1) Present Continuous
I am doing something.
i am he/she/it are we/you/they are
I'm in the middle of doing something; I have started doing it and not finished yet.
Tom: I'm reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've finished it.
Tom isn't reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it but not finished yet.
He is in the middle of reading it.
2) Present Simple
We use present simlpe to talk about things in general.
do i/we/you/they i/we/you/they don't does he/she/it he/she/it doesn't I promise / I apologise etc.
- I come from Canada. Where do you come from?
- Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.
- What do you do.(=What's your job). I work in a shop.
do is the main verb of this sentence.
Sometimes we dothings by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something you can say "I promise......" ; when you suggest someyhing, you can say " I suggest.....". We use present simple (promise, suspect etc. ) in sentences like this:
In the same way we say: I apologise.../ I advise.../ I insist.../ I agree.../ I refuse... etc.
- I promise iI won't be late. (not I'm promising).
- What do you suggest I do?. I suggest that you.... .
3) Present Continuous and Present Simple (1)
Present Continuous ( I am doing) Present simple (I do) Use continuous for something that is
happening at or around the time of speaking.
The action isn't finished.Use the simple for things in general or things
that happen repadately.
I am doing
past now future«-------------------- I do --------------------»
past now future
- The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
- Let's go out it isn't raining now.
- Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.
- It doesn't rain vey much in summer.
Use the continuous for temporary situation: Use the simple for permanent situatiıon
- I'm living with some friends until i find a
flat.- You're working hard today. Yes I've
got a lot to do.
- My parents live in London. They have
lived there all their lives.- John isn't lazy. He works very hard most
of the time.See unit 1 for more information See unit 2 for more information
I always doand I am always doing Usually we say 'I always do something' (= I do it every time):You can say "I'm always doing something", but this has a different meaning. For example:
- I always go to work by car. (not "I'm always going")
- I've lost my key I'm always loosing things.
"I'm always loosing things" doesn't mean that I loose things every time. It means that I lose things too often,
more often then normal.
"You're always -ing" means that you do something very often, more often then the speaker thinks is
normal or reasonable.- You're always watching television. You should do something more active.
- John is never satisfied. He's always complaining.
4) Present Continuous and Present Simple (2)
We use continuous tense only for actions and happenings. Some verbs (know and like) are not action verbs. You can not say "I'm knowing" or "they are liking"; you can only say "I know" , "they like"
The following verbs are not normally used in continuous tense.
like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean understand believe remember belong contain consist depend seem
5) Past Simple
Very often past simple ends in -ed(regular verbs).
But many verbs are irregular.
6) Past Continuous
We use the past Continuous to say somebody was in the middle of doing something at a
certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished.
7) Present Perfect (1)
When we use present perfetct there is always a connection with now. the action in the past
has a result now:We often use the present perfect to give a new information or to announce a recent happening:
- Where is your key? I don't know. I've lost it. (I haven't got it now)
- He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now)
- Ow! I'he cut my finger
- The road is closed. There has been an accident.
8) Present Perfect (2)
When we talk about a period of time that contunies from the past until now we use present perfect (have been, has been etc.).
- Have You ever eaten a caviar? (in your life)
- We have never had a car.
- What a boring film. It's the most borin film I've ever seen
9) Present Perfect Continuous
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stoppped or just stopped.
There is a connectiion with now:
- You're out of breath. Have you been running. (You are out of breath now)
- Poul is very tired he's been working very hard.(He's tired now)
- How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours.
10) Present Perfect Continuous and Simple
Ann clothes are covered in paint.
She has been painting the ceiling.
Has been painting is the present perfect
continuous.
We are interested in the activity. It doesn't
matter wheter something has been finished.The ceiling was white. Now it is blue.
She has painted the ceiling.
Has painted is the present perfect simple.
Here, the important thing is that something
has been finished. 'Has painted' is a
completed action. We are intersted in the
result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not
in the activity ,it self.
11) How Long Have You (been)
We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continuous now.Compare the present and present perfect:
- Amy is in hospital.
but She has been in hospital since Monday. (not 'Amy is in hospital since Monday')
but We have known each other for a long time.
- We know each other very well.
12) When...? and How long...? For and Since
Compare When...?(+ past simple) and How long...?(+ past perfect):A: When did it start raining?
B: It started raining an hour ago / at 1 o'clock.A: How long has it been raining?
B: It's been raining for an hour / since 1 o'clock.We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.
We use for when we say a period of time
(two hours, six weeks etc. )
- I've been waiting for two hours.
We use since when we say the start of a
period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1985 etc.)
- I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.
It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences):
- They have been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)
- They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you mast use for)
13) Present Perfect and Past (
1)Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means he doesn't have his key now.Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his key.
Has he lost his key? (present perfect)
No, he hasn't. He has found it.
Did he lose his key?
Yes, he did.
He lost his key. (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now.
The past simple tells us only abut the past."
14) Present Perfect and Past (2)
Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time.
- The weather was nice yesterday. (not has been nice)
- They arrived ten minutes ago.
- What time did you finish work?
15) Past Perfect
The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.)
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
- Sarah arrived at thse party.
This is the starting point of the history. Then we want to talk about things that happened before we use the past perfect (had...):
- When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect).
- Who is that woman. I've never seen her before.
- I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before. (=before that time)
Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did).
- "Was Tom at the party when you arrived?" "No, He had already gone home."
but "Was Tom at there when you arrived" "Yes, but he went home soon afterwards"
16) Past Perfect Continuous
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17) Have and Have got
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18) Used to (do)
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19) Present Tenses for the Future
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