**********************
* General Media Info *
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VIDEO/IMAGE INFO
*Common Sampling Resolutions*
___________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| Name of | Sampling | Pixel Frame | Notes on |
| Video Sampling | Resolution | Dimensions | Video Sampling |
| Quality | (H-Res * V-Lines)|(wide x high)| Quality |
|_________________|__________________|_____________|________________|
| | | | |
| HD-TV 1920P |Pixel 1:1 sampling| 1920x1080 |ATSC Studio 16:9|
| H.263 quadruple | 16CIF 1408*1152 | 1280x960 | ITU video 4:3 |
| ED-TV 1280I |Pixel 1:1 sampling| 1280x720 | ATSC High 16:9 |
| PAL 625 pixels |Pixel 1:1 sampling| 768x576 |Y'CbCr 4:2:2 4:3|
| DVD widescreen | PAL R.601 720*576| 854x480 | MPEG 16:9 |
| |NTSC R.601 720*480| | |
| DV/DVD normal | PAL R.601 720*576| 640x480 | CCIR 4:3 |
| |NTSC R.601 720*480| | |
| SD-TV 704P wide | NTSC 4CIF 704*480| 854x480 | ATSC norm 16:9 |
| SD-TV 704P norm | NTSC 4CIF 704*480| 640x480 | ATSC norm 4:3 |
| H.263 double | 4CIF 704*576 | 640x480 | ITU video 4:3 |
| NTSC 525 pixels |Pixel 1:1 sampling| 640x480 |Y'CbCr 4:2:2 4:3|
| LD-TV 640P |Pixel 1:1 sampling| 640x480 | ATSC Low 4:3 |
| ED-BetaMax | PAL 525*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 525*482 | | |
| TVRO satellite | PAL 525*578 | Analog Scan |analog broadcast|
| | NTSC 525*482 | | |
| Digital VHS STD | PAL 500*578 | 640x480 | dev by JVC |
| | NTSC 500*482 | | |
| Super VCD wide | PAL 480*576 | 854x480 | PAL 16:9 |
| | NTSC 480*480 | | NTSC 16:9 |
| Super VCD norm | PAL 480*576 | 640x480 | PAL 4:3 |
| | NTSC 480*480 | | NTSC 4:3 |
| Hi-8mm | | | dev by Sony |
| /Laser Disc | PAL 425*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Philips |
| | NTSC 425*482 | | |
| DVD LP wide | PAL 405*576 | 854x480 | MPEG 16:9 |
| | NTSC 405*480 | | |
| Hi-Band Beta | PAL 400*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 400*482 | | |
| Super VHS SP | PAL 400*578 | Analog Scan | dev by JVC |
| | NTSC 400*482 | | |
| DBS satellite | PAL 364*288 | Analog Scan |analog broadcast|
| | NTSC 364*240 | | |
| Video CD | CIF 352*288 | 320x240 | dev by Philips |
| | NTSC CIF 352x240 | | |
| Super VHS LP | PAL 350*578 | Analog Scan | dev by JVC |
| Super VHS EP | NTSC 350*482 | Analog Scan | dev by JVC |
| Broadcast/Cable | PAL 330*578 | Analog Scan |analog broadcast|
| | NTSC 330*482 | | |
| 8mm | PAL 300*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 300*482 | | |
| U-matic SP | PAL 300*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony/JVC|
| | NTSC 300*482 | | |
| Super BetaMax | PAL 285*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 285*482 | | |
| H.261 norm | CIF 352*288 | 320x240 | ITU video 4:3 |
| BetaMax III | PAL 260*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 260*482 | | |
| Hi-Band U-matic | PAL 260*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony/JVC|
| | NTSC 260*482 | | |
| BetaMax II | PAL 250*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 250*482 | | |
| Lo-Band U-matic | PAL 250*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony/JVC|
| | NTSC 250*482 | | |
| BetaMax | PAL 250*578 | Analog Scan | dev by Sony |
| | NTSC 240*482 | | |
| VHS SP/LP | PAL 250*578 | Analog Scan | dev by JVC |
| VHS SP | NTSC 240*482 | Analog Scan | dev by JVC |
| VHS EP (SLP) | NTSC 220*482 | Analog Scan | adopted by JVC |
| H.261 half | QCIF 176*144 | 160x120 | ITU video 4:3 |
| H.263 small | Sub-QCIF 1:1 Res | 128x96 | ITU video |
|_________________|__________________|_____________|________________|
CCIR Notes: NTSC 525 4:3 pixel width to samples per line value: n * 1.1
NTSC 525 16:9 pixel width to samples per line value: n * 40 / 33
PAL 625 4:3 pixel width to samples per line value: n * 54 / 59
PAL 625 16:9 pixel width to samples per line value: n * 118 / 81
NTSC 525 4:3 samples per line to pixel width: n * 10 / 11
NTSC 525 16:9 samples per line to pixel width: n * 33 / 40
PAL 625 4:3 samples per line to pixel width: n * 59 / 54
PAL 625 16:9 samples per line to pixel width: n * 81 / 118
MPEG and DV use pixel width values based on either the 704 with
no horizontal blanking or 720 with horizontal blanking CCIR line
systems when encoded for analog displays in either NTSC or PAL.
Only when there is no width and height scaling defined for the
picture area in container formats such as QuickTime or RIFF AVI
and when the encoding such as ITU or ISO video defines an aspect ratio
the following must be done.
1. When the line length is equal to 720, it should be cropped by
8 pixels on each side (remove the horizontal blanking) to give a
CIF line length of 704. The result should then be scaled to give
a width and height that reflects the aspect.
2a. For ITU CIF video this is the same as the CCIR 525 resolution
aspect of 11:10 to calculate the width then uses a picture aspect
of 4:3 to calculate the height.
2b. For ISO MPEG-2 you use the defined line length (after cropping)
which is the same as the CCIR 525 resolution aspect of 11:10 (4:3) or
40:33 (16:9) to calculate the width and the defined picture aspect
to calculate the height.
2c. For ISO MPEG-1 when the defined resolution 'pel' aspect is greater
than one you use that value or if the line length is equal to 352 you
use the CCIR 525 resolution aspect of 11:10 to calculate the width.
Then use a picture aspect of 4:3 or if the defined resolution 'pel'
aspect is less than one you use that value or if the number of lines
is equal to 288 use the CCIR 625 resolution aspect of 54:59 (less 24
(312 - 288) for vertical blanking) to calculate the height.
2d. ITU H.263v2 and MPEG define width and height only when 1:1 is used.
2e. Other encodings use so-called 'square' pixel values that generally
map the video samples 1:1 with the frame width which compress
into blocks that are usually multiples of 8, 16 or 32.
*Common Timing Rates*
_______________________________________________
| | | |
| Type of Video | Frames Per | Fields Per |
| Motion/Timing | Second | Second |
|___________________|____________|______________|
| | | |
| Progressive Pixels| 60.000 | N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| NTSC color rough | 59.940 Hz | N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| NTSC color exact | 60/1.001 Hz| N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| PAL/SECAM | 50.000 Hz | N/A |
| NTSC monochrome | 30.000 | 60.000 Hz |
| NTSC color rough | 29.970 | 59.940 Hz |
| NTSC color exact | 30/1.001 | 60/1.001 Hz|
| PAL/SECAM | 25.000 | 50.000 Hz |
| Standard Film | 24.000 | N/A |
| NTSC for | | |
| pulldown rough | 23.976 | 47.952 |
| NTSC for | | |
| pulldown exact | 24/1.001 | 48/1.001 |
| Progressive | | |
| NTSC (half) | 15.000 | N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| PAL/SECAM (half) | 12.500 | N/A |
| Film (half) | 12.000 | N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| NTSC (third) | 10.000 | N/A |
| Progressive | | |
| PAL/SECAM (third)| 8.333 | N/A |
| Film (third) | 8.000 | N/A |
| Progressive PAL | | |
| /SECAM (quarter) | 6.250 | N/A |
|___________________|____________|______________|
Notes: The field rate is only used for
video that is interlaced. Film and
pixel displays are always progressive.
Conversion from film to NTSC needs
a 2-3 pull down to duplicate frames
with the audio down sampled by 0.1%.
Film to PAL is either sped up and the
audio is pitch corrected or two fields
duplicated from the 12th and 24th frames.
AUDIO INFO
*Common Timing Rates*
____________________________________________________
| | |
| Type of Audio Quality | Samples Per Second |
|____________________________|_______________________|
| | |
| Digital Audio Tape | |
| - high (double) | 96000 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull up | 48048 Hz |
| - normal | 48000 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull down | 47952 Hz |
| - low (half) | 24000 Hz |
| - very low (quarter) | 12000 Hz |
| Analog Video Tape | |
| - high (double) | 88200 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull up | 44144 Hz |
| - normal | 44100 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull down | 44056 Hz |
| - Legacy Mac Hardware | 22254.545454545454 Hz |
| - low (half) | 22050 Hz |
| - VHS Hi-Fi/Video track | 20000 Hz |
| - Legacy Mac (half) | 11127.272727272727 Hz |
| - very low (quarter) | 11025 Hz |
| - VHS monaural track | 10000 Hz |
| NICAM/FM Broadcast | |
| - high (double) | 64000 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull up | 32032 Hz |
| - normal | 32000 Hz |
| - NTSC 2-3 pull down | 31968 Hz |
| - low (half) | 16000 Hz |
| - NeXT UNIX telephony | 8012.8210513 Hz |
| - very low (quarter/vocal)| 8000 Hz |
|____________________________|_______________________|
Note: An incorrect sample rate will alter the pitch
and tempo of the sample.
Hz or Hertz is a measurement of the frequency
of an electromagnetic waveform. But has
come to be used as an SI unit for the
frequency of any thing that is relative to
one second of time. Hence the number of
samples in one second is referred to in Hz.
*Common Sample Encodings*
________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| Type of Audio Encoding| Uncompressed | Encoded Block | Compression |
| | Block Bit Size | Byte Size | Ratio |
|_______________________|___________________|___________________|________________|
| | | | |
| Offset Binary | | | |
| /8 or 16-bit Unsigned| 8 or 16 bits | 1 or 2 bytes | 1:1 |
| Two's Complement | | | |
| /8 or 16-bit Integer | 8 or 16 bits | 1 or 2 bytes | 1:1 |
| 24-bit Integer/signed | 24 bits | 3 bytes | 1:1 |
| 32-bit Integer/signed | 32 bits | 4 bytes | 1:1 |
| 32-bit IEEE | | | |
| Floating Point | 32 bits | 4 bytes | 1:1 |
| 64-bit IEEE | | | |
| Floating Point | 64 bits | 8 bytes | 1:1 |
| A-law | 16 bits | 1 byte | 2:1 |
| ITU G.711 mu-law | 16 bits | 1 byte | 2:1 |
| Apple IMA ADPCM | 16 bits | 34 bytes | 4:1 |
| Intel DVI ADPCM | 16 bits | variable bytes | 4:1 |
| Microsoft ADPCM | 16 bits | variable bytes | 4:1 |
| Residual Excited | | | |
| Linear Prediction | | | |
| - ESTI GSM 6.10 8 kHz| 16 bits | 33 bytes | 10:1 |
| - Apple GSM 6.10 | | | |
| - MS GSM 6.10 | | variable bytes | |
| Linear Predictive | | | |
| Coding | 16 bits | variable bytes | 23:1 |
| Code Excited | | | |
| Linear Prediction | | | |
| /PureVoice CELP | 16 bits | variable bytes | 19:1 |
| QDesign Music | 16 bits | variable bytes | variable |
| Apple Legacy Macintosh| | | |
| - 3 to 1 | 8 bits | 2 bytes | 3:1 |
| - 6 to 1 | | 1 byte | 6:1 |
| ISO/IEC MPEG version 1| | | |
| - 448 kbps(broadband)| 16 bits | 448-2016 bytes | 1.7:1 - 1.1:1 |
| - 416 kbps(broadband)| 16 bits | 416-1872 bytes | 1.8:1 - 1.2:1 |
| - 384 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 384-1728 bytes | 2:1 - 1.3:1 |
| - 352 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 352-1584 bytes | 2.2:1 - 1.5:1 |
| - 320 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 320-1440 bytes | 2.4:1 - 1.6:1 |
| - 288 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 288-1296 bytes | 2.7:1 - 1.8:1 |
| ISO/IEC MPEG | | | |
| - 256 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 256-2304 bytes | 3:1 - 1:1 |
| - 224 kbps (VCD) | 16 bits | 224-2016 bytes | 3.4:1 - 1.1:1 |
| - 192 kbps (DVD/SVCD)| 16 bits | 192-1728 bytes | 4:1 - 1.3:1 |
| - 160 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 160-1440 bytes | 4.8:1 - 1.6:1 |
| - 128 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 128-1152 bytes | 6:1 - 2:1 |
| - 112 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 112-1008 bytes | 6.9:1 - 2.3:1 |
| - 96 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 96-864 bytes | 8:1 - 2.7:1 |
| - 80 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 80-720 bytes | 9.6:1 - 3.2:1 |
| - 64 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 64-576 bytes | 12:1 - 4:1 |
| - 56 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 56-504 bytes | 13.7:1 - 4.6:1 |
| - 48 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 48-432 bytes | 16:1 - 5.3:1 |
| - 40 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 40-360 bytes | 19.2:1 - 6.4:1 |
| - 32 kbps (SVCD) | 16 bits | 32-288 bytes | 24:1 - 8:1 |
| ISO/IEC MPEG version 2| | | |
| - 24 kbps (dial-up) | 16 bits | 48-216 bytes | 16:1 - 3.6:1 |
| - 16 kbps (dial-up) | 16 bits | 32-144 bytes | 24:1 - 16:1 |
| - 8 kbps (dial-up) | 16 bits | 16-72 bytes | 48:1 - 32:1 |
|_______________________|___________________|___________________|________________|
Note: Uncompressed samples can be in either big (network) or little (Intel)
endian byte order depending on file format and/or hardware. Also block
(frame/packet) byte size may increase with multi channel or stereo samples.
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