Semen Volume This is the amount of semen you produce during ejaculation. Based on World Health Organization guidelines, 2-5 milliliters is considered normal.

Sperm Concentration This measure, also called sperm count, is the number of sperm in a given amount of semen. Normal is more than 20 million sperm per milliliter.

Sperm Motility This is the ability of the sperm to move. A normal result means at least 50 percent of the sperm can move forward.

Sperm Morphology This is the shape of the sperm. Under one system of measurement, at least 60 percent of the sperm should have a normal shape. Under a different, stricter set of criteria for morphology, at least 14 percent of sperm must meet the standards to be considered sufficient.

Oligospermia is low sperm count.

Azoospermia is the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate.

Asthenospermia is low motility.

Teratospermia is low proportion of normal sperm.

Oligoasthenoteratospermia refers to a semen sample in which the sperm fails to meet standards for concentration, motility, and morphology.

Testicular Failure Elevated levels of FSH and LH. This is largely untreatable; your partner would probably require donor sperm to achieve a pregnancy.

Low levels of FSH and LH suggest a problem with the pituitary (a gland in the base of the brain that sends hormonal signals to the testes).

Low levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone together may indicate a condition called hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which means the testes are not functioning because they are not receiving the appropriate hormonal signals.

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May 28, 2004

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