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T
T.&E.
See Transportation and Exportation
Tail
Rear of a container or trailer-opposite the front or nose.
Tail Shaft
The extreme section at the aft end of a ship's propeller shaft.
Tail Series
Insurance term referring to the last package to be discharged which
total an insufficient number to reach the agreed "series" for application
of a franchise or deductible.
Tank-Barge
A river barge designed for the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes.
Tank Cleaning
Removal of all traces of a cargo from the tanks of a tanker normally
by means of high pressure water jets.
Tank Top
Upper Plating of a double bottom.
Tanker
A tanker is a bulk carrier designed to transport liquid cargo, most
often petroleum products. Oil tankers vary in size from small coastal vessels
of 1,500 tons deadweight, through medium-sized ship of 60,000 tons, to
the giant VLCCs (very large crude carriers).
Tanktainer:
A cylindrically-shaped container intended for transport of liquid cargo.
Tare Weight
In railcar or container shipments, the weight of the empty railcar
or empty container.
Tariff
A publication setting forth the charges, rates and rules of transportation
companies.
Technical and Clauses Committee
A group of marine underwriters, Lloyd's and company underwriters who
meet to discuss, formulate and amend marine insurance clauses which are
then recommended to the London market for general use.
Telex
Used for sending messages to outside companies. Being replaced by fax
and internet.
Temperature Recorder
A device to record temperature in a container while cargo is en route.
Tender
The offer of goods for transportation or the offer to place cars or
containers for loading or unloading.
Tenor
Time and date for payment of a draft.
Terminal
An assigned area in which containers are prepared for loading into
a vessel, train, truck, or airplane or are stacked immediately after discharge
from the vessel, train, truck, or airplane.
Terminal Charge
A charge made for a service performed in a carrier's terminal area.
Terms of Sale
The point at which sellers have fulfilled their obligations so the
goods in a legal sense could be said to have been delivered to the buyer.
They are shorthand expressions that set out the rights and obligations
of each party when it comes to transporting the goods. Following, are the
thirteen terms of sale in international trade as Terms of Sale reflected
in the recent amendment to the International chamber of Commerce Terms
of Trade (INCOTERMS), effective July 1990: exw, fca, fas, fob, cfr, cif,
cpt, cip, daf, des, deq, ddu and ddp.
1). EXW (Ex Works) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which means that
the seller fulfills the obligation to deliver when he or she has made the
goods available at his/her premises (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.)
to the buyer. In particular, the seller is not responsible for loading
the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods
for export, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks
involved in taking the goods from the seller's premises to the desired
destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller.
2). FCA (Free Carrier) (... Named Place): A Term of Sale which means
the seller fulfills their obligation when he or she has handed over the
goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the
buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by
the buyer, the seller may choose, within the place or range stipulated,
where the carrier should take the goods into their charge.
3). FAS (Free Alongside Ship) (...Named Port of Shipment): A Term of
Sale which means the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the
goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters
at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all
costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.
4). FOB (Free On Board) (...Named Port of Shipment): An International
Term of Sale that means the seller fulfills his or her obligation to deliver
when the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the named port of shipment.
This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks to loss of or
damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to
clear the goods for export.
5). CFR (Cost and Freight) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of
Sale where the seller pays the costs and freight necessary to bring the
goods to the named port of destination, Terms of Sale but the risk of loss
of or damage to the goods, as (continued) well as any additional costs
due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on
board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the
goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The CFR term requires
the seller to clear the goods for export.
6). CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) (...Named Place of Destination):
A Term of Sale where the seller has the same obligations as under the CFR
but also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss
or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance
and pays the insurance premium. The CIF term requires the seller to clear
the goods for export.
7). CPT (Carriage Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term
of Sale which means the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the
goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods,
as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time
the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller
to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the
carrier. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed
upon destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to
the first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods
for export.
8). CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination):
A Term of Sale which means the seller has the same obligations as under
CPT, but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance
against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The
buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain
insurance only on minimum coverage. The CIP term requires the seller to
clear the goods for export.
9). DAF (Delivered At Frontier) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which
means the sellers fulfill their obligation to deliver when the goods have
been made available, cleared for export, at the named point and placed
at the frontier, but before the customs Terms of Sale border of the adjoining
country. (continued)
10). DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) (...Named Port of Destination): A
Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the
goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation.
The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods
thereto (excluding duties, taxes and other official charges payable upon
importation) as well as the costs and risks of carrying out customs formalities.
The buyer has to pay any additional costs and to bear any risks caused
by failure to clear the goods for in time.
11). DDP (Delivered Duty paid) (...Named Port of Destination): "Delivered
Duty Paid" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when
the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of
importation. The seller has to bear the risks and costs, including duties,
taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto, clear for importation.
While the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP
represents the maximum.
12). DES (Delivered Ex Ship) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term
of Sale where the seller fulfills his/her obligation to deliver when the
goods have been made available to the buyer on board the ship, uncleared
for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all
the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port destination.
13). DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay, [Duty Paid]) (...Named Port of Destination):
A Term of Sale which means the DDU term has been fulfilled when the goods
have been available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port
of destination, cleared for importation. The seller has to bear all risks
and costs including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods
thereto.
Territorial Waters
That portion of the sea up to a limited instance which is immediately
adjacent to the shores of any country and over which the sovereignty and
exclusive jurisdiction of that country extend.
TEU
Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit (containers): A measurement of cargo-carrying
capacity on a containership, referring to a common container size of 20
ft in length.
Third Party Liability:
Legal liability to anyone other than another party to a contract (e.g.
liability of one ship to another consequent upon a collision).
Through Bill of Lading
Bill of Lading covering receipt of goods at the place of acceptance
of the cargo for delivery to the ultimate destination, embracing transport
by more than one means.
Through Rate
The total rate from the point of origin to final destination.
Throughput Charge
The charge for moving a container through a container yard off or onto
a ship.
Time Charter
A form of charter party wherein owner lets or leases his vessel and
crew to the charterer for a stipulated period of time. The charterer pays
for the bunkers and port charges in addition to the charter hire.
Time Draft
A draft that matures either a certain number of days after acceptance
or a certain number of days after the date of the draft.
Title XI
A ship financing guarantee program.
TOFC
See Trailer on Flat Car
The movement of a highway trailer on a railroad flatcar. Also known
as Piggyback.
Tomming Off:
Using wedges between cargo and the ship's side or a bulkhead to prevent
movement of the goods during transit.
Tonnage
1). 100 cubic feet.
2). A quantity of cargo normally expressed as a number of tons. Generally
refers to freight handled and expressed in deadweight, gross, net, displacement.
Tonnage Deck:
The uppermost continuous deck in ships having less than three decks,
or the second continuous deck from below.
Top-Air Delivery
A type of air circulation in a container. In top air units, air is
drawn from the bottom of the container, filtered through the evaporator
for cooling and then forced through the ducted passages along the top of
the container. This type of airflow requires a special loading pattern.
Ton-Mile
1. A unit used in comparing freight earnings or expenses. The amount
earned from the cost of hauling a ton of freight one mile.
2. The movement of a ton of freight one mile.
TOVALP.:
Abbreviation for "Tanker Owners' Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability
for Oil Pollution" An agreement subscribed by most tanker owners world-wide,
whereby owners agree to pay for clean-up costs incurred by Governments
in respect of oil discharged from tankers belonging to such owners.
Tow
When one or more vessels are being towed; when a tug is towing one
or more floating objects; to pull an object in the water by means of a
rope.
Towage
Charges for the services of tugs assisting a ship or other vessels
in ports or other locations; the act of towing a ship or other objects
from one place to another.
Towage Bill
An account rendered for towage expenses.
Tower's Liability
Liability incurred by any ship or vessel incurred when she is towing
another ship, vessel or other object.
Tractor
Unit of highway motive power used to pull one or more trailers/containers.
Trade Acceptance
A time or a date draft that has been accepted by the buyer (the drawee)
for payment at maturity.
Trade Ullage
Natural loss to cargo (eng. evaporation).
Traffic
Persons and property carried by transport lines.
Trailer
The truck unit into which freight is loaded as in tractor trailer combination.
See Container.
Tramp Line
An ocean carrier company operating vessels not on regular runs or schedules.
They call at any port where cargo may be available. Also known as Tramp
Service
Transhipment
The act of transferring goods from one vessel to another or from one
conveyance to another including periods at transhipping ports or places.
Transshipment Port
Place where cargo is transferred to another carrier.
Transire
A Customs document used when an international vessel is coasting (ie,
carrying domestic cargo between Australian ports), giving full cargo details.
Transport
To move cargo from one place to another.
Transportation Institute
Abbreviation : TI
A non-profit organization devoted to maritime research and education.
Transportation and Exportation
Abbreviation : T&E
Customs form used to control cargo movement from port of entry to port
of exit, meaning that the cargo is moving from one country, through the
United States, to another country.
Transtainer:
A vehicle used for carrying cargo containers during loading or discharge
operations or within port or terminal areas (see Straddle Carrier).
Transverse
Across a ship at right angles to a line drawn from bow to stern.
Trim
The relationship between a ship's draughts forward and aft.
Trust Receipt
Release of merchandise by a bank to a buyer while the bank retains
title to the merchandise. The goods are usually obtained for manufacturing
or sales purposes. The buyer is obligated to maintain the goods (or the
proceeds from their sales) distinct from the remainder of the assets and
to hold them ready for repossession by the bank.
Turnaround
In water transportation, the time it takes between the arrival of a
vessel and its departure.
Tug
A small vessel designed to tow or push large ships or barges. Tugs
have powerful diesel engines and are essential to docks and ports to maneuver
large ships into their berths. Pusher tugs are also used to push enormous
trains of barges on the rivers and inland waterways of the U.S. Oceangoing
salvage tugs provide assistance to ships in distress and engage in such
work as towing drilling rigs and oil production platforms.
Tween Decker
Any ship having one or more docks below the main deck.
Twist Locks
A set of four twistable bayonet type shear keys used as part of a spreader
to pick up a container or as part of a chassis to secure the containers.
Two-Way Pallet
A pallet so designed that the forks of a fork lift truck can be inserted
from two sides only. |