HEAT ILLNESS

Summer is upon us, and we can expect to encounter some heat related EMS calls during the next few months.  Generally, the first few really hot weeks of the summer are when most of these emergencies present themselves.  This is when we are least acclimated to the heat and more susceptible to these emergencies.  Here are some of the more common heat related illnesses:

Heat Cramps – Muscle cramps due to loss of sodium and other electrolytes in the body.  Initially, they may start in the hands and progress to more severe cramping in the larger muscle groups such as the legs and abdomen.  Treatment includes removing the victim from the hot environment, cooling them off and giving them sips of water and electrolyte drinks (Gatorade, etc.).  Be aware of vomiting due to trying to drink too fast.   Usually, these people do not require transport to the hospital unless the cramping is very severe.

Heat Exhaustion – This is a mild form of shock caused by prolonged exposure to the heat and sun.  Symptoms include pale, clammy skin, fatigue and a rapid heart rate.  Mental status is generally OK in heat exhaustion, however the victim may feel really tired.  Treatment includes removing the victim from the hot environment, loosening their clothing to allow heat to dissipate, and slowly allowing the victim to drink water.  Again, be cautious of the possibility of vomiting.  Oxygen by non-rebreather mask could be helpful.  This victim could possibly require IV fluid replacement and transport to the hospital if they cannot re-hydrate orally.

Heat Stroke:  A TRUE MEDCAL EMERGENCY!
Heat stroke is characterized by an altered mental status.  The bodies’ compensatory mechanisms fail, and the core temperature increases to a dangerous level.  Victims often have hot dry skin, but the true sign of Heat Stroke is the decreased level of consciousness.  Treatment consist of removing the victim from the hot environment and moving them to a cool location (in an air conditioned building or ambulance).  Give the victim oxygen by a non-rebreather and cool the victim by fanning and using cool packs in the armpits, groin and neck areas. ALS care includes cardiac monitoring and IV fluid replacement.  This victim definitely requires rapid transportation to a hospital.