Definition of Latitude and Longitude

The coordinate system that we use to locate places on Earth is the terrestrial system. The coordinates in the terrestrial system are Latitude and Longitude.

Latitude
Latitude, denoted symbolically by the Greek letter Phi, provides the location of a place on Earth with reference to the equator.
Latitude is divided in parallels (they actually ARE parallel to each other), which are measured in degrees (°).
The equator is the central parallel and divides the earth in two equal halves called the Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere. It marks latitude 0°.
From that reference point, we will find the North Pole (90°N) and the South Pole (90°S).
Other parallels of importance are the Tropic of Cancer (23.6° N), the Tropic of Capricorn (23.6° S), the Arctic Circle (66.6° S) and the Antarctic Circle (66.6° S). These four parallels are used in reference to studies of climate.