borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki

 

 

1. mdebareoba da klimaturi pirobebi

 

saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi, dasavleTidan mas Savi zRva, aRmosavleTidan – azerbaijani; CrdiloeTidan ruseTi, samxreTidan _ TurqeTi da somxeTi esazRvreba. ruseTisagan mas didi kavkasionis qedi gamoyofs, xolo samxreTSi, saqarTvelos sazRvari mcire kav­kasionis mTianeTis qedebsa da vulkanur zegnebze gadis. qveynis teritoriis 85% mTiania. kavka­sio­nis umaRlesi mwvervalebis simaRle zRvis donidan 5000 metrs aRemateba. am patara qveynis buneba araCveulebrivi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba teniani subtro­pikebica da na­xevrad udabnoebic, unikaluri sfagnuri Waobebic da xSiri tyiT Semo­sili mTis xe­obebic, Savi zRvis qviSiani napirebica da maradiuli TovliT dafa­ruli mwverva­le­bic. dasavleT evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTis mravali qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, saqar­Tve­­loSi jer kidev Semonaxulia veluri bunebis TiTqmis xeluxlebeli farTo­be­bi.

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki mde­ba­re­obs saqarTvelos centralur nawilSi, aWara-imereTis qedis aRmosavleT monakveTis CrdiloeT da samxreT ferdobebze. erovnuli parkis ukidures CrdiloeT daboloeba geografiulad im adgils emT­xveva, sadac aWara-imereTis qedi CrdiloeTiT lixis qedSi gada­dis. es qedebi da­sa­vleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisagan gamoyofen. borjom-xara­ga­ulis erovnuli pa­rki 68 000 heqtarze mets moicavs, rac saqarTvelos farTobis TiT­qmis 1%-s Seadgens. farTobis mi­xe­dviT es parki, erT-erTi udi­desia evropaSi.

 

erovnuli parkis CrdiloeTi sazRvari zRvis donidan 1000 - 1600 metris simaR­le­ze gadis da mdi­nare Cxerimelas marcxena sanapiros miuyveba. parkis miRma te­ri-toriaze ganla­gebulia soflebi, nunisi, zvare, vaxani, mo­liTi, ma­relisi, leRvani, sxliTi, farcxnali, xidari da sxv. es soflebi xaragaulis raions ekuTvnis. nunisSi mdebareobs uni­­­ka­luri balneologiuri kurorti. sofeli zvare cnobilia agreTve samkurnalo mineraluri wyliT.

 

aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli parkis am sasazRvro monakveTis CrdiloeTiT gadis amierkavkasiis ZiriTadi satransporto magistrali _ baqo_baTumis SemaerTebeli rkinigzis xazi da saavtomobilo trasa, romelic Tbiliss saqarTvelos sididiT meore qalaq quTaisTan da Savi zRvis sanapirosTan akavSirebs.

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis samxreT_dasavleTiT sazRvari gasdevs amier­kavkasiis yvelaze didi mdinaris _ mtkvris xeobas, sadac mdebareobs saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi da ulamazesi kurorti borjomi. iSviaTi samkurnalo Tvi­sebe-biT dajildoebuli borjomis mineraluri wyali saqveynodaa cnobili.

erovnuli parkis samxreTi sazRvari sofel awyurTan iwyeba. aqve mdebareobs sof­lebi: giorgiwminda, fersa, muRareTi da winubani. es sofeli axalcixis ra­ions mi-ekuTvneba. awyuris maxloblad sazRvari tovebs md. mtkvris xeobas da misi ori Senakadis _ winubniswylisa da baRebisReles wyalgamyof qeds  miuyveba, Semdeg mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTiT da kveTs aWara-imereTis qeds. iqve, maxlob­lad, adigenis raionSi mdebareobs abasTumnis -klimatur-balneologiuri kurorti da astrofizikuri observatoria.

parkis Crdilo_dasavleTiT sazRvari  mdinareebis xaniswylis, laSurisa da sakraulas zemo welze gadis da saqondrias mTamde (1002 m) aRwevs.

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis umaRlesi wertilia samecxvarios mTa _

2642 m, romelic aWara-imereTis qedis CrdiloeT ganStoebaze mdebareobs. sxva mni­Svnelovani mwvervalebia: lomismTa (2198 m), usaxelo mTa (2562 m), wyal­wiTe­la (2496 m), SavimTa (2511 m), daTvisTavi (2433 m) da sxv.

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis CrdiloeTi nawili moqceulia kolxeTis te­nian naxevradsubtropikur arealSi, centraluri - mcire kavkasionis olqSi, xo­lo samxreTi _ mesxeT-javaxeTis mSrali havis gavlenis sferoSi mdebareobs. yve­laze maRali temperetura aRiniSneba parkis CrdiloeT nawilSi. xaragaulis me-teo­sadguris monacemebiT ianvris saSualo temperatura iq +3,20C xolo agvis­to­Si +230.

gacilebiT civa borjomis xeobaSi: aq ianvris saSualo temperaturaa –2,80C, agvostosi ki +190C. simaRlis matebasTan erTad temperatura klebulobs. 1100-1200 metrze zamTarSi temperatura –4, -50C-ia, zafxulSi ki +180C. bakurianSi, 1700 metrze zRvis donidan zamTris temperatura –6, -70C Seadgens, zafxulisa +150C-s

erovnuli parkis teritoria araerTgvarovania naleqebis raodenobis mxrivac. Tu xaragaulSi naleqebis saerTo wliuri raodenoba 1366 mm-ia, rikoTis uReltexilze igi 1842 mm-s aRwevs. SedarebiT naklebia naleqebi borjomis xeobaSi – 653 mm, awyurSi ki – 576 mm.

parkis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze zamTrobiT didi Tovli devs – 50-100 sm, xo­lo maRalmTian raionebSi Tovlis safris sisqe 2 m-mde aRwevs.

 

 

 

2. saufliswulo mamulidan erovnul parkamde

 

daculi teritoriebis istoria saqarTveloSi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba iTqvas, Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. aqac, iseve, rogorc mraval qveyanaSi, es iyo ZiriTadad mefeTa da adgi­lob­riv feodalTa samonadireo adgilebi da saeklesio tyeebi, sadac zrunavdnen nadir-frinvelis momravlebaze da ikrZaleboda xis Wra.

 

garemos dacvis axali etapi iwyeba XIX saukunidan, rodesac saqarTvelo kargavs damoukideblobas da ruseTis imperis nawili xdeba.

 

1862 wels aimrkavkasiaSi mefis nacvlad dainiSna ruseTis maSindeli imperatoris Zma mixeil nikolozis Ze romanovi, romelsac Zalian moewona borjomis Tvalwarm­taci xeoba da iq sazafxulo rezidenciis aSeneba gadawyvita. sasaxlis sazeimo ga­xsnis ceremonials 1871 wels TviT ruseTis xelmwife aleqsandre II-c daes­wro da  Zmas mTeli borjomis xeoba aCuqa.

 

mixeil romanovma tyis didi nawili SemoRoba da unebarTvod xe-tyis moWrisa da nadirobis aRsakveTad 1877-78 wlebSi egerTa SeiaraRebuli razmi Camoayaliba. ege­rebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen formiTa da iaraRiT, eZleodaT xelfasi. egerTa razmSi, qarTvelebTan erTad, eqvsi rusi da ori osic yofila. mixeil romanovis brZanebiT, aRkvetilis sxvadasxva adgilebSi monadireTa saxlebi aaSenes, sadac egerebi ojaxebiT cxovrobdnen. samonadireo saxlebi iyo likanSi, banisxevSi, qvabisxevis misasvlelSi, lomis mTaze, TorSi da sxv.

nakrZalis gamgeblad didma mTavarma germaniidan swavluli bunebismetyveli iutneri Camoiyvana. misi orsarTuliani xis saxli dResac dgas borjomis centrSi.

tyis masivebSi samuSao bevri iyo: cxovelebisaTvis Tivis damzadeba, qvamarilis Setana, sarewao mniSvnelobis cxovelTa dacva da sxv.

iutneris iniciativiT likanis midamoebSi gauSves evropidan Semoyvanili ciyvebi ("danielkebi"), xolo cofianiRelis midamoebSi - jixvis arveebi lagodexidan.

mixeil romanovs tyeSi satelefono xazi gauyvaninebia da morige tyismcvelebi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen. metyeveebs evalebodaT brakonierebTan brZola, tyis dacva-gaSeneba, velur xilze kulturuli xexilis mynoba, xanZarsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba.

borjomSi, axaldabasa da bakurianSi Seqmnil satyeo meurneobebs saTaveSi edgnen gamocdili da saqmis mcodne adamianebi, romlebic zrunavdnen tyeebisa da gareuli nadir_frinvelis dacva_gamravlebisaTvis. maT garjas kargi Sedegi gamouRia _ kavkasiuri iremi, "danielka" da lagodexis nakrZalidan Semoyvanili jixvi ise gamravlebula, rom maTze sanadirod Turme sapatio stumrebsac iwvevdnen.

didi mTavris samonadireo saqmes ganagebda Stabs-kapitani a. kalinovski, romelmac 1900 wels peterburgSi gamosca ilustrirebuli wigni borjomis samonadireo meurneobis Sesaxeb.

ruseTis imperiis ngrevisa, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da pirveli demo­kratiuli respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg (1918 w.), yofili saufliswulo ma­mulis teritoriaze, samarTlebrivi da orga­ni­zaciuli safuZvlis ararsebobis mi­uxedavad, faqtobrivad, SenarCunebuli iyo da­cviTi reJimi. adgilobrivi mosax­leo-bis cnobiere­ba­Si imdenad myarad iyo gamjdari daculi teri­toriis xelSeuxeb­lo­bis wesi, rom brakonierobasa da tyis Wras ar miuRia ramdenadme seri­o­­zu­li mas­Sta­­bebi.  

 

saqarTvelos komunisturi okupaciisa da gasabWoebis Semdeg (1921 w.), cnobili qa­r­­Tveli metyeveebis iniciativiT, 1935 wels, romanovebis kuTvnili mamulis nawi­li (17 948 ha) saxelmwifo nakrZalad gamocxadda. es, pirvel rigSi, bor­jo­mis xe­­obis tyeebis didi wyaldacviTi, nidagdacviTi, rekriaciuli da esTetikuri Ri­re­bulebiT iyo nakarnaxebi.   

 

sabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi bunebis teritoriuli dacva ZiriTadad nakr­Za­le-bis - mkacrad daculi, socialuri sivrcidan izolirebuli teritoriebis Seqmna-funqcionirebiT ifargleboda. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi 15 sa­xelm­wifo nakrZa­lia. maTi saerTo farTobi 168,8 ha-s aRemateba. udavoa, rom nakrZalebma udidesi roli Seasrules garemos dacvis, momavali TaobebisaTvis bunebis  pirvelyofili saxiT SenarCunebis saqmeSi.

 

amasTan, mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis damkvidrebis kvaldakval sul ufro na-T­lad gamoikveTa CvenSi daculi teritoriebis axali, ufro “elastiuri”, rac mT-a­­va­ria - regionebis socilur-ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebu­li  sistemis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba.

 

1995 wels, saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetis gadawyvetilebiT qveyanaSi Seiqmna pirveli, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. am proeqtis finansuri uzrun­vel-yofa itvirTa germaniis mTavrobam. germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis sa-kredito bankma (KfW) grantis saxiT gaiRo 2 261 000 DMMMparkis daarsebisaT­vis, xolo 1 700 000 DMDMdamxmare zonis mosaxleobis garemosdacviTi ganaTlebisa da erovnuli parkis personalis treningisaTvis. am samuSaoTa uSualo Sesruleba daevala bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis (WWF)-is saqarTvelos warmomadgenlo­bas.

 

garda amisa, germaniis mxares ga­Tvaliswinebuli aqvs 2 739 000 DMM–is gamo­yoba borjom-xara­ga­u­­lis regionis (adigenis, axalcixis, borjomis, xaSuris, xaraga­u­li­sa da baRdaTis raionebis) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqtebis dafi­nansebisaTvis.

 

parkis arseboba regionSi axali investiciebis mozidvis Sanss mniSvnelovnad zr­dis, xolo vizitorTa nakadi mosaxleobisaTvis mdgradi, alternatiuli Semo­sa­vlis wyaro xdeba. sanam veluri buneba kargad iqneba daculi, iqnebian vizi­tore­bic da amitom mosaxlebasaTvis garemos xeluxleblad SenarCunebas damatebiTi, praqtikuli motivacia uCndeba.  ase, rom saqarTvelosaTvis am axali tipis dacu-li teritoriis Camoyalibeba xorcieldeba principiT: “parki regionisaTvis – regioni parkisaTvis.”

 

istoriuli konturebi 

saqarTvelo erT-erTi uZvelesi qveyanaa. pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebi 3 000 wlis winaT Seiqmna.

 

Zveli welTaRricxvis VI-IV saukuneebSi, dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriebze Camoyalibda egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebi. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi, farnavazis mefobis dros. qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqi iyo mcxeTa, mTavari RvTaeba - armazi.

 

qristianulma religiam saqarTveloSi axali welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi daiwyo gavrceleba. saxelmwifo religiad ki is 326 wels, mirianis mefobis dros gamocxadda, rasac mohyva eklesia-monastrebis mSenebloba da saRrmTo wignebis qarTul enaze Targmna, qarTuli hagiografiisa da himnografiis originaluri Seqmna ganviTareba.

 

V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis dros safuZveli Caeyara qalaq Tbiliss da male igi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad gamocxadda. am periodSi daiwyo eklesiaTa gacxovelebuli mSenebloba mTeli qveynis teritoriaze.

 

VII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo arabebma daipyres. maTi batonoba IX saukunemde gagrZelda. swored arabebTan brZolaSi Camoyalibda erTiani feodaluri qarTuli monarqia mefe bagrat III-is meTaurobiT.

 

XI-XII saukuneebSi, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis mefobis dros, saqarTvelo uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. es ganapiroba sabrZolo warmatebebma, brwyinvale miRwevebma qveynis mowyobaSi, ekonomikasa da kulturaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamar mefis dros saqarTveloSi gauqmebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasja. amave periodSi daiwera rusTavelis genialuri wigni “vefxistyaosani”.

 

XIII saukunidan iwyeba saqarTvelos Znelbedobis periodi - mongolTa saukunovani batonoba, Temurlengis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi da XV saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelos daSla samefo-samTavroebad. qveyanas dasavleTidan gaumezoblda Turq-osmalTa uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelmac saqarTvelo sabolood moswyvita dasavleT evropas. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ramdenime Turqmanuli saxelmwifo Camoyalibda, xolo CrdiloeTiad kavkasias ruseTi moadga.

 

XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XVIII saukunis bolomde qarTuli samefos samTavroebi TavganwirviT ibrZodnen damoukideblobisaTvis. iran-osmaleTis dausrulebeli omebi saqarTveloSi gasabatoneblad, fizikurad anadgurebda qveyanas, xelisuflebas ki aiZulebda rTuli politikuri manevrirebiT gadaerCina Tavi.

 

XVIII saukunis miwuruls mefe erekle II bevrs ecada aRedgina qveynis erTianoba magram man es mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod qarTlsa da kaxeTSi SesZlo da isic droebiT.

1783 wels georgievskis xelSekrulebiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida. 1801 wels ki ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaauqma da Tavis imperias SeuerTa. sul male igive daemarTa dasavleT saqarTvelosac. kavkasiaSi ruseTis koloniuri reJimi damyarda.

 

1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciis Sedegad droebiT ganTavisuflebuli saqarTvelo axla bolSevikebma daipyres.

 

srul damoukideblobas qveyanam mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg miaRwia - 1995 wels saqarTvelom axali konstitucia miiRo da saprezidento respublikad gamocxadda.

 

rogorc ukve iTqva, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, dRevandeli adminis­tra-ciuli danawilebiT, ae­r­Tianebs adigenis, axalcixis, borjomis, xaSuris, xaragau­lisa da baRdaTis ra­ionebis miwebs. 

¨      adigeni da axalcixe istoriulad samcxes ekuTvnoda,

¨      borjomis ra­ioni TorSi Sedioda,

¨      xaSurisa – qarTlSi,

¨      xaragaulisa da baRdaTisa – argve­T­Si.

 

 

 

 

mosaxleoba da adgilobrivi zne-Cveulebani

 

 

saqarTvelo ZiriTadad qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli da ramdenime istoriul-geografiul regions moicavs: qarlTs, kaxeTs, fSavs, xevsureTs, mTiuleTs, gudamayars, TuSeTs (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo); imereTs, gurias, aWaras, afxazeTs, samegrelos, raWas, leCxums, svaneTs (dasavleT saqarTvelo); istoriuli samcxe-javaxeTisa da mesxeTis nawils (samxreT saqarTvelo).

 

 

qarTvelebis didi nawili marTlmadidebeli qristiania, arian kaTolikebic – ume-tes wilad samxreT saqarTveloSi da islamis aRmsareblebi - ZiriTadad aWaraSi.

 

borjom-xaragaulis regionis CrdiloeT nawili, xaragaulisa da baRdaTis raione­bi, ZiriTadad marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebiT aris dasaxlebuli. borjomis xeobaSi alag-alag vxvdebiT osuri da somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleobas. eTnikurad yvela-ze Wrelia axal­cixis raioni: qarTvelebis gverdiT aq saxloben didi raodenobiT somexi gregorianelebi, agreTve osebi, berZnebi da ebraelebi. adigenis raonSi ka­To­like qarTvelebi da somxebi cxovroben.   

 

sacxovrisi. bunebis mravalferovnebam, specifikur istoriul da socialur-ekonomikur pirobeb­Tan erTad, ganapiroba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleonis cxovrebis we­sis TavisTavadoba da tradiciaTa Tavisebureba. magaliTad, samxreT saqarTveloSi sac­xovreblad iyenebdnen ulamazes, gvirgviniseburad gadaxurul darbazebs, mtris Se­mosevis dros ki mosaxleoba miwisqveS sagangebod gaTxril derefnebs - darnebs afarebda Tavs. mogzaurs dResac SeuZlia ixilos am saintereso sa­­cxovrebeli nagebobebis kargadSemonaxuli naSTebi erovnuli parkis damxmare zo­naSi, borjomis raionSi.

 

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (magaliTad xaragaulis, an baRdaTis raionSi) gavr­cele­bulia ximinjebze Seyenebuli xis oda-saxlebi, romlebic nestiani niadagisa da havis pirobebiSi saukeTeso sacxovrebels warmoadgens.

 

mosaxleobis xasiaTis Tvisebebi, cxovrebis wesi, xalxuri xelovnebis adgilobrivi Taviseburebani, bevr sxva faqtorTan erTad, specifikuri georgafiuli garemoTic iyos ganpirobebuli. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom bunebis nairgvarobam garkveuli gavlena iqonia iseT kulturul fenomenze, rogoricaa qarTuli folkloruli musikis raRac  gansakuTrebuli, TvalSisacemi mravalferovneba. erovnuli parkis vizitors Sansi eZleva moisminos omaxiani “mxedruli” da dinji kaxuri “mravalJamieri” borjome­li an banisxeveli mosaxlis sufraze, xolo baRdaTsa da xaragaulSi ki datkbes liri­uli imeruli simReriT.

 

adgilobriv gansxvavebebTan erTad, saqarTvelos mosaxleobas aqvs mkveTrad ga­mo-xatuli saerTo Tvisebebi, saerTo tradiciebi da zne-Cveulebani, rac eris mTli­anobas mis saerTo xasiaTs gansazRvravs. es, upirveles yovlisa, aris stu­marT-mo-yveraoba. yvela qarTvelisaTvis stumari dResac “RvTisaa” da misi mosvliT ojaxSi zeimi isadgurebs. stumars gansakuTrebuli pativiT xvdebian, aucileblad sufras uSlian da misi yoveli survilis Sesrulebas cdiloben. iqneb swored amanac ga­napiroba qarTuli samzareulos daxvewiloba da mravalferovneba.

 

axali ojaxis SeqmniTa Tu bavSvis dabadebiT gamowveuli sixaruli mTels saqar­T­ve­­loSi dResaswauliT, lxiniTa da nadimiT aRiniSneba, xolo ubedureba _ adami­anis am qveynidan im qveynad gacileba _ samgloviaro sufriT. Yyvela sufras Ta-visi mkacrad dadgenili wesi da rigi aqvs, romlis dacva sufris TiToeuli wev-ris, upirveles yovlisa ki sufris xelmZRvanelisa da warmmarTvelis _ Tamadis movaleobaa.

 

miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaze borjomis xeobaSi, axalcixis miwis terasebad, anu lare­bad damuSavebis tradicia miuTiTebs.Larxebis sistema gansakuTrebiT Tval­sa­Cinod Cans sofel WobisxevSi. iqve dRemde SemorCenilia uZvelesi darbazuli ti­pis sac­xov­reblebi.

 

saqarTvelo xorbleuli kulturebis warmoSobisa damravalferovnebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes damoukidebel kerad aris miCneuli. msoflioSi cnobili pure-ulis cxrameti saxeobidan saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila 14 da maTi 130 saxesxvaobaa. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Se­degad aRmoCnda jer kidev wina aTas-wleulebSi kultivirebuli xorbleulis naS­Tebi. napovnia veluri mcenare egi-lopsi, romelic kulturuli xorblis erT-EerT winaprad iTvleba. borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis damxmare zonis samxreTi nawili,

a­x­al­cixis raioni, saqarTvelos samefos “xorblis beRlad” iyo cnobili, razedac miuTiTebs ZvelisZveli wisqvilebis mravalricxovani naSTebi, dolabis qvebi da a.S.

 

mevenaxeobisa da Rvinis dayenebis uZveles tradiciebze borjom-xaragaulis mTels damxmare zonaSi aRmoCenili Rvinis marnebi da mar­nis mowyobilobebi metyvelebs. Rvinos xisgan gamoTlil veeba sawnaxelebSi wuravdnen. zo­girTi mecnieris varau-diT, swored saqarTveloa im ve­luri vazis samSoblo, romlisganac dRe­vandeli saRvine vazis jiSebia gamoyvanili.

 

 

 

xaragaulis mosaxleobamac dRemde Semoinaxa bevri xalxuri tradicia. misdeven Zroxis, cxvris, Txis, Roris moSenebas, hyavT frinvelic. rZisagan amzadeben naduRs da cnobil imerul yvels, romlisganac imereli diasaxlisebi Tixis patara kecebze dResac acxoben ugemrieles xaWapurebs.

 

Sinamrewvelobis dargebidan gavrcelebulia meTuneoba. wiTeli Tixisagan mzaddeba sxvadasxva  WurWeli: qoTani, kerZisa da Rvinis jami, doqi, qvevri da sxva. Tixis WurWels amkobdnen moWiqviT, moxatviT, amokawvriT da reliefuri figurebiT.

 

xaragaulSi ulamazesi wnuli WurWeli mzaddeba. masalad iyeneben blisa da cacxvis qerqs, Txilis wnelsa da sxv. wnaven mrgval da ovalur kalaTebs, cxrilebs, godrebsa da gidelebs.

 

dResaswaulebi. borjomis xeobaSi dResaswauloben Sobas, axal weliwads, wyalkurTxevas, aRdgomas. Sobis wina Rames kacebi da mozardili biWebi mTels sofels kardakar Camoivlian, miadgebian Segulebul ojaxs da miumRerebdnen:

     

"ocdaxuTsa dekembersa qriste dabadebulao,

       Soba_axalweliwadi CvenTvis gaTenebulao,

       alaTasa, balaTasa, xeli Cahkar kalaTasa,

      EerTi kvercxi gamogvita, RmerTi mogcems baraqasa".

 

ojaxis diasaxlisi mealiloeebs gamoutanda fuls, kvercxs, Rvinos an sagangebod maTTvis gamomcxvar qadas.

 

sadgeris wminda giorgis eklesiaSi, weliwadSi orjer_ noembersa da aprilSi im­a­r­Teba giorgoba. saswaulmoqmedi wminda giorgi, borjomelTa warmodgeniT, fsiqi­u­rad daavadebulebisa da keTrovanebis Semwea.

 

yovel 21 seqtembers, borjomis xeobis sxva­dasxva soflebSi aRniSnavdnen RvTis-mSo­blobas. am dRes Tavs iyrian RvTis­mSoblis eklesiebSi da ojaxis baraqas, ke-Til­dRe­obas da gamravlebas SesTxoven wminda mariams.

 

xaragaulSi wminda qristianuli dResaswaulebis (aRdgomas, Sobas, naTlisRebas, xarebas, barbalobas)  gverdiT damowmebulia Zveli, naxevrad  warmarTuli dRe-obac, xorcieli kviris xuTSabaTi _ mariaSenoba. am dRes, ojaxis diasaxlisi daklavda mamals saxlis ku­T­xeSi, TarosTan, romelzec anTebuli sanTlebi iyo damagrebuli da asrulebda locvas wminda mariamis saxelze.

 

xaragaulisa da borjomis raionebis TiTqmis yvela sofelSi dResac popularulia Wiakokonoba, romelic aRdgomis win, vnebis kviraSi, didi xuTSabaTis wina Rames imarTeba. oTxSabaT saRamos soflis mTeli mosaxleoba agrovebs fiCxs, ekliani mcenareebis _ askilisa da ZeZvis totebs, mere ki, SuaRamisas koconebs daagiz­gi­ze­ben. mTeli sofeli WiakokonasTan iyris Tavs. gansakuTrebiT mxiaruloben bavSvebi, romlebic erTmaneTs koconze gadaxtomaSi ejibrebian.

 

Wiakokonoba ganwmendis uZvelesi ritualia. swamdaT, rom vnebis kviraSi momravlebul avsulebs cecxli daafrTxobda. xalxuri warmodgeniT, avi sulebi gansakuTrebiT erCodnen bavSvebs, amitom isini koconze gadaxtomiT, cecxlTan uSualo SexebiT unda ganwmendiliyvnen. Wiakokonisagan darCenil nacars naTesebSi abnevdnen, rom isini avi sulebisagan daecvaT. Wiakokonoba TandaTanobiT kargavs pirvandel gaazrebas da garTobis saxes Rebulobs.

 

 

saqarTveloSi sxva mraval zne-CveulebasTan erTad odiTgan arsebobda garemos da-cvis tradicia. aqauri mosaxleoba bunebas mudam moridebiT da pativiscemiT ep­yro­boda. bevrgan, gansakuTrebiT mTaSi, dResac SexvdebiT aTaswlovan muxebsa Tu ka­klebs, romlebsac xalxi "salocavebs" eZaxis _ maTi moWra sastikad akrZalu­lia. unda iTqvas, rom amgvari, rligiur warmodgenebTan dakavSirebuli garemos­dacviTi tradiciebi TandaTan ikargeba. maTi adgili unda daikavos garemosdacviTma ganaTlebam. axali tipis daculi teritoriebi, maT Soris borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkic, garemosdacviTi cnobierebis amaRlebis mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob centrebad moiazreba.  

kulturis Zeglebi

 

rogorc ukve iTqva, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis didi nawili saqar­Tve-lo­s istoriuli provinciebis: argveTis, samcxisa da Toris teritoriaze mde­ba­reobs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi es mxareebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad viTa­rde­bodnen, amitom feodaluri xanis sakulto da saero xuroTmoZRvrebas, bevr saerTosTan erTad, zogjer adgilobrivi Taviseburebanic etyoba.

 

samcxesa da TorSi eklesiebis umetesoba erTnaviani darbazuli Senobebia, monastrebi ki sameklesian bazilikebs warmoadgenen. es aris saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli, sxvagan ucnobi saxeoba Senobisa, sadac centraluri navi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis navebisagan kedlebiTaa gamoyofili. erT SenobaSi gaeTianebuli sami samlocvelo erTmaneTs ori kariT ukavSirdeba.

 

amas garda, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis damxmare zonaSi mravlad gvxvdeba mniSvnelovani gumbaTiani taZrebic, sadac SemorCenilia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi.

 

regionis udidesi strategiuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, rogorc uSualod  erov­nuli parkis, ise mis mimdebare teritoriaze mravlad gvxvdeba Sua sauku­ne­e­bis epoqis didi da mcire zomis safortifikacio nagebobebi. did cixeebSi, ro­gorc ­wesi, gaTxrilia wyalze Casasvleli gvirabebi, an sasmeli wylis rezer­vu­arebi, agreTve xaroebi marcvleulisaTvis.

 

damxmare zonis Zeglebi

axalcixis raioni. jer kidev XIII saukuneSi, roca aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos samefoebi yalibdeboda, samcxis mTavari-jayeli mongolTa yaens daemorCila da misi daxmarebiT mTeli samxreT dasavleTi saqarTvelo SemoierTa. XIV saukuneSi jayelebma aTabegoba miiRes, maTi ZiriTadi rezidencia da samTavros politikuri centri qalaqi axalcixe iyo.

 

XIV saukuneSi samcxis mTavarma beqam da misma SviliSvilma aRbuRam Seadgines sa-moqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonTa krebuli – “beqa-aRbuRas samarTali”. sru­li damoukideblobis misaRwevad aTabagebma scades eklesiuradac gamoyofodnen qarTlis sakaTolikos. XIII-XIV saukuneebSive aSenda samcxis eklesiaTa umravle­soba, maT Soris umniSbnelovanesi gumbaTiani taZrebi: zarzma, Wule, safara, bieTi da sxv. es Zeglebi Tavisi monumenturi freskebiTac aris cnobili.

 

 

saero arqiteqturis Zeglebidan axalcixis raionis teritoriaze gvxvdeba Zalze originaluri, qvis konusuri darbazebi erdoian-gvirgviniani gadaxurviT. sacxo­vreblis kedlebi mSrali wyobiTaa nagebi.

 

adigenis raionSi Tavisi mniSnelobiTa da siZveliT gamoirCeva oZrxis anu oZraxis cixe, romelic dRevandeli abasTumnis maxloblad mdebareobs. amJamad mas “Tamaris cixes” eZaxian. mTaze SemorCenilia ori – zeda da qveda cixis nangrevi. qveda ci­xis galavanTan gaTxrilia gvirabi, romelic ocxiswylis marcxena napirze Cadis.

 

qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, oZrxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi cixe-qala-qia, romelic legendarul mamamTavars oZraxos auSenebia.      VIII saukuneSi oZrxe arabTa sardals murvan yrus auRia. IX saukuneSi cixe didma feodalma, gvaram mamfalma ganaaxla.

 

cixis maxloblad, ocxiswylis Senakad kurcxanis marjvena sanapiroze SemorCenilia monastris nangrevi. aq aRmoCnda qva asomTavruli (Zveli qarTuli alfaviti) warwriT, romelic mecnierebma VII-VIII saukeneTa mijniT daaTariRes. monastris maxloblad, ocxiswyalze Semonaxulia qvis TaRovani xidi, xolo daba abasTumanSi – VIII-XIV saukunis darbazuli eklesia.

 

oZrxis cixe-qalaqi XV saukenemde arsebobda, mas Semdeg ki dabad SemorCa da me-zo­blad mdebare soflis, abasTumnis saxeli ewoda. ruseTis imperiis Semad­gen­lo­baSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 1899-1902 wlebSi, iq aaSenes gumbaTiani eklesia “axali zar-zma”, romelic 1902-1904 wlebSi cnobilma rusma fermwerma m. nesterovma moxata.

 

borjomis raionis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebia sadgeris, timoTesubnisa da neZvis eklesia-monastrebi, romlebic erovnuli parkis siaxloves, mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebareobs.

 

sadgeris wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesia XV saukuneSia agebuli. eklesiis irgvliv, Sveul qarafze qvafenili moedani maRali kedlebiTa da koSkebiT aris mozRuduli. omianobis dros am simagris mTeli sofeli exizneboda xolme.

 

borjomTan mtkvars marjvnidan uerTdeba gujareTiswyali. gujarulas marjvena napirze aris timoTseubnis gumbaTiani eklesia-monasteri. timoTes ubnis RvTis-mSoblis taZari aguriT aris nagebi. agurisavea misgan samxreTiT mdebare karibWec. saydari XII-XIII s-Si auSenebiaT, 1205-1215 wlebSi ki mouxatavT. eklesiis samSeneblo warweridan Cans, rom monasteri augia Salva axalcixels – javaxeTis erisTav-erisTavs, saxelganTqmul meomars, romelic jalaledinma tyved Caigdo da gamahmadianebaze uaris gamo mokla. EklesiasTan aris sameurneo nagebobaTa naSTebi, zeTsaxdeli. XVI s-Si timoTesubani sadgeris wminda giorgis eqvemdebareboda.

 

gujarulas qvemo wyalze, sofel dabasTan dgas dabis wminda giorgis eklesia, rom­lis fasadi mdidruladaa moCuqurTmebuli. samSeneblo warweris mixedviT irkveva, rom eklesia 1333 wels augia giorgi mefis molareTuxucess, romlis saxeli aRar ikiTxeba. eklesiis siaxloves kldeSi gamoqvabulebia gamoWrili, sadac berebis senakebi unda yofiliyo. iqvea wyaroc.

 

erovnuli parkis aRmosavleT daboloebasTan axlos, sofel axaldabasTan iyo ne­Zvis monasteri, romelic IX s-Si cnobili sasuliero moRvawis grigol xanZ­Te­lis mowafes, Tedores dauarsebia. saqarTvelos sameklesian bazilikaTa Soris is yvelaze didi yofila. axla am didebuli nagebobis nangrevebiRa SemorCa.QqarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi neZvis mo­nasteri Satberdis (klarjeTis) gverdiT ixsenieba, viTarca “lavra didebuli”.

 

saero nagebobebidan borjomis raionSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs mtkvris erT-erTi marjvena Senakadis, md. Wobisxevis auzSi, gogiCaanT Reles napirze mdebare gvirgvin-erdoiani sacxovrebeli darbazebi. aseTi darbazebi yve­laze meti TorSia, magram gogiCaanT Relisani gamoirCevian didi zomebiTa da mSe­neblobis maRali teqnikiT. maTi badali mTels saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba. kar­gad damuSavebuli, erTmaneTze morgebuli qvebis mSrali wyobiT nagebi es Senobebi VIII-X saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.

 

mtkvris meore Senakadis dvirisxevis zemo welze, sofel sakiresTan gujris cixea aRmarTuli, romelic Tavis droze erT-erTi samefo rezidencia unda yofiliyo. ci­­xis aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT sam kilometrze mdebareobs sofeli taZrisi. so­flis ganapiras dgas eklesia, romlis Semogareni didi samonastro kompleqsis nan-grevebiT aris mofenili. Eeklesia X s-is II naxevarSia agebuli. taZrisis monas­ter­Si XI s- 7 wlis asakidan swavlobdnen cnobili qarTveli Teologi, sasulie-ro da sazogado moRvawe giorgi mTawmindeli da misi da Tekla.

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis teritoria, rogorc ukve iTqva, Tavisi st­ra­­tegiuli mniSvnelobiT gamorCeuli iyo mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze. aq uZve­lesi droidan arsebobda gza, romelic samcxedan rkinisjvris ureltexiliT imereTSi gadadioda. samcxeSi swored am gziT mosula andria mociquli da uRel­texilze rkinis jvaric masve aRumarTavs. es gza aRniSnulia axali welT­aRricx­vis romaeli gegrafis -  kastoriusis mier Sedgenil rukaze. jer kidev maSin am somxeTis qalaq artaSatidan javaxeT – samcxe – imereTis gavliT soxumSi swored gziT gadadiodnen. aq mniSvnelovani punqti yofila xani, rac sparsulad saxls niSnavs, am SemTxvevaSi ki – sastumro saxls, funduks. xanis qvemoT, xanis wyalze yofila qviTkiris xidi, romelsac kakasxids eZaxdnen.

 

wylis dayolebiT aris sofeli zeda dimi. mis aRmosavleTiT, maRal mTaze cixis nangrevebia SemorCenili. qarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, qarTlis pirvel mefe farnavazs argveTis saerisTaoSi auSenebia ori cixe – Sorapani da dimna.

 

dimis dasavleTiT, sofel sademetraoSi, aris X-XI saukunis eklesia gviani xanis moxatulobis naSTiT, soflis maxloblad ki dgas X saukunis amaRlebis eklesia. dimis aRmosavleTiT, sofel obCaSi SemorCenilia “otiascixis” nangrevebi da wminda giorgis saxelobis saydari., romelic XVI saukuneSi mouxatavT.

 

samcxe-argveTis Zveli gzis bolo punqtia xaniswylisa da rionis SesarTavSi aRmarTuli vardcixe. IV-VI saukuneebSi es iyo egrisis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi, romlebsac berZnuli wyaroebi rodopoliss uwodebdnen. amJamad gaTxrili da Seswavlilia koSkebiani galavniT garSemortymuli cixe-qalaqi, romelic adreuli saukuneebidanve Cabmuli yofila saSinao da sagreo savaWro urTierTobebSi. VI saukunis Sua wlebSi, sparseT-bizantiis omis dros, qalqi xelidan xelSi gadadioda da mniSvnelovnad dazianda. gvian saukuneebSi vardcixe imereTis erT-erTi rezidencia gaxda. igi safuZvlianad SeakeTa imereTis mefem aleqsandre V-m.

 

xaragaulis raionSi erovnuli parki ZiriTadad istoriul lomsiaTxevis Tems moicavs. iqauri Zeglebidan yuradRebas iqcevs vaxanis cixis nangrevi, romelic lixisa da lomismTebidan momaval gzebs ketavda. sainteresoa Cxeris cixec, romelic mdinare Cxerimelas marjvena napirze mdebareobs. cixe abaSiZeebis sakuTreba yofila, magram Semdeg imerTa mefes, solomon I-s SeuZenia da samefo simagred uqcevia. 1784 wels, CxerTan brZolaSi, solomonma sastikad daamarcxa osmalTa laSqari.

 

dinare borimelas marcxena napirze, sofel varZiaSi iyo XI-XIII s-ebis monasteri, romelic 1790 wels Semosulma lekebma gadawves. mis adgilze Semdgom gumbaTiani eklesia auSenebiaT. minaSenisa da samreklos kedlebSi Zveli eklesiis CuqurTmiani, gamuruli qvebia Catanebuli.

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis mimdebare teritoriaze xaSuris raionis Ze­glebidan yvelaze sayuradReboa surami da misi cixe. es punqti ketavda samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimaval gzebs da qarTlis erisTavebis rezidencias war­moadgenda. suramis cixe TeTrad amozidul kldeze dgas. zedacixeSi koSkia da galavani, aqvea eklesia da sasaxlis nangrevebi. ornavian eklesiaSi SerCenilia mo­xa­tulobis kvali. cixe mravaljer SeukeTebiaT, rasac mis kedlebTan erTad weri­lobiTi wyaroebic adastureben.

 

sakuTriv erovnuli parkis teritoriaze mravali istoriuli Zegli gvxvdeba. am Zeglebis adgilze naxva, yovel mogzaurs udides siamovnebas hpirdeba.

 

borjomis raionSi, mtkvris marcxena Senakadis qvabisxevis Suawelze aRmarTulia demoTis cixe. uZvelesi fenebi aq ciklopuri wyobiTaa nagebi da winafeodalur xanas ganekuTvneba. cixeSi SemorCenilia xaroebi da wyalsacavebi. istorikosi leonti mroveli demoTis cixes I saukunis ambebTan dakavSirebiT moixseniebs. eklesia IX s-saa, magram samxreTi navis aRmosavleTi nawili XIII s-Sia gadatixruli da moxatuli. fiqroben, rom mis kedelze gamosaxuli axalgazrda mamakaci, saxelad SoTa, SeiZleba rusTaveli iyos. monsatris pirdapir, xevgaRma, kidev erTi simagrea – molozona. es cixe monsatris msaxurTa saxizari unda yofiliyo SiSianobis dros.

 

erovnuli parkis teritiriaze miedineba mtkvars marcxena Senakadi CiTaxevi. CiTaxevis mwvane saydari SedarebiT ukeT gadarCenili sameklesiani bazilikaa. igi IX saukuneSia agebuli. saydris irgvliv mimofantulia nangrevebi da saflavis lodebi.

 

CiTaxevis Semdeg mtkvars marcxnidan erTvis liknisxevi. aqauri mariamwminda Zalian hgavs CiTaxevis eklesias da isic IX saukuniT TariRdeba.

 

borjomis xeobaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani simagre iyo salis cixe, romelic mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze maRal, sal kldezea aRmarTuli. igi lomis mTisaken qed-qed mimaval gzas ketavda.

 

md. qvabisxevisa da mtkvris SesarTavTan dgas IX-X saukuneebis mijnaze aSenebuli samnaviani bazilika – sakvirike. mis irgvliv nasaxlarebia, mTaze ki cixis nangre­vebi.

 

axalcixis mxridan borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze mdebare Zeglebidan mniSvnelovania sof.xerxemis samxreT-dasavleTiT aris monasteri, romelsac adgilobrivi mcxovrebni boworis eklesias uwodeben. igi mozrdili, darbazuli nageboba yofila, axla perangSemoZarculi da saxuravCaqceulia. soflis ganapiras, kldeze nacixari moCans. qveda cixeSi Sesasvleli xevis mxridan aris kldeSi amokveTili, zeda cixeze asasvlelad ki kldeze safexurebia amoWrili. odnav aRmosavleTiT, winaubnisxevis sofel gurkelSi, maRal mTaze kidev erTi cixis nangrevia. es cixe gaTlili qviT yofila nagebi. XIII saukuneSi am cixis mflobeli yofila aznauri murvan maxunjagis Ze, romelsac qarTveli JamTaaRmwereli ixseniebs, rogorc mongolebTan daucxromel mebrZols.

 

burkelis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs bieTis monastris nangrevi. Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev mTeli, gumbaTiani taZari axla daqceulia. eklesia moxatuli yofila da warwerebic hqonia. or warweraSi ixsenieba eklesiis amSenebeli xoSai, romelic gurkelel aznaurTa ojaxis wevri unda yofiliyo. taZari XIV saukuniTaa daTarirebuli

 

winubnis xevis saTaveSi, kldovan Txemze dgas leknaris cixe. es miuvali simagre Zalian hgavs axlos mdebare meore cixes _ cixisjvars, romelic aqedan kargad moCans. koSkis kedlebSi Cadgmulia qvevrebi, aris marcvleulis Sesanaxi xaroc. iseve, rogorc cixisjvari, es cixec ketavda imereTSi gadasasvlel gzas, romelic lomsianxevSi Cadioda. am cixes Zvelad “lomsianTa” erqva. qarTuli wyarobi mis aSenebasac ukve naxseneb gvaram mamfals miaweren (IXs.).

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze, iseve rogorc mis damxmare zo­naSi mogzauri mravlad xvdeba saeklesio da saero arqiteqturis Zeglebs, sa­fortifikacio nagebobaTa nangrevebs, monumenturi ferweris naSTebs. es yvelaferi, velur bunebasTan erTad, dauviwyar sanaxaobasa da mdidar STabeWdilebebs pirdeba erovnuli parkis vizitorebs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis mcenareuli safari

 

 

saqarTvelos fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis nairgvaroba ganapirobebs misi floris simdidresa da endemurobis maRal dones, mcenareuli Tanasazogadoebebis mravalferovnebasa da gansakuTrebulobas.

 

amJamad saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRwerilia farulTeslovnebis (yvavi­lovnebis) 4300-mde, SiSvelTeslovnebis 20-mde, gvimranairebis 75, xavsebis 665, wyalmcenareebis 2000-mde saxeoba (am ukanasknelTa aRuricxavi saxeobebi aseve bevri unda iyos).

 

rac Seexeba sokoebs, warsulSi maT mcenareTa samyaros miakuTvnebdnen. axla isini ganixileba rogorc cocxal arsebaTa calke samyaro. sokos saxeobebi saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze agreTve uamravia.

 

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mcenareulobis TiTqmis yvela tipi: tyeebi, buCqnarebi, Waobis mcenareuloba, mdeloebi, stepebi, naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba (zogan udabnos mcenareulobis fragmentebic), zRvispira qviSnarebis mcenareuli Tanasazogadoebebi, subnivaluri floristuli kompleqsebi...

 

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcenareulobis 6 ZiriTadi sartyelia: naxevrad udabnos, stepisa da mSrali meCxeri (naTeli) tyis (zRvis donidan 150-600m.), tyis (600-1900m.), subalpuri (1900-2500 m.), alpuri (2500-3000m.), subnivaluri (3000-3500 m.) da nivaluri (3500 m-s zeviT) sartylebi;

 

dasavleT saqarTveloSi 4 ZiriTadi sartyelia: tyis (1900 m-mde), subalpuri (1900-2500 m.), alpuri (2500-3100 m.) da nivaluri (3100 m-s zeviT) sartylebi.

 

samxreT saqarTvelos tyis da subalpur sartylebSi ganviTarebulia agreTve mTis stepebi.

 

saqarTvelos mcenareuli safris Camoyalibebis istoria metad xangZlivi da rTulia. paleogenur periodSi (dasawyisi _ 60+-30 mln. weli, dasasruli _ 25+-2 mln. weli) saqarTvelos teritoriis adgilas arsebuli iafetidisa da Tetisis zRvis sxva kunZulebis flora (paleobotanikuri monacemebis mixedviT) tropikuli iyo.

 

neogenur periodSi (dasawyisi _ 25+-2 mln. weli) havis TandaTanobiTi gacivebis Sedegad tropikuli havis mcenareebis umetesoba amowyda. ukve am periodis meore epoqaSi _ pliocenSi (dasawyisi _ 9+-3 mln. weli, dasasruli _ 1,8 mln. weli) xmeleTis im nawilSi, romelic axla dasavleT saqarTvelos da mis mosazRvre zogierT SavizRvispira mxares  uWiravs, warmoiSva Zveli _ Tbili da teniani havis _ tyis mcenareebis kolxuri refugiumi (TavSesafari). meoTxeuli periodis (dasawyisi _ 1,8 mln. wlis winaT) gamyinvarebis epoqebSi aq Tavi Seafares da Cvens dromde moaRwies mcenareebma, romlebic dasvleT evraziis umetes danarCen nawilSi gadaSenebulia. aseTebia: medvedevis aryi (Betula medwedewii), pontouri muxa (Quercus pontica), imeruli xeWreli (Rhamnus imeretina), lafani (Pterocarya pterocarpa), uTxovari (Taxus baccata), kavkasiuri, anu maRali mocvi (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), Sqeri (Rhododendron ponticum), ieli (Rhododendron luteum), deka (Rhododendron caucasicum), wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis), baZgi (Ilex colchica), Zmerxli (Ruscus hypophyllum), Tagvisara (Ruscus ponticus), kolxuri suro (Hedera colchica) da bevri sxva. maT mesameul reliqtebs uwodeben.

 

saqarTvelos floris am elementTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyroben maradmwvane buCqebi: Sqeri, Zmerxli, deka, baZgi, Tagvisara, agreTve maradmwvane buCq-liana kolxuri suro. foTolmcvivan buCqebTan _ kavkasiur mocvTan, ielTan, kolxur jonjolTan (Staphylea colchica), molozanasTan (Viburnum orientalis) da sxv. _ erTad isini qmnian qvetyes kolxeTisa da misi momijnave zogierTi mxaris tyeebSi. swored isini aZleven kolxur tyes Tavisebur, TiTqosda subtropikul iers.

 

meoTxeul periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaZlierda borealuri (Crdilouri) mcenareebis SemoRwevis procesi: floraSi mkveTrad gaizarda sicivis amtani da yinvagamZle saxeobaTa wili. amave dros, mezobeli mSrali subtropikuli da kontinenturi havis regionebidan saqarTvelos floraSi Semovidnen da damkvidrnen gvalvagamZle mcenareebi (qserofitebi).

 

ra Tqma unda, TviT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcenareTa populaciebSi mimdinare evoluciuri movlenebis Sedegad warmoiqmneboda/warmoiqmneba endemuri saxeobebi.

 

adamianis nakvalevi saqarTveloSi qvis xanis uZvelesi etapis _ Selis epoqidanaa (daax. 600_400 aTasi wlis winaT) cnobili. am teritoriaze ukve adre neoliTSi damkvidrda warmoebiTi meurneoba _ mesaqonleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba.

 

adamianis xangZlivma sameurneo saqmianobam daRi daasva saqarTvelos mcenareul safars. Zalian Semcirebulia tyis farTobi. misi adgili ukavia meoradi mdeloebis, jag-eklianebis, stepebis mcenareulobas; yanebi, baR-venaxebi, Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis plantaciebi da a.S. ZiriTadad natyevar miwebzea. flora gamdidrda dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxidan Semotanili da Semdgom gavelurebuli mcenareebiT.

 

erovnuli parkis CrdiloeTi (xaragaulis) nawilis mcenareuli safari

 

parkis am nawilSi 300_500 m-dan 1800m-de gavrcelebulia umTavresad kolxuri tyis mcenareuloba; ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT: tyis mcenareulobis aRmosavleTkolxuri varianti.

 

tyis sartyelis qveda safexurze, 300_350 m-dan 900_1000 m-de, mTis kalTebi dafarulia Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyiT, romelsac qmnian ZiriTadad wabli (Castanea sativa), wifeli (Fagus orientalis) da rcxila (Carpinus caucasica); maTSi Sereulia muryani (Alnus barbata), cacxvi (Tilia caucasica), kolxuri muxa (Quercus hartwissiana), leka (Acer platanoides) da zogierTi sxva. Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyis masivebSi alag-alag CarTulia wminda murynari, wiflnar-wablnari, wiflnar-rcxilnari koromebi. tyis saburvelqveS ganviTarebulia Sqeris, Zmerxlis,  baZgis, wyavis, kolxuri suros, kavkasiuri mocvis, ielis da sxv. qvetye.

 

tyis sartylis Sua safexurze, 900_1000 m-dan 1300_1400 m-mde, gavrcelebulia wiflnari, romelic zogan Sereuli farTofoTlovani, agreTve rcxilnari, wiflnar-wablnari, wiflnar-rcxilnari, naZvnari (Picea orientalis), naZvnar-soWnari(kavkasiuri soWi _ Abies nordmanniana), wiflnar-naZvnar-soWnari koromebiTaa Canacvlebuli. kolxuri qvetye aqac kargada aris ganviTarebuli. Cveulebrivia tyis Tanasazogadoebebi nairbalaxovani, mTis wivanas, mTis Cadunas (Dryopteris filix mas) safriT.

 

tyis sartylis zeda safexurze, gabatonebulia muqwiwvovani da Sereuli farTofoTlovan-wiwvovani-tyeebi: naZvnari, soWnari, naZvnar-soWnari, wiflnar-naZvnar-soWnari. Tumca zogan muqwiwvovani tyis zemoT wminda wiflnarebicaa. kolxuri qvetye am tyeebSi SedarebiT meCxeria. balaxovan safars qmnian mTis wivana, CitisTvala, qristesbeWeda (Sanicula europaea), mTis Caduna, sxvadasxva xavsi.

 

subalpur sartyelSi, 1800 m-dan 2200 m-de, warmodgenilia am sartyelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareulobis sruli speqtri _ subalpuri tye, subalpuri buCqnari, subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba, subalpuri mdeloebi. subalpuri, e.w. "parkuli" tyis dajgufebebi: subalpuri wiflnari, subalpuri arynari (Betula litwiniwii), subalpuri soWnari, maRalmTisbokviani (Acer trautvetteri), circelian (Sorbus caucasigena)-arynari, subalpuri fiWvnari (Pinis kochiana).

 

subalpur tyeebisa da dekianebis zolSi subalpuri maRalbalaxeulobaa CarTuli. balaxnari aq ise maRalia, rom masSi "cxenosani kaci da rqosani iremi ar gamoCndebis" (vaxuSti bagrationi). sWarbobs Tanasazogadoebebi, romlebic Seqmnilia samtatas (Pyrethrum macrophyllum), xarisSublebis (Senecio rhombifolius, S.othonnae), laSqaras (Symphytum asperum) da sxv. mier.

 

2000_2100 m-dan zeviT subalpuri mdeloebia. esenia umTavresad marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani Tanasazogadoebebi. maTi Semqmneli saxeobebia: namikrefia (Agrostis cappilaris), brZami (Calamagrostis arundinacea), saTiTura (Dactylis glomerata), cxvris wivana (Festuca ovina), timoTela (Pleum phleoides), alpuri Tivaqasra (Poa alpina), cxvris samyura (Trifolium ambiguum), WaRara samyura (Trifolium canescens), kavkasiuri kurdRlisfrCxila (Lotus caucasicus), kavkasiuri baia (Ranunculus caucasicus), mTis barispira (Betonica grandiflora), marmuWis (Alchimilla) saxeobebi da bevri sxva. wminda dajgufebebs qmnian namikrefia, brZami, bersela (Brachipodium silvaticum), frinta (Anemone fasciculata), SiSvelReroiani nemsiwvera (Geranium gymnocaulon), wiTelfexa marmuWi (Alchimilla erythopoda), Zigva (Nardus glabriculmus) da sxv.

 

samecxvarios mTaze, 2500 m-s zeviT, alpuri mdeloebia.

 

 

erovnuli parkis samxreTi (borjomis) nawilis mcenareuli safari

 

erovnuli parkis samxreT nawilSi, dasavleT saqarTvelosTan teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo, agreTve aWara-imereTis qedis gamovliT Semosuli teniani haeris masebis gavleniT, romelic gansakuTrebiT Zlieria aRmosavleT ubanSi _ mdina­re­ebis banisxevis, samoTxisRelis da zanavis xeobebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebel mcenareulobasTan erTad gavrcelebulia tipiuri kolxuri tyis Tanasazogadoebebi _ wiflnari, soWnari, naZvnar-soWnari, wiflnar-naZvnar-soWnari maradmwvane qvetyiT.

 

dasavleT ubanSi _ mdinareebis qvabisxevis, zoreTiswylis da baRebisRelis xeobebSi _ kolxeTis floris elementebis da, Sesabamisad, kolxuri mcenareuli dajgufebebis gavrceleba metad SezRudulia. aq ganviTarebulia qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) da fiWvis tyeebi, agreTve gvalvagamZle buCqebisa da balaxebis kompleqsebi.

 

banisxevis, samoTxisRelisa da zanavis xeobaTa monakveTze mcenareulobis zogadi suraTi aseTia: 750-800 m-dan 1300-1350 m-de gavrcelebulia wiflnari, naZvnari da wiflnar-naZvnari. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebi uWiravs Sereul farTo­foTlovan tyeebs, romelTac rcxila, wifeli, wabli, ifani (Fraxinus excelsior), cacxvi, leka da sxv. qmnian. aq wminda rcxilnarebicaa. am tyeTa qvetyeSi izrdeba: Sqeri, wyavi, baZgi, Zmerxli, kolxuri jonjoli, imeruli xeWreli, kavkasiuri mocvi da sxva kolxuri buCqebi. tyis tipiur kolxur TanasazrdoebaTagan ZiriTadia wiflnari Sqeris qvetyiT, wiflnari kolxuri suros safriT, wiflnari kavkasiuri mocvis qvetyiT da sxv. amave dros, Cveulebrivia wiflnari, rcxilnari, Sereuli farTofoTlovani tye da naZvnari, romlis qveda iarusSi mayvali (Rubus caucasicus) da mTis wivanaa ganviTarebuli.

 

banisxevis xeobaSi qarTuli muxis tye Zalian iSviaTia. muxnari da misi gaCexvis Semdeg ganviTarebuli meoradi dajgufebebi _ jagrcxilnarebi (Carpinus orientalis), tyiscocxianebi (Cytisus caucasicus) da sxva. sakmaod farTod aris gavrcelebuli am xeobis aRmosavleTiT, samxreTisaken miqceul erozirebul ferdobebze.

 

banisxevis xeobaSi, 1350_1400 m-dan 1750_1800 m-de, mTis kalTebi metwilad na­ZvnariTaa dafaruli. am zolSi zogierT adgilas wiflnari da naZvnar-wiflna­ricaa. alag-alag gvxvdeba soWis mcire koromebi. naZvnarebSi, wiflnarebsa da na­Zvnar-wiflnarebSi ZiriTadad Sqeris qvetyea. arakolxuri Tana­sazogado­ebe­bidan gavrcelebulia umTavresad naZvnarebi da wiflnar-naZvnarebi mTis wivanas, mayvlisa da xavsebis safriT.

 

banisxevis xeobis tyis mcenareulobis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa murynari Walis tye. igi mdinaris uaxloes terasazea ganviTarebuli da xeobaSi sakmaod Rrmad (1350 m-de) adis. murynarSi balaxovan safars Savi gvimra (Matteuccia struthiopteris) qmnis.

subalpur sartyelSi, 1800 m-dan zeviT, subalpuri wiflnari, subalpuri naZvnari, maRalmTisbokviani da wiflnar-maRalmTisbokviani "parkuli" tyeebia gavrcelebuli. iSviaTad fiWvis meCxeri koromebic SemorCenila. subalpuri tyeebis zolSi, 1800 m-dan 2150 m-mde, SemorCenilia wiflis, naZvis, fiWvis, aryis, circelis mcire da gadagvarebuli koromebi. arynarebsa da arynar-circelianebsi qvetyes deka qmnis. natyevarze dekis patara dajgufebebic gvxvdeba. erovnuli parkis samxreT nawilSi maRalmTis balaxovani mcenareuloba lokaluradaa gavrcelebuli _ aWara-imereTis qedze, lomis mTaze.

 

lomis mTis samxreT kalTebze, 1750_2100 m-is farglebSi tyispirebsa da natyevar adgilebze, agreTve tyis fanjrebSi ganviTarebulia subalpuri maRalbalaxeuloba (Rimi_Chaerophyllum maculatum), samtata, xarisSublebi, tilWiri_Aconitum orientale, skipalo_Cephalaria gigantea, kenkeSa_Campanula lactiflora, aloSa_C.latifolia, laSqara, mTis Caduna da bevri sxva).

 

1800 m-dan 2200 m-mde gavrcelebulia subalpuri mdeloebi, ZiriTadad marcvlovan-nairbalaxovani dajgufebebi. maTi Semqmnelia: namikrefia, caxcaxa(Bbriza media), brZami, saTiTura, cxvris wivana, tyis Tivaqasra (Poa nemoralis), Wreli yvavisfrCxila (Coronila varia), kavkasiuri kurdRlisfrCxila, cxvris samyura, WaRara samyura (Trifolium pratensis) da kidev bevri sxva saxeoba, maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.

 

qvabisxevis, zovreTiswylisa da baRebisRelis xeobaTa monakveTze sul sxvagvari mcenareulobaa. dasavleT saqarTvelos teniani havis gavlena am mxareze umni-Svneloa. aqauri reliefisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalian daqanebuli, eroziuli an kldovani ferdobebi, xSiria Sveuli kldeebic. xeobaTa qvemo nawilSi, 900 m-dan 1100 m-mde gabatonebulia qarTuli muxis tyeebi da maTi gaCexvis Semdgomi, meoradi mcenareuloba _ jagrcxilnari, Trimliani (Cotinus cogyggria), tyiscocxiani. gamofitul mSral ferdobebze ganviTarebulia gvlerZianebi (Astragalus microcephalus), agreTve sxva qserofituli kompleqsebi. zogan kldeebze izrdeba fiWvi, SedarebiT rbil reliefze (momcro vakeebsa da naklebad cicabo ferdobebze)_ naZvi.

 

1100 m-dan 1300-1350 m-mde fiWvnarebia gavrcelebuli. fiWvis koromebi, gansakuTrebiT kldovan adgilebSi, meCxeria. samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze  fiWvTan erTad qarTuli muxac izrdeba (igi zogan ufro maRlac adis).

 

CrdiloeTisaken miqceul ferdobebze, agreTve rbilreliefian adgilebSi naZvnari, fiWvnar-naZvnari da rcxilnari koromebia. Zalian daqanebul eroziul ferdobebsa da kldeebze ganviTarebulia e.w. "klde-tyis" kompleqsebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian: qarTuli muxa, ifani, mtirala aryi (Betula pendula), mTrTolavi verxviI(Populus tremula), uxravi (Ostrya carpinifolia) da sxv., agreTve bevrnairi buCqovani da balaxovani mcenare.

 

1250_1400 m-dan 1800m-mde gavrcelebulia mxolod wiwvovani tyeebi_naZvnari, fiWvnari, fiWvnar-naZvnari, soWnari, naZvnar-soWnari.

 

subalpur sartyelSi 1800 m-dan 2000_2100 m-mde ZiriTadad subalpuri fiWvnarebia; zogan qveda iarusSi garTxmuli Rvia (Juniperus depressa) izrdeba. SedarebiT rbil reliefze da Rrma xevebSi gvxvdeba subalpuri naZvnaric. iSviaTia maRalmTis bokvis patara koromebi.

 

rogorc vxedavT, erovnuli parkis samxreTi nawilis am ubanSi kolxuri tyis mcenareuloba veRar vrceldeba. aq kolxuri floris elementic cotaa (mcire raodenobiT_uTxovari, uxravi, imeruli xeWreli, ucveTela_PPhiladelphus caucasicus da zogierTi sxva).

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze izrdebian saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanili mcenareebi: uxravi, beryenebi (Pyrius georgica, P.salicifolia), kolxuri jonjoli, Cveulebrivi jonjoli (Staphylea pinnata), wabli, maRalmTis muxa (Quercus macranthera), uTxovari...esenia mcenareebi, romelTac gadaSenebis an seriozuli genetikuri eroziis safrTxe emuqrebaT. erovnuli parki uzrunvelyofs maT gadarCenas.

 

 

cxovelTa samyaro

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki saqarTveloSi arsebuli oTxi zoogeografiuli olqis, didi kavkasionis, kolxeTis, mesxeT-javaxeTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis okrugebis sazRvarze mdebareobs. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs erovnuli parkis faunis metad Tavisebur Semadgenlobas.

 

aq binadrobs CrdiloeT palearqtikis iseTi tipiuri warmomadgeneli, rogoricaa focxveri, keTilSobili iremi, tyis kata, mura daTvi da samxreT palearqtikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sul axlo warsulSi farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobebi: niamori, jiqi,zolebiani afTari.

 

parkis teritoriaze binadrobs saqarTvelos amfibiebis umetesoba, maT Soris iseTi iSviaTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa kavkasiuri salamandra (Mertensiela caucsica), mcireaziuri tritoni (Tsiturus vitatus) da kavkasiuri jvarula (Pelobates caucasica). aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiuri salamandra mxolod saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT TurqeTSi cxovrobs. igi gavrcelebulia tyis zonaSi, zRvis donidan 500-2800 m-mde.

 

qvewarmavlebidan aRsaniSnavia endemuri saxeoba – kavkasiuri gvelgesla (Vipera kaznakowi), romelic gvxvdeba mTis tyeebSi, mTiswineTSi, subalpur mdeloebze. binadrobs qvayrilebsa da mdinareebis napirzebze. Amierkavkasiis endemuri saxeobaa cxvirrqosani gvelgeslac (Vipera amodytes), igi binadrobs tyis mdeloebze, tyispirebSi qvayrilebsa da kldeebSi.

 

erovnul parkSi frinvelebidan gvxvdeba kavkasiuri roWo (--------), romelic cxovrobs tyis zeda sazRvrebze, subalpur da alpur mdeloebze. vrceldeba zRvis donidan 1500-3000 metris farglebSi. Binadrobs mayvlisa da rododendronis bardebSi.

 

mtacebeli frinvelebidan aRsaniSnavia mTis arwivi (Aguila chsysaetos), romelic kldeebsa da xeobebSi ikeTebs budes.

 

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki msxvili ZuZumwovrebis samflobeloa. bevria mtacebeli cxoveli. kvernisnairebidan gavrcelebulia dedofala (Mustela nivalis), romelic erovnuli parkis TiTqmis mTels teritoriaze gvxvdeba. MTels teritoriazea gavrcelebuli tyisa (Mastes mastes) da qvis (Mastes foina) kvernebic. tyis kverna xis fuRuroebSi cxovrobs, qvisa da qvayrilebSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia wavi (Lutra lutra). saukunis dasawyisSi igi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yoveli mozrdili mdinaris piras SegxvdebodaT, mere ki misi ricxovnoba Zalze Semcirda. erovnuli parkis teritoriaze wavi gvxvdeba mdinareebis – banisxevis, likanisrelis, qvabisxevisa da zoreTisreles xeobebSi. wavis makeoba 3-dan 18 Tvemde grZeldeba. makeobis aseTi diapazoni imiT aris gamowveuli, rom wavs SeuZlia araxelsayreli pirobebis dros SeaCeres embrionis ganviTareba.

ZaRlisebrTa ojaxidan aq warmodgenilia ori saxeoba – mela (Vulpes vulpes) da mgeli (Canis lupus). mela sakmaod mravladaa da parkis yvela bunebriv sartyelSi gvxvdeba. mgels ki adamiani bolo wlebamde sastikad sdevnida, mis mokvlaze sagangebo premiac ki iyo dawesebuli da swored amitom maTi ricxvi Zalze semcirda. 1993 wels, premialuri sistema gauqmda da mglis ricxovnobamac TandaTan imata. amJamad mglis populacias saqarTveloSi safrTxe aRar emuqreba.

mtacebel cxovelTa Rirseuli warmomadgenelia mura daTvi (Usrus atctos), romelic gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT binadrobs banisxevSi. DaTvi TiTqmis yvela vertikalur sartyelSi gvxvdeba, igi erTaderTi msxvili ZuZumwovaria, romelic zamTris Zils (hibernacias) eZleva. saqarTveloSi daTvebi ianvar-TebervalSi iZineben.

axlo warsulSi focxveris areali mTels saqarTvelos moicavda, amJamad ki ramdenime izolirebuli populaciis saxiTRa aris SemorCenili. focxveri ZiriTadad tyis binadaria, magram gvxvdeba subalpur da alpur mdeloebzec. Focxveris ricxvi mTels saqarTveloSi 160-s ar aRemateba.

borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli Cliqosnebidan aRsaniSnavia arCvi da kavkasiuri keTilSobili iremi.

arCvis (Rupicapra rupicapra) istoriuli areali moicavda mTels kavkasions, lixis, mesxeTis qedebs da awaris mTianeTs, magram brakonierobisa da miwebis sameurneo aTvisebis Sedegad uamravigawyda da calkeuli izolirebuli populaciebiRa SemogvrCa. dResdReobiT arCvi mxolod erovnuli parkis teritoriaze da aWaris mTianeTSi gvxvdeba. arCvi binadrobs tyeebis zeda nawilSi, agreTve subalpuri da alpuri sartyelebis kldovan adgilebSi.

iremi (Cervus elaphus) gvxvdeba tyeebSi, WalebSi, agreTve, subalpur da alpur saZovrebze. zRvis donidanigi 3100 m-mde mTeli saqarTvelos teritorias moicavs. binadrobs ZiriTadad tyeebSi. Subalpur sartyelSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba.

XX s-is dasawyisSi, saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze mravlad iyo winaaziuri jiSi, focxveri, mgeli da Wreltyava (Vormela peregusa), magram gasabWoebis semdeg daiwyo cxovelTa arealebisa da ricxovnobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, amis mizezic miwebis aTviseba da samonadireo saqmianobis usistemo ganviTareba iyo. mecxoveleobis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia sazafxulo da sazamTro saZovrebis erozia, ris gamoc mniSvnelovnad Semcirda Cliqosnebis ricxvi. swored amitom erovnuli parkis faunis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi, zogierTi maTgani (kavkasiuri salamandra, kavkasiuri gvelgesla, kavkasiuri roWo da arCvi) ki bunebis dacvis msoflio kavSiris wiTel nusxaSi.