从“摩西之歌”看犹太人字面解经法的矛盾

“摩西之歌”是摩西在犹太人进入应许之地前特别教导以色列人的话语。这篇歌的主旨就是告诉犹太人进入应许之地后若行上帝眼中看为恶的事，将要有的祸患。我们先看一下引文，我用颜色标记了代词，请读者根据上下文来判断指代的对象究竟是谁。中文我们使用的是基督教的译本。

申命记：

31:16耶和华又对摩西说、你必和你列祖同睡．这百姓要起来、在他们所要去的地上、在那地的人中、随从外邦神行邪淫、离弃我、违背我与他们所立的约。

31:17那时我的怒气必向他们发作、我也必离弃他们、掩面不顾他们、以致他们被吞灭．并有许多的祸患灾难临到他们、那日他们必说、这些祸患临到我们、岂不是因我们的　神不在我们中间么。

31:18那时、因他们偏向别神所行的一切恶、我必定掩面不顾他们。

31:19现在你要写一篇歌、教导以色列人、传给他们、使这歌见证他们的不是．

31:20因为我将他们领进我向他们列祖起誓应许那流奶与蜜之地、他们在那里吃得饱足、身体肥胖、就必偏向别神事奉他们、藐视我、背弃我的约。

31:21那时、有许多祸患灾难临到他们、这歌必在他们面前作见证、他们后裔的口中必念诵不忘．我未领他们到我所起誓应许之地以先、他们所怀的意念我都知道了。

31:22当日摩西就写了一篇歌、教导以色列人。

以上是摩西之歌的背景，下面我们看一下问题出在哪里，因为经文较多我这里略去一些，有兴趣的朋友可以自己对照：

32:15但耶书仑渐渐肥胖、粗壮、光润、踢跳奔跑．便离弃造他的　神、轻看救他的磐石。

And Jeshurun became fat and rebelled; you grew fat, thick and rotund; [Israel] forsook the God Who made them, and spurned the [Mighty] Rock of their salvation.

......

32:20说、我要向他们掩面、看他们的结局如何．他们本是极乖僻的族类、心中无诚实的儿女。

And He said, "I will hide My face from them. I will see what their end will be, for they are a generation of changes; they are not [recognizable] as My children whom I have reared.

32:21他们以那不算为神的、触动我的愤恨、以虚无的神、惹了我的怒气、我也要以那不成子民的、触动他们的愤恨、以愚昧的国民、惹了他们的怒气。

21. They have provoked My jealousy with a non god, provoked My anger with their vanities. Thus, I will provoke their jealousy with a non people, provoke their anger with a foolish nation.

......

注意下面的问题：

32:28因为以色列民毫无计谋、心中没有聪明。(中文和合本)

For they are a nation devoid of counsel, and they have no understanding.(犹太圣经译本Judaica Press Complete Tanach )

32:28 But they are a nation who destroys good advice, and they themselves have no understanding. （犹太圣经译本living Torah）

出问题了，基督教中文译本上将此处的代词they直接翻译为以色列民

但在犹太圣经注释上却是这样写的：

they:

The gentile nations (Rabbi Nechemiah in Sifri; Rashi; Rashbam; Ibn Ezra; Chizzkuni; Bachya). Or, the Israelites (Rabbi Yehudah in Sifri).

出处http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=5&CHAPTER=32

在living Torah中的注释中我们发现了非常有意思的现象，就是关于这个“they”究竟指代的是谁犹太人出现了分歧。的确，在圣经中希伯来文גוֹי 通常是指外邦人，但它也作nation, people 的意思。

字典上是这样解释的：

גוֹי

non-Jew (male) ;

non-observant Jew (derogatory) ;

(biblical) nation, people

如果我们结合上下文来看，从摩西之歌警告的对象来看，不难看出这篇词的主要批判对象是失信悖逆的犹太人。(可以参看31：16-22节的经文)。从中文的译文我们可以看出，32：28这里将“they”指代以色列人应该没有问题。但有犹太人从字面上认为此处不是在说犹太人，而是外邦民族。原来摩西是在批判外邦人！！！

接着看29节：

32:29惟愿他们有智慧、能明白这事、肯思念他们的结局。

If they were wise, they would understand this; they would reflect upon their fate.(犹太圣经译本Judaica Press Complete Tanach )

If they were wise, they would contemplate this, and understand what their end will be. （犹太圣经译本living Torah）

这里的他们是在讲外邦人，还是以色列人？结合上面拉比的注释，这里的他们可能是犹太人，也可能是外邦人！！！？？？再接着看30节。

32:30若不是他们的磐石卖了他们、若不是耶和华交出他们、一人焉能追赶他们千人、二人焉能使万人逃跑呢。

How can one [person] pursue a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, unless their [Mighty] Rock has sold them out, and the Lord has given them over? (Judaica Press Complete Tanach )

How could one [man] pursue a thousand, or two [men], ten thousand, if their Mighty One had not given them over, and God had not trapped them? （living Torah）

这里的他们是在讲外邦人，还是以色列人？

看犹太圣经《living Torah》这里的注释：

given them over

(Rashi; Saadia). Or, 'sold them' (Septuagint). 'Them' can refer to Israelites or gentiles; see note on Deuteronomy 32:28.

出处http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?action=displayanchor&pentid=P5781#C4555

我们再看一下《Judaica Press Complete Tanach》 的注释：

How could one [person] of us

pursue a thousand of Israel?!"

unless their [Mighty] Rock has sold them out, and the Lord has given them over i.e., has sold them out, and given them over into our hands, delivrer in Old French [like the English: to deliver].

出处http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9996&showrashi=true

看了犹太人的注释后，就彻底晕了！惟愿他们有智慧、能明白这事！！！