The beginning of the Victorian Era was a time of population growth coupled with primitive medicine and of obsolete science. By the end, comparatively advanced scientific theories had been confirmed; treatment had been improved through the introduction of antiseptic and anesthetic; and the life span of the average human had been increased. In order to understand this transformation, four primary areas of study are examined in detail. The multitude of professions in medicine are detailed, from the prestigious physician to the lowly apothecary, and the arenas in which each works. Current scientific theory prevalent at the time is also described and analyzed in order to understand the treatment practices. Treatment, though very primitive in nature, vastly improved during the Victorian era. Lastly, an analysis of the general health trends that result from the practice, the predominant theories, and the treatment is offered.
Briefs
Medicine was practiced in a wide array of settings. It was practiced by one of a multitude of different practitioners, wielding a variety of licenses. Social class delineated between one practitioner and the next; professional standards were as obscure as female practitioners. Fees ranged from a mere token to a handsome sum wrapped in paper and placed on a nearby table, to allow for discreet collection later. Despite common notions, the Victorian Age was full of medical practitioners, the possible wealth, rank, and social status that were associated with the practice of medicine appealed to many. (Mitchell, Victorian Britain 491)
Victorian scientific thinking evolved from the primitive miasma theory based on odors to an advanced bacterial understanding. Although actions taken to improve health were often founded upon faulty theories, the standard of living was nevertheless improved. By the end of the century Victorians understood the need for antiseptic surgery, anesthetic, and general cleanliness. Through the research and innovation of Joseph Lister, Pasteur, Snow, Budd, and Jenner theories were refined and created to further the cause of medicine.
Promising headway into more effective treatment was made during the Victorian era. Medical practitioners began using opium extensively, as well as laudanum and chloroform. Surgery also became more advanced, and safer through the use of antiseptic. Aside from these new forays into treatment, many people remained reliant on household manuals that prescribed ancient herbal cures and practices.
Although infant mortality decreased and the life expectancy increased during the Victorian era, both measurements indicate terrifying rates. Babies were suspect to disease, infections, and mistreatment (often they were silenced with a mixture of opium and alcohol). The public was susceptible to a wide array of disease, not to mention malnutrition and inhuman working conditions.
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