The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921
Albert Einstein, Germany and Switzerland Max-Planck-Institut

"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery
of the law of the photoelectric effect"

einstein-lecture
Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity
http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.pdf

If we consider that part of the theory of relativity which may nowadays in a sense be regarded as bona fide scientific knowledge, we note two aspects which have a major bearing on this theory. The whole development of the theory turns on the question of whether there are phsically prefered states of motion in Nature(physical relativity problem). Also, concepts and assigned to them without ambiguity(stipulation that concepts and distinctions should have meaning). This postulate, pertaining to espistemology, proves to be of fundamental importance.


The MOTION can be only be conceived as the relative motion of bodies.The rigid bodies rest(or stay) (physics' terminology : in an inertial state ) in the coordinate. The TIME use identical CLOCK(the speed(or velocity) is 0 - somewhat 10,000 km/second. THIS IS So called Newtonian's mechanics.(CLASSICAL MECHANICS)


Then the ideas of the (TIME/MOTION) studies by Levi-Civita, Weyl, and Eddington, to implement a logically purer method. And the works of Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics(ED), tale the postulate of invariance of the velocity of light in a vacum(light principle). To harmonize the relativity principle with the light principle, the assumption that an absolute time exists, had to be abandoned. Thus the hypothesis is abandoned that arbitrarily moved and suitably set indentical clocks function in a way that the times shown by two of them, which meet, agree.


The laws of transformation for space coordinates and time for the transition from one inertial frame to another, the Lorentz transformations as they are termed, are uneqivocally established by these definations and the hypotheses concealed in the assumption that they are free from contradiction. Lorentz contradiction


The speicial relativity theory reconciled mechanics and ED. Yet it is not entirely satisfactory. The space-time relationship using the equation.


delta s^2 = c^2 delta t^2 - delta y^2 - delta z^2

can not explain the "red shift" experiment.

g ⊂u ⊂v

The most important concept of Riemanian geometry, "space curvature", on which the gravitational equations. By seeking the simplest differential equations which can be obeyed by an affine correlation there is reason to hope that generalization of graviation equations will be found which includes the laws of electromagetic field. Untill undergo a change the parameters of this elementary process, relativity theory has proved ineffectual in relation to this most profound physical problem of the present time. It retain some significance as limiting laws.


Albert Einstein was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined,
and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html
http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1962/index.html

Lev Landau : After graduating from the Physical Department of Leningrad University
at the age of 19, he began his scientific career at the Leningrad Physico-Technical
Institute. The years 1929 - 1931 he spent abroad, partly as a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow,
working in Germany, Switzerland, England and, especially, in Copenhagen under Niels Bohr.

Landau's work covers all branches of theoretical physics, ranging from fluid mechanics to quantum
field theory. A large portion of his papers refers to the theory of the condensed state. They
started in 1936 with a formulation of a general thermodynamical theory of the phase transitions
of the second order. After P.L. Kapitsa's discovery, in 1938, of the superfluidity of liquid helium,
Landau began extensive research which led him to the construction of the complete theory of the
"quantum liquids" at very low temperatures. His papers of 1941 - 1947 are devoted to the theory
of the quantum liquids of the "Bose type", to which the superfluid liquid helium (the usual isotope No Lecture was delivered by Professor L.D. Landau. ⊃4He)refers. During 1956-1958 he formulated the
theory of the quantum liquids of the "Fermi type", to which liquid helium of isotope ⊃3He refers.

he received the Max Planck Medal and the Fritz London Prize.

Royal Society (London), Danish Royal Academy of Sciences, Netherlands Royal Academy of Sciences,
National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A.

"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"

As the Laureate was unable to be present at the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm, December 10, 1962, the speech was held by Mr Belokhvostikov, Ambassador of the Soviet Union

(Translation)

 

Sire, Madame, Altesses Royales, Excellences, Mesdames et Messieurs,

C'est pour moi un grand honneur que d'avoir à transmettre à l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Suède, au nom du professeur et académicien Lev Davidovic Landau, qui se trouve malheureusement empêché pour raison de santé d'assister à cette solennité, sa profonde gratitude pour le grand hommage rendu à ses travaux par l'attribution du prix Nobel de physique pour 1962.

M. Lev Landau, brillant physicien et fondateur de la théorie des corps condenses, a ainsi rejoint, à juste titre, la pléiade russe des lauréats Nobel du domaine de la recherche scientifique, parmi lesquels nous trouvons les noms de ses prédécesseurs Ilja Metcnikov, Ivan Pavlov, Nikolaj Semenov, Pavel Cerenkov, Igor Tamm et Ilja Frank.

Monsieur Landau m'a prié de dire qu'il considère son prix Nobel comme un hommage rendu non seulement à ses propres travaux, mais aussi aux réalisations d'autres chercheurs soviétiques qui ont collaboré avec lui, hommage qui s'adresse également à l'œuvre accomplie par la science soviétique toute entière.

Permettez-moi, Mesdames et Messieurs, d'exprimer la conviction que l'attribution du prix Nobel à Monsieur Lev Davidovic Landau contribuera à développer plus encore l'intime coopération scientifique qui existe entre les chercheurs soviétiques et leurs collègues de Suède ou d'ailleurs.