Writing in a Second Language (through Think-Aloud)

◑ Awareness’ is crucial in distinguishing from compositions that

examine only product of writing

◑ Writing… Far more than retrieving the necessary words

◑ Noticing the problem is important

Type of Vocabulary Problems

◑ No Word Problem

1) Unknown word (competence based)…gap in knowledge

2) Recall Procedure (performance based)… temporarily inaccessible

◑ One Word Problem

1) Problem Knowledge about the retrieved word (competence based)…

One or some aspect of word is not known to the writer

e.g. problem with meaning, collocation, grammar, spelling

2) Perceived problem of Faulty Access to knowledge about the word

(performance based)…

a. Rejection of retrieved word

b. Perceived problem of repeating the word

◑ More than One Word Problem

1) Word choice problem…retrieving both words that are right and have to choose among them

2) Confused Words…retrieving more than one word which the writer does not know which word is right and one is confused

Solutions and Awareness of Strategies

Successfulness?

◑ No Word

1. Using own linguistic Resources

a. Approximation …coming up with the next best match

b. Paraphrase… convey intended meaning by illustrating, exemplifying, describing properties

c. All-purpose word

d. Literal Translation e.g. public gaze

e. Coinage

f. Message Replacement

2. Appeal for Help

a. Using a dictionary (Proper Dictionary usage?)

b. Asking a friend/teacher

3. Avoidance, Cutting the Message

◑ No Word that is Temporarily Inaccessible

- Repeating, rereading

- Pause

- Shift to Korean

- Retrieving another word

- Retrieving one or more than one syllable

- Leave a gap for delayed recall