The Niagara Institute specializes in the detection of deceptive behavior practices. Determining whether or not one is practicing deceptive behavior or is telling the truth, is a concern not only to legal professionals, but it also encompasses the private sector. For instance, it may involve determining complicity in a criminal act, violation of probation or parole conditions, psychological therapy for sexual offenders, or in special circumstances assist in determining employment suitability.

There have been many misconceptions about this highly specialized discipline. Earlier criticism was very much warranted. However, in the last ten years this profession has evolved to a level of unprecedented professionalism and reliability.

Forensic experts at the Niagara Institute of Applied Psychophysiology, are highly trained and experienced. Their backgrounds are predominately from the medical, psychological and law enforcement sectors. Instrumentation and techniques utilized for analysis are state of the science.

HOW DOES IT WORK?
Through the process of a clinical interview, the subject is first evaluated as to their suitability to undergo this procedure. Next, an in-depth interview with the subject takes place and questions are developed regarding the issue under investigation. Non invasive attachments are then placed on the subject and only reviewed questions are asked. Based on the subjects physiological reactions caused by their autonomic nervous system, the expert will determine specific areas of concern.

HOW ACCURATE IS THIS TEST?
Studies have indicated extreme accuracy when the procedure is administered by a competently trained specialist. In addition, there are procedural checks and balance steps taken as additional precautionary measures before any analysis is rendered. This quality control formula significantly eradicates the likelihood of a false positive or false negative analysis.

DO ATTORNEY'S USE PDD?
Yes. Because of the attorney-client relationship, the PDD expert becomes an extension of this communication privilege. Often, counsel gains invaluable insight regarding the issue under investigation. Generally, when a client passes this examination, we suggest that counsel have a pre trial conference with the district attorney. Our experts are available to explain and answer any questions the district attorney may have. Because we utilize digital computerized instrumentation, we can actually demonstrate the physiology of the client to all concerned. Our experience in the law enforcement sector enables us to interact in a positive manner with the prosecution. After all, the district attorney has the responsibility to protect the community and only wants "ground truth."

DOES LAW ENFORCEMENT USE PDD?
Yes. Many agencies have found that by using PDD, they can quickly reduce the number of suspects possibly involved, and can significantly reduce the investigative hours on false information. It is also used in police and fire applicant selection, as well as selection of personnel for highly sensitive positions, investigations, applicant testing,

CAN EMPLOYERS USE PDD?
Since the enactment of the Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988, only select employers are allowed to use this method of screening applicants. Law Enforcement, Federal Agencies, Pharmaceutical companies, Armored Car Transport, Banks are some that are allowed. For more information contact us or your State Labor Board.

CAN ANXIETY CAUSE A PROBLEM?
A reasonable amount of nervous tension is normal. After all, we are human. This is all taken into consideration by the expert and a calibration of your physiological output is performed. The expert will not conduct an examination if the subject is not suitable. Sometimes, deceptive individuals feign anxiety and this is quickly detected.

HOW IS PDD USED IN PSYCHOTHERAPY?
The forensic psychophysiologist in detection of deception, has specialized training in this area and interacts with psychologists specializing in sexual offender treatment. The program is designed not only for therapeutic intervention but also for the protection of society against the client re-offending. Close monitoring of the client is accomplished through PDD. Any violation of probation, parole or therapeutic policy, can result in either re-incarceration, hospitalization or return to a treatment facility. Since our jails are overcrowded and eventually these offenders are released from prison, the court can order continued supervision. This monitoring treatment program has been very successful in several States.

IS PDD ADMISSIBLE IN COURT?
Yes, in some states when a stipulation on the part of both parties has been agreed upon. It has been our experience in the past that prosecutors will usually reconsider prosecuting a case or re-evaluate its merits, if the defendant has successfully passed a PDD examination administered by a reputable specialist.

HOW MUCH TIME IS NEEDED TO CONDUCT THIS EXAMINATION?
Generally, you should allot between two and three hours for the examination. Of course, the more complex the issue, then more time must be allocated. Under no circumstances will a session be shortened just to fit an individuals busy schedule. This examination is much too important.

WHAT ARE SOME BASIC RULES TO FOLLOW?
1. Females entering their second trimester of pregnancy cannot be tested. This is due to the possibility of distortion caused by the physiology of the fetus. Also, females suffering from severe cramping during their premenstrual cycle should schedule their examination when they are more comfortable.
2. Get a good night's rest.
3. Do not ingest any illegal drugs or alcohol.
4. Do not drink excessive amounts of caffeine.
5. If you are taking prescribed medication, take your normal dosage and bring the medication with you so the forensic expert can determine if it will interfere with your examination.
6. Most important, JUST RELAX. The forensic psychophysiologist is highly trained to overcome anxiety. However, your cooperation is the key to a successful examination.
7. If you are ill, call you forensic expert and consult with him/her. It may be to your advantage to reschedule to another date. Any respiratory or cardiovascular problems must be discussed with the FP.
8. All appointments are strictly adhered to. If you fail to appear at your designated time, you will be scheduled at a later date. All cancellations must be given 24 hours prior to the scheduled appearance. A charge for a "No Show" will be assessed.

FOR MORE INFORMATION . . .
Contact the Niagara Institute of Applied Psychophysiology and one of the staff will assist you with your inquiries. The Niagara Institute of Applied Psychophysiology is committed to the professional and ethical standards set forth by the American Association of Police Polygraphists and the American Polygraph Association. All information is considered confidential and will be addressed accordingly pursuant to the law.

The Attorney-Client privilege applies to all defense examinations.