犹太人:耶稣不是大卫家族的后裔。按犹太法律,家族身份来自父系;是否是犹太人则根据母系。《马太福音》第1章说,约瑟是大卫的后代(虽然这个家谱和路加
福音中的家谱多处自相矛盾);但是,根据同一章的经文,约瑟并没有和玛丽亚发生性关系。所以,耶稣与约瑟无关,更不是大卫的后代。
答:正如犹太人所言,犹太人的身份是来自两方面,从记载上依从父系的名字,但在血缘上是依照母亲的血统来认定。按照Orthodox
Judaism,如果母亲不是犹太人的话,那么孩子就不会被认定为犹太人。如果孩子不被认定为犹太人的话,那么即使家谱随从父亲,也没有意义了。
马太福音的家谱根据约瑟讲的是Royal
line,而路加福音根据玛丽亚的血统讲的是natural
bloodline。路加福音的家谱同样追溯到大卫。所以,耶稣依然是大卫的后代。有的犹太人说,后裔只能从父系追溯,
不能从母系,其实不然。
历代志上2:34-36
中说,“示珊没有儿子、只有女儿。示珊有一个仆人名叫耶哈、是埃及人。示珊将女儿给了仆人耶哈为妻、给他生了亚太。亚太生拿单、拿单、生撒拔、”。从这里
可以看到,亚太父亲的埃及人身份对于整个家谱的有效性并没有影响。如果这部分家谱记载无效的话,那么2:36节以后的记载就全都无效了,这样不仅仅是基督
教的问题,犹太人的麻烦就更大了。
不仅仅如此,真的叫起真来。大卫都不是纯正的犹太人。大卫是耶西的儿子,耶西是俄备得的儿子。俄备得是波阿斯与摩押女子路得的儿子。俄备得的养母是拿俄米(路得记4:10-16)
而摩押人对于当时的以色列人来说是“外邦人”。
(列王记上11:1-2) 11:1所罗门王在法老的女儿之外、又宠爱许多外邦女子、就是摩押女子、亚扪女子、以东女子、西顿女子、赫人女子。
11:2论到这些国的人、耶和华曾晓谕以色列人、说、你们不可与他们往来相通.因为他们必诱惑你们的心、去随从他们的神.所罗门却恋爱这些女子。
如果真按拉比们严格的律法要求的话,实际上大卫已经不够资格是犹太人。因为从血亲上,他的祖父俄备得的母亲是外邦人,即使耶西娶犹太人为妻也无效了。
犹太人所说的“如果大卫的后代收养了一个非大卫后代的孩子,那他也不会因此成为犹大部落的一员和大卫的后裔。”这是不成立的,因为耶稣的父母都是犹大支派的。
在撒母耳记下6:23
记载大卫的妻子米甲(Michal)直到死日、没有生养儿女。但在同一部撒母耳记下21:8记着,米甲有五个儿子。
参考:http://www.breslov.com/bible/2_Samuel21.htm#8 参考:http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=15881
这五个儿子实际上是她的姐姐生的,是Michal
抚养的,算在她的名下
。所以在这里很清楚地说明,抚养非亲生子女并不影响被抚养子女的继承身份的问题。
Talmud上如此注释: “This
teaches that whoever brings up an orphan in his home is regarded,
according to Scripture, as though the child had been born to
him." (Sanhedrin 19b)
参考
http://www.come-and-hear.com/sanhed...nhedrin_19.html
所以,根据犹太传统,被抚养的子女被当作亲生的一样,享有如亲生的子女的一切权力。
In
most ways, the adoptive parents are to the child as any birth
parent would be. The Talmud says that he who raises someone
else's child is regarded as if he had actually brought him into
the world physically. For those who cannot have children of their
own, raising adoptive children satisfies the obligation to be
fruitful and multiply. The child may be formally named (see
above) as the child of the adoptive parents, owes the adoptive
parents the same duty of respect as he would a birth parent, and
observes formal mourning for the adoptive parents as he would for
birth parents.
Matters relevant to the child's status are
determined by the status of the birth parents, not by that of the
adoptive parents. The child's status as a Kohein, a Levi, a Jew,
and/or a firstborn, are all determined by reference to the birth
parents.
参考:http://www.jewfaq.org/birth.htm
耶稣从马里亚生,继承的是马里亚的大卫王室血统,约瑟也是大卫的后裔,尽管耶稣不是约瑟的亲生,但享有同样的继承权。耶稣的亲母亲和义父约瑟都是犹大支派,所以耶稣也是犹大支派的。并且,在马太福音1:16节使用了特别的说法: 1:16
雅各生约瑟、就是马利亚的丈夫.那称为基督的耶稣、是从马利亚生的。 (And
Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus,
who is called
Christ.)
有犹太人说,马太福音的耶稣家谱追溯到了被诅咒的Jeconiah,所以Jeconiah的子孙是无法做大卫的王位的。因此耶稣就不够资格做弥赛亚了。其
实,关于被诅咒的Jeconiah,犹太人隐瞒了一些事实。那就是Jeconiah的诅咒因为他的悔改而被收回了。尽管这些没有明确写在圣经中,但在犹太
人的文献中都有记载。
在哈该书2:23说: In
that day, saith the LORD of hosts, will I take thee, O
Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the LORD, and
will make thee as a signet: for I have chosen thee, saith the
LORD of hosts.
这里用的make
thee as a signet 与耶利米书22:24论到耶哥尼雅的诅咒though
Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet upon my
right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence;
是截然相反的表征。
在犹太百科全书中是这样记载的:
In
Rabbinical Literature:
Jehoiachin's sad experiences
changed his nature entirely, and as he repented of the sins which
he had committed as king he was pardoned by God, who revoked the
decree to the effect that none of his descendants should ever
become king (Jer. xxii. 30; Pesiḳ., ed. Buber, xxv. 163a,
b); he even became the ancestor of the Messiah (Tan.,
Toledot, 20 [ed. Buber, i. 140]). It was especially his firmness
in fulfilling the Law that restored him to God's favor. He was
kept by Nebuchadnezzar in solitary confinement, and as he was
therefore separated from his wife, the Sanhedrin, which had been
expelled with him to Babylon, feared that at the death of this
queen the house of David would become extinct.
参考:http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/v...arch=Jehoiachin
"
. . . they made the Calf and deserved to be exterminated, and I
would have thought that He would curse and destroy them, yet, no
sooner had they repented, than the danger was averted, And the
Lord repented of the evil (ib. XXXII, 14).And so in many places.
For example, He said about Jekoniah: For no man of his seed shall
prosper (Jer. XXII, 30) and it says, I will overthrow the throne
of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of
the nations... In that day, saith the Lord of hosts, will I take
thee, O Zerubbabel, My servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the
Lord, and will make thee as a signet (Hag. II, 22 f.). Thus
was annulled that which He had said to his forefather, viz.
As I live, saith the Lord, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim
King of Judah were the signet upon My right hand, yet I would
pluck thee thence (Jer. XXII, 24)." Numbers Rabbah XX:20,
Soncino Midrash Rabbah
又有犹太人争论到,两个家谱在撒拉铁和所罗巴伯之处出现了矛盾,其实在犹太人家谱中出现重名重姓的事情非常的多,加之连亲,过继领养等问题。使得家谱的纪
录并非像想象中的一般简单。如果你翻开列王纪和历代志的家谱,会发现相同的问题:当犹大国和以色列国并立的时候,国王及其儿子同名的事情时有发生。 耶罗波安(以色列王)的儿子叫亚比雅Abijah
(王上14:1)而罗波安(犹大王)的儿子也叫亚比雅Abijam
/Abijah (王上14:31)(志下13:1)。他们都是同时代的人,亚比雅常与耶罗波安常常争战(志下13:2)
。
同样,在以色列王亚哈的时代,亚哈的儿子约兰与当时的犹大王约兰同名。犹大王约兰又娶了亚哈的女儿为妻,他的儿子叫亚哈谢
。而亚哈的父亲也叫亚哈谢。(王下8:16-25)
从上面的论证可以了解,无论是从约瑟的Royal
line还是马里亚的bloodline
,耶稣的身份继承问题都没有问题。
有犹太人说,弥赛亚一定要是所罗门的后裔,马里亚的祖先追溯到拿单,所以仍然无效。其实圣经上仅说应许的弥赛亚会是大卫的后裔,从来没说过一定是所罗门的后裔。犹太人举出历代志上22.8的经文来“证明”这一点: 22:8
你要生一个儿子.他必作太平的人.我必使他安静、不被四围的仇敌扰乱.他的名要叫所罗门.〔即太平之意〕他在位的日子、我必使以色列人平安康泰。 22:9
他必为我的名建造殿宇.他要作我的子、我要作他的父.他作以色列王、我必坚定他的国位、直到永远。
然而,这里根本没说弥赛亚一定要是所罗门的后裔。
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