|
System type |
Propaganda machine |
Glasnost-oriented propaganda machine |
“Forth power”, independent media |
Media-political system, society of the spectacle |
The Great Russia, emerging |
|
Historical period |
1920-1985 |
1986-1990 |
1991-1995 |
1996-2000 |
2000 - ? |
|
Structure |
Newspaper-based, radio very important, state-controlled TV (3 channels) |
Newspaper-based, stronger TV, strong radio |
Transforming: printed press in decline, broadcasting on the rise (TV and FM radio) |
Media-political system in the commercial media environment |
State-controlled media system in the commercial media environment |
|
Bias |
Ideological, strong persuasion and manipulation |
Ideological, soft persuasion |
Ideological, strong persuasion |
Strong manipulation using the laws of drama |
Strong persuasion and manipulation |
|
The role of journalists is… |
Instrumental |
Important |
Extremely important |
Almost instrumental |
Unimportant |
|
Ideology |
Communist-imperialist, evidently false but pervasive. Stable |
Democratization, socialist reforms. Optimistic. |
Market fundamentalism, democratic reforms, anti-communism. Utopia. |
No coherent belief system. Symbolic space is built around dramatic conflicts. |
Emerging national ideology (strong state + capitalism) |
|
Social reality |
Highly organized, based on rituals and social institutions, enforced by repression |
Shifting, transforming |
Chaotic, disintegrating with islands of growth. |
Fragmented according to new social stratification. Uncertain. |
Structured in the hierarchy of signs, supported by war, rituals and strong leader |
|
Change |
Totally new media system built from scratch |
Unprecedented increase in printed press circulation, first live broadcasts of political events and news shows on TV. Politicization of the masses. |
Registered independently of their owners, the media become independent. Printing press is losing circulation due to high prices on paper and delivery |
Sophisticated manipulative techniques are introduced. Media are used in infowars and profoundly discredited Satellite TV and Internet are introduced. |
While state becomes the dominating power center the control over symbolic reality becomes almost complete. Internet enters rapid growth. |
|
Means of control |
Party and Soviet social institutions |
Party and Soviet social institutions |
The media fear return of Communists, become allies of power |
Politicized capital invested through media holdings |
The new power system built around law enforcement agencies. |
|
Leaders |
“Pravda”, Izvestia” newspapers, radio “Mayak” |
“Moskovskie Novosti”, "Ogonyok”, literary and intellectual almanacs |
“Izvestia”, “Moskovskij Komsomolets”, “Nezavisimaya Gazeta”. “Kommersant”, Russuian TV (2nd channel), NTV (4th channel) |
Public Russian Television (ORT, 1st channel), NTV (4th channel), FM radio, elite press (Kommersant publications), magazines “Cosmopolitan” etc. |
ORT (1st channel), entertainment TV, FM radio, mass newspapers (“Komsomolskaya pravda”, “Izvestia” etc.), commercial magazines |
|
Opposition |
Samizdat |
Radical samizdat & conservative communists (“Sovetskaya Rossija” daily etc.) |
Communist newspapers (“Pravda”, Sovetskaya Rossija”), nationalist publications (“Den” etc.) |
Communist, nationalist and alternative media (“Trava i volya”, “Radek” etc) |
NTV and other Gusinsky media, alternative press and emerging Internet counter-culture |