestion.
Using an oral groove-cilia make water currents that sweep food down to the mouth of the paramecium. The mouth pore opens onto a gullet, which forms food vacuoles that move throughout the cytoplasm.
The vacuoles are digested and absorbed and
waste is taken out the anal pore.
Usually uses binary fission. In that process the micronucleus divides by mitosis.
The macronucleus, which contain up to 500 times more DNA than the micronucleus, just stretches out and splits into two parts each going into a daughter cell.
Another way to reproduce is sexual reproduction called conjugation.
Two paramecium line up at their oral grooves.
Their macronucleus disintegrates.
Each micronucleus go through meiosis and produce four haploid micronucleus on each side.
3 of the micronucleus disappear.
The fourth, surviving one moves to the oral groove.
There it undergoes mitosis and produces two haploid micronuclei of unequal size.
The
smaller one micronucleus exchanges with the smaller micronucleus from the other
paramecium.
Now
the micronucleus and macronucleus combine together to form diploid micronuclei.
Then the two paramecium separate and macronuclei forms again.
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Phylum
Zoomastigina
Use
flagella to move.
The
whipping of the flagella pushes or pulls the protozoan through the water.
Most
are free-living, freshwater, and feed on small organisms.
Some
are parasites.
Parasites-3 different kinds
Trypanosoma
Slender,
flattened, with one posterior flagella.
Live
in blood of their hosts (humans and animals) and are carried by means of
bloodsucking organisms such as flies.
Trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness)
Causes
a fever and swollen lymph nodes.
Later
stages, the parasites invade the brain causing uncontrollable sleepiness.
Occurs
in two forms-
Gambian-takes
several years to invade the brain
Rhodesian-affects
the host more quickly and usually is fatal.
Both
are transferred by the tsetse fly, which lives only in Africa.
Leishmania
Carried
by sand flies
Causes
the disease leishmaniasis which disfigures your skin sores and can be fatal.
Occurs
in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Giardia
Carried
by muskrats and beavers.
Causes the disease girdiasis, which gives you fatigue, diarrhea, cramps, and
weight loss.
Drinking water that is contaminated with the disease will not affect muskrats
and beavers but it can harm humans.
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Phylum
Sporozoa
6,000
species
Have
no means of moving.
All are parasitic.
Are carried in the blood of their hosts. They absorb the nutrients in the blood
of their hosts.
Two
kinds of sporozoans including Toxoplasm and Plasmodium cause diseases in
humans.
Toxoplasma
In
humans it causes the disease toxoplasmosis.
Few
or no symptoms for adults but is often fatal to newborns because they don't
have a developed immune symptoms.
Plasmodium
Has
a complex life cycle with more than one host.
Causes
malaria-kills 2 million people a year and happens most often in the tropics.
Mosquito
bites a person and the Plasmodium spores enter the person's bloodstream and
travel to the liver where they reproduce asexually.
New
spores infect erythrocytes and continue asexual reproduction.
Every
two or three days the spores break out of the erythrocytes and release toxins
into the blood.
The toxins will eventually cause the liver and spleen to become enlarged and
sometimes the kidneys end up failing.
Some of the spores develop into cells.
When
the mosquito bites the person it takes in these cells.
Inside
the mosquito the cells develop into gametes and combine to form a zygote.
The
nucleus of the zygote divides internally many times and forms internal spores.
The
spores move to the saliva glands of the mosquito and if the mosquito bites
again, the process happens again.