The Goddess made me do it" ; think of how absurd that statement really sounds to a Pagan. After all we generally subscribe to a belief system that supports both immanent and internalized Deity and, to use a theologically technical term, is panentheistic; we and the Deity are mutually dependent on one another. That is, what we do has a direct effect upon the Deity. If our actions are honorable and ethical the Deity is enhanced by us, and likewise, if our actions are dishonorable and unethical the Deity is correspondingly impoverished.

So if we can't take the easy way out and pass the buck entirely to the Lady and wash our hands of it then what do we do? What is it that really guides our behavior in the world? Many would say the Wiccan Rede: An it harm none, do as thou wilt. But is that really sufficient in and of itself?
It is my opinion that the Rede, while making a clear cut statement, is very very broad and quite abstract in nature. While most of us would wholeheartedly embrace the Rede as a guide for our behavior we would also do well to supplement it with a more specific and well- thought-out code of ethics. This code, if intelligently constructed, could serve multiple purposes. One, it could give us more concrete ideas about the concept of harm and suggest appropriate Pagan responses. As such it would become a helpful tool for its user(s) in navigating this wild experience we call life. Another good reason for having a code of ethics (and following it) is it gives us credibility in the broader society as an ethical people. Our ethics is one area where we can truly distinguish ourselves from various "satanic" cults and other groups who engage in the various "dark" arts.
Having to make this distinction has been with people for a long time. Almost two thousand years ago, Jesus is credited with saying that "by the fruits of their labor you shall know them." We would do well to heed these wise words even today and let our actions speak justly for themselves. Let us now take a closer look at this issue of ethics, that elusive, subjective concept that supposedly makes us "civilized".

ethics; 1: the discipline dealing with what is good and bad or right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation;
2.a: a group of moral principles or set of values; b: a particular theory or system of moral values; c: the principles of conduct governing an individual or a profession; standards of behavior; 3: character or the ideals of character manifested by a race or people.

When we look at this definition we see that the concept of ethics is formed around the concepts of morality, behavior and character. So when we talk about Pagan ethics one thing we are talking about is the moral and behavioral aspects of the Pagan weltanschauung. On a personal level we are examining our behavior towards each other and towards everyone else, human and non-human, with whom we interact during the course of our lives. We are also examining how we define and implement our moral duties and obligations towards ourselves and towards others. This is not an easy task. Morality and standards of behavior are very subjective by nature and differ quite substantially from culture to culture and even from person to person within the same culture.

At the group level we can talk about our "professional" ethics, the ethics of magick or the ethics of ritual practice for example. While still retaining a definite individual and very personal aspect to them (especially in solitary practice), there is often a broader sphere of influence involved that reaches beyond the self to include others either directly or indirectly. While still difficult these are somewhat easier to define as we can come together as a group and decide what principles and standards we are going to adhere to ourselves and hold each other accountable to also.

And then there is the "global" aspect of ethics; the character or ideals of character manifested by a race or people. This is the aspect of ethics that defines us as either "good" or "bad" as a people. And this is where the majority of misinformation and misunderstandings exist between our actual identity and the identity imposed upon us by stereotypical definitions of "witch" and "witchcraft" so pervasive in our current society. It is at this interface between actuality and indoctrinated fantasy that the rubber really meets the road. If we are to be successful in changing these definitions and the hatred and hostility they breed on a global level we must each on a daily basis strive to our highest ideals of morality and character in every aspect of our lives. Only by presenting a continuing and consistent presence as an ethical and responsible people collectively will those old ideas finally fall with time, as they must when actual human experience doesn't support and verify expectations. All too often we are thought of first as "a witch", the stereotype, and then secondly, and usually only when they come to know us, as John or Jane Doepagan, a real person.

So let's take a closer look at these intertwined concepts of morality, behavior, and character that appear to define ethics. Morality often appears to have a divine component to it that pure legality does not. Many people think of morality in terms of "God's" law, as opposed to legality which is "man's" law. This is the position of orthodox Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. God defines morality and humans obey. And each of these tradition's sacred texts, the Bible, the Torah, and the Qur'an respectively, are where one finds the specifics. Avi Sagi and Daniel Stateman, in an article for the Journal of Religious Ethics, write: "Since human beings are limited in their moral understanding and in their ability to pursue a moral activity in light of this understanding only unconditional obedience to God can ensure right moral behavior." And R. Zevi Hirsch Levin, from that same journal, explicitly claims "that without religion we have neither morality nor virtue. Morality is determined by the Torah rather than by independent rational considerations." In both of these examples humanity is absolved from any personal responsibility in determining ethical and moral behavior beyond obedience to God or to God's word. This is not a functional paradigm in the Pagan world, where we find neither a sacred text to defer to, nor do we find God "out there" somewhere in an objective position independent from ourselves.

Buddhism, a non theistic tradition, provides us with an example of ethical and moral behavior without tying it to a concept of God or divinity. The basic Buddhist position can be stated in two parts: first, do not harm others and second, help others. Others includes not only other humans but all sentient life. Some Buddhists schools of thought place more emphasis on the second part, helping others, than other schools do, but all emphasize the non harming aspect. To get more specific the Buddhist teaching of moral discipline includes the avoidance of the ten non-virtuous actions involving body, speech, and mind. The non-virtuous actions involving the body are killing, stealing, and engaging in sexual misconduct. Each of these things is very specifically defined. The non-virtuous actions involving speech are lying, harmful speech, divisive speech (meant to bring division between people), and gossip or idle speech. The non-virtuous actions involving the mind are harmful intent, ignorance (active repudiation of the central tenets of Buddhism), and coveting or desiring the wealth or possessions of another.

From the Buddhist perspective it is imperative that one follow these if one is to succeed in attaining enlightenment. The strict mental discipline and meditation practices are not sufficient for it is believed that any gains realized through these practices are offset by the karma incurred from one's engaging in non-virtuous behavior. Here we see a swing of the pendulum entirely the other way. Humanity is now held fully accountable for determining ethical and moral behavior. Even if one chooses to just follow the moral codes of Buddhism, there is still a fundamental difference. The Buddhist canon was developed utilizing human logic and reasoning whereas the Christian, Jewish, and Islamic canons are generally considered to be "revelations" from God.

By combining these two concepts, the existence of and interaction with Deity and a deep respect and consideration for all forms of life we can start to form a foundation for Pagan ethics. Starhawk appeals to the immanence of the Goddess in the world and in all forms of life as her foundation for ethics and ethical behavior. She says: "Love for life in all its forms is the basic ethic of Witchcraft. Witches are bound to honor and respect all living things, and to serve the life force. While the Craft recognizes that life feeds on life and that we must kill in order to survive, life is never taken needlessly, never squandered or wasted. Serving the life force means working to preserve the diversity of natural life, to prevent the poisoning of the environment and the destruction of species." While not as explicit as the Buddhists' ten non-virtuous actions, this still gives us something concrete that we can work with. It connects ethics and morality to behaviors that support life.

If you think about it many of the things that most people, Pagan and non-Pagan alike, find morally objectionable often involve the lessening or taking of life. Such things as murder, rape, and incest are often thought of as moral crimes before being considered legal crimes. Robert Merrihew Adams, a Christian scholar, presents us with the idea of the morally horrible. He says, "It is not a consciousness of a command or requirement laid on us by anyone, but a feeling about the actions themselves and their consequences. We feel there are certain things it would be horrible to do even if there were no authoritative rule or social pressure against them and even if they were not forbidden by God. ... Our primary feelings about such deeds are not about violation of a rule or requirement, but about what is done to the victims." Mr. Adams appears to be appealing to a basic sense of goodness within humanity and a confidence that that goodness will prevail.

Unfortunately this basic goodness doesn't appear to prevail enough or be cohesive enough for our society to function without a legal code. So let's take a look at ethics and morality and their relationship to the legal system. I find it interesting to note that we are faced with a primarily modern and primarily Western phenomena here; the separation of "church" and its corresponding morality from "state" with its corresponding legal code. Historically societies have always combined these. What was generally agreed upon as moral was also legal. The legal code reflected the lived beliefs of the culture which it served. People didn't live separate "religious" lives independently from their "secular" lives, they just lived. In fact there are cultures today who's languages do not contain a word equivalent to our word "religion." In Sanskrit, Hindi, and Tamil you find words for "law," "duty," "custom," "worship," "spiritual discipline," or "the way" but not "religion." These concepts organically incorporate all the things modern Western culture often separates out as being specifically "religious." However in America today, especially as Neo-Pagans, we do not have the luxury of having the "state" automatically define our ethics for us and have that be adequate.

Most of us have heard the phrase "morals are above the law," but what does that really mean? If we think about it we come to the conclusion that this is a real issue for Pagans living under legal systems that perpetuate policies of destruction and hierarchies of domination that are at odds with the tenets of our belief system. So the question is, how do we respond? The Mennonites, a totally pacifist people whose tradition originated in Holland in the 1500's, have lived with this conflict for centuries. One of the deeply held tenets of their faith is the immorality of war and their response to living in lands where war became reality was to relocate whole communities across national borders rather than allow their young and able-bodied men to supply the ranks. While this was a viable option in years past it is not as attractive today in a globally diverse and increasingly populated world. Consequently there will be some of us who will feel a moral obligation to work for political change, either within or from without the system we are situated in. Others will not, preferring instead to take the position that as long as they are not personally affected in a substantial way they have more to offer the community by focusing their energies in other areas.

Now this brings us face to face with the issue of authority. So what is authoritative to us? Most of us would say that the words of the Lady, whether spoken by a priestess at a "drawing down" or heard by our inner ears in meditation, carry a sense of authority. Many of us invest a certain amount of authority in those who are proficient in the psychic arts such as tarot readers and astrologers. We also tend to invest a lot of authority in our clergy and our elders, which is frequently an appropriate and wise thing to do as they often have much in the way of hard-earned experience to offer us.

While each of these has an appropriate place in our decision-making processes, we are still ultimately individually responsible for our choice of actions and the consequences that come of them. Therefore our ultimate authority must come from within our own selves, from our own internal authority. Like the song says: "My skin, my bones, my heretic heart are my authority."

So what exactly are our responsibilities in exercising our internal authority? For one, we have a responsibility to be always aware of our connection to Deity and to be constantly monitoring that connection for "static". Carlos Castaneda refers to this phenomena as the "trickery of the spirit" or "dusting the connecting link to intent." We have to struggle with developing ways of sorting out what is real from what is imagination, fantasy, and wishful thinking. When accepting and acting on the advice of others we have a responsibility to understand and internalize that information lest we fall prey to finger pointing if things develop in unexpected and unwanted ways. And we have a responsibility to be aware of the social and legal environments of the situation and to weigh these factors in. Only when we are reasonably convinced that we have done all these things can we say that we have exercised our internal authority in a morally responsible manner.

So how might we approach formulating and documenting our own code of ethics or a code for our coven or group? First and foremost it's important to critically think about these things. One way to tackle this is to take a top down approach. First consider the broadest of Wiccan ethical concepts, the Wiccan Rede; an it harm none, do as thou wilt. Keep this in mind as the overriding principle as you develop more of the specifics. Also keep in mind that what you eventually come up with needs to both address the central concerns of Paganism and be a practical and useful tool for those who will seek to use it.

With these in mind you might start by considering our societal norms and legal laws. Examine these to see if there is anything that falls within this general category that needs to be explicitly addressed. For example, my coven had a line in its code that said you couldn't do anything illegal. This generated quite a lively discussion over whether speeding was ethical (vs. legal) and what that meant with respect to "an it harm none." But in general this would be where such things as our behavior towards the environment and the earth would be addressed. This is also where you might address pacifistic issues, if you identify yourself as such, and what choices you wish to make regarding pacifistic activities when they clash with the law. Likewise with abortion and other issues where laws may infringe upon the Pagan tenet of full sanctity and control of one's own body. This aspect of your code should in no way be taken lightly and developed arbitrarily with little thought. Anytime you choose to go against the legal system you are not only putting yourself at risk, but you are also putting the community at risk by association. But we each have limits as to just how far our personal morality and integrity can be pushed before we act. It behooves not only us personally but our broader community as well to have a clue beforehand as to where that boundary is and what we think is the best course of action when that boundary is breached. This is where the effort put into critical thinking and communal dialogue can pay off, because there are a variety of responses to this situation and none of them are necessarily "right" for everyone in the group.

Next you might consider overall practices and generally held beliefs specific to the Pagan community. What are the community's generally acceptable behavior norms, especially where they aren't addressed by the legal code? This would be the place to address things like the appropriate uses of magick, will, and intent and the wielding of power for example, or the appropriate expressions of our sexuality within the context of the community. It might also be appropriate to include a code governing hexes and curses.

And finally you might consider what coven specifics and personal agendas might need addressing. This could include group agreements regarding skyclad work and more specific expressions of sexuality. It could also include the groups' agreements regarding smoking and the use or prohibition of drugs for non-medical reasons.

And when you have done all this, keep in mind that what you have produced is a living document that is meant to change over time as you and your group change. And also keep in mind that what you have produced is a code of ethics, not a legal code. You cannot enforce them the way you would hard rules or legal laws. You can only offer them as a gift to your community with the hope that someone will find them helpful on their journey to a better life.

A Coven Code of Ethics
While attending ritual or other coven functions you agree to:

-Relate to others with general politeness, manners, and common courtesy as befitting any gathering of friends.
-Abide by any formal rules, covenants, or guidelines adopted by the coven.
-Enter the circle "in perfect love and perfect trust." Settle any differences with other participants beforehand or don't participate. If it is impossible to settle the differences all parties involved must be able to truly set the issue aside and relate to one another "in perfect love and perfect trust" while in sacred space.
-Try to distinguish between having psychological issues come up and truly being in a compromising position regarding beliefs and values. If you feel you are compromising your integrity by further participation quietly ask the maiden to cut a door in the circle and quietly leave. If something comes up for you that has been triggered by the ritual, speak up so those in charge can address the situation in an appropriate manner.
-Commit to thinking for yourself and not just blindly accepting everything said or done.

In general you agree to:

-Follow the Wiccan Rede: An it harm none, do as thou wilt.
-Make a reasonable effort to consider the difference between will and whim and to consider that harm is not always easily pinpointed.
-Commit to opposing patriarchal oppression and strive to counteract it in positive, non-violent ways. Consciously choose to wield "power with" and "power within" and not "power over."
-Observe the legal code of your cultural location except when by doing so you are violating your personal integrity and morality in such a manner that cannot be overlooked or justified and you have considered the effects of your decision on the coven and the broader community and you consciously choose to take full responsibility for those effects.
-Commit to learning the ways of magick and the Craft that work for you and to apply what you have learned to the best of your ability with intent for the highest good of all according to the free will of all.
-Never work magick or offer prayers on behalf of another without their knowledge and consent.
-Commit to respecting the environment and working towards its recovery.
-Promise to maintain a policy of non-discrimination based on race, age, gender, occupation, physical ability, or sexual orientation.
-Promise to maintain a policy of non-discrimination based on religion as appropriate. Maintain an awareness of Wicca as a religion and the legal and social repercussions of religious discrimination both toward Wiccans and by Wiccans. Be aware of your own biases in this area and walk this line very carefully.
-Commit to remaining open-minded in your contacts with organized religion and seek to "take what you need and leave the rest" realizing that opportunities for encounters with Deity are limited only by yourself.
-Refrain from "Christian bashing" or arbitrarily condemning other religions or religious peoples.
-Refrain from graphic or offensive sexual behavior in public or semi-public situations and maintain an awareness of the changing definitions of graphic and offensive in varied situations.
-Commit to taking responsibility for all aspects of your life, physical, psychological, and spiritual.
-Commit to taking responsibility for your own psychological healing and to overcome the internalized effects of social programming in accordance with Wiccan teachings.
-Commit to the spiritual path and to continued growth and learning.
-Encourage fun, beauty, and play in your personal life and in the lives of others in accordance with Wiccan teachings.

Bibliography
Adams, Robert Merrihew, "Moral Horror and the Sacred", Journal of Religious Ethics, 23.2, Fall 1995, Scholars Press, Publishers, pages 201-224
Bell, Linda A., Rethinking Ethics in the Midst of Violence - A Feminist Approach to Freedom, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, MD, 1993
Book of Shadows, Mary Magdalene Coven
Castaneda, Carlos, The Power of Silence, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York, NY, 1987
Geasair, Mari, "Raven Shadow Collective Mission Statement", 1992 Heretic Heart, author unknown
lecture notes, Comparative Philosophies of Religion, Iliff School of Theology, José Cabaz˘n instructor, 1996
Sagi, Avi and Daniel Stateman, "Divine Command Morality and Jewish Tradition", Journal of Religious Ethics, 23.1, Spring 1995, Scholars Press, Publishers, pages 39-67
Sharpe, Eric J., Understanding Religion, St. Martin's Press, Inc., New York, 1983
Starhawk, Dreaming the Dark, Beacon Press, Boston, 1988 Starhawk, The Spiral Dance, Harper & Row Publishers, San Francisco, 1989 The HarperCollins Study Bible, NRSV, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY, 1989
Unruh, Abe J., The Helpless Poles, Courier Printing Company, Grabill, Indiana, 1973
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, G. & C. Merriam Company, Publishers, Springfield MA, 1961

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