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BASIC DATES AND EVENTS

IVII millennium BC Ancient pit archeological culture, the formation of pra-Turks.

XVIIX centuries BC Frame culture.

VIII century BC Assirian chronicles report about Kimmerian invasion to the countries of Transcaucasus and Near East. The beginning of Scythian domination in the East-European steppes.

633 BC Scythian invasion to Transcaucasus and Fore-Asia.

512 BC Scythian war with the army of Persian king Dareios Hystaspos invading Scythia.

339 BC The defeat of Scythians led by king Ateios in the battle with the army of Philip of Macedonia. Death of Atheios.

III century BC The rise of Sarmat tribes and their seizing Scythia.

II century BC Migration of a part of Sarmats (Bulgarians) from Northern Caucasus to Transcaucasus.

I century AD (first half) Alans mentioned by the written sources of Ancient Rome for the first time.

3536 AD Alan participation in Ibero-Parphian war on the side of Iberia.

72 AD The invasion of Alans to Transcaucasus.

135 Alan campaign in Transcaucasus and Media.

Mid. II century Alans defeated by the Roman army at Olvia.

Beg. IV century The invasion of Hun-Maskuts led by king Sanesan to Armenia.

372 Don Alans crushed by the Hun hordes. A part of Alans follows Huns to Europe.

376 Huns and Alans on the boundaries of the Roman Empire.

9 August 378 The battle at Adrianopolis. Roman army defeated by Huns and Alans.

395 Hun campaign in Transcaucasus.

406 The invasion of Alans and Vandals in Gallia (modern France).

409 Alans and Vandals moving from Gallia to Spain.

429 Vandals and Alans come to Northern Africa.

15 June 451 The participation of Alans headed by Sanhiban on the side of Romans and Westgoths in the battle on the Katalaun fields against Huns and Ostgoths.

Mid. VI century The period of king Sarosius' government in Alania. Establishment of tight contacts between Alania and Byzanth.

584642 The bloom of Great Bulgaria. Khan Kubrat's government.

Mid. VII century The formation of Khazar Kahanat assimilating "black" Bulgarians.

651 The defeat of Khazar-Alan army by Arabs in the Euthrates battle.

723724 The first campaign of Arabian troops led by Zh. Jirrah in Northern Caucasus. The beginning of the Arab wars against Alans and Khazars.

724725 Second Jirrah's campaign in Northern Caucasus.

735 The campaign of Arabian military leader Mervan Kru in Alania.

1st half VIII century The government of Alan king Itaz.

End IX century Alans and Bulgars freed from the Khazar power.

Beg. X century First missions of Christian preachers from Byzanth to Alania. Establishing the Alan arch-episcopate. Peter as the first arch-bishop of Alania.

1065 The visit of Alanian king Durguleit the Great to Georgian king Bagrat IV in Kutais.

2nd half XI century Marriage of Maria of Alania with Byzantine emperor Michael Duca. Marriage of Georgian king George III with Alanian princess Burduhan.

1178 Coronation of Queen Tamar on the Georgian throne, the daughter of George III and Burduhan.

1189 Marriage of Queen Tamar with the son of the king of Ovs (As, Alans) David Soslan.

XXII centuries The formation of Karachai-Balkarian (Alan) people completed.

1222 The defeat of Alans and Kipchaks in the first fight against Mongol-Tatars. Mongol-Tatars seizing the capital of Alania Magas (Meget).

1239 Assimilation of Alania by the Golden Horde.

1278 Mongol-Tatars and Russians seize Alan town Dediakov.

1395 The invasion of the army of Tamerlan in Northern Caucasus, the mass murdering Alanian population.

1st half XVII century Balkarians and Karachais first mentioned in Russian documents.

2nd half XVII beg. XVIII century Kabardins populate the plains of Alania.

9 May 1804 The battle of Kabardins, Balkarians, Karachais and Ossetians with the troops of general G. I. Glazenap on river Chegem.

1810 The encounter of Kabardins and Balkarians with the troops of general Bulgakov.

1822 General A. P. Ermolov's raid in the canyons of Balkaria.

20 October 1822 The battle of Karachais with the troops of general G. A. Emanuel at Hasauk. Karachai included in Russia.

11 January 1827 Balkaria and Digoria adopted Russian citizenship.

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE

1.M. Abayev Balkaria. Historical essay. Nalchik, 1993.

2.K. T. Laipanov, I. M. Miziyev On the origin of Turk peoples. Cherkessk, 1993.

3.I. M. Miziyev Balkarians and Karachais in historical monuments. Nalchik, 1980.

4.I. M. Miziyev Steps toward the roots of the ethnic history of Central Caucasus. Nalchik, 1986.

5.I. M. Miziyev History next door. Nalchik, 1990.

6.I. M. Miziyev Essays on the history and culture of Balkaria and Karachai, XIIIXVIII centuries. Nalchik, 1990.

7.H.-M. A. Sabanchiyev After-reform Balkaria in the national historiography. Nalchik, 1989

8.On the origin of Balkarians and Karachais. Proceedings of scientific session. Nalchik, 1960.

9.Essays on the of Balkarian people. Nalchik, 1960.

10.Documents on the history of Balkaria. Nalchik, vols. 12: 1959, 1962.

11.Karachai. An ethnographic collection. Cherkessk, 1978.

12."From the history of Karachai-Cherkessia" Transactions of KChRI, issue VII. Cherkessk, 1974.

13.Problems of the medieval history of the peoples of Karachai-Cherkessia. Cherkessk, 1979.

14.Problems of archeology and ethnography of Karachai-Cherkessia. Cherkessk, 1982.

15.Yu. N. Asanov Settlements, dwellings and household buildings of Balkarians. Nalchik, 1976.

16.V. M. Batchayev On the traditional culture of Balkarians and Karachais. Nalchik, 1989.

17.A. I. Musukayev On Balkaria and Balkarians. Nalchik, 1982.

18.A. I. Musukayev Balkarian tukum. Nalchik, 1980.

19.A. I. Musukayev On the customs and laws of the mountaineers. Nalchik, 1985.

20.A. Ya. Kuznetsova Traditional art of Karachais and Balkarians. Nalchik, 1982.

21.M. Ch. Kudayev Karachai-Balkarian folk dances. Nalchik, 1984.

22.M. Ch. Kudayev Karachai-Balkarian wedding rite. Nalchik, 1988.

23.K. M. Tekeyev Karachais and Balkarians. Moscow, 1989.

24.M. Ch. Jurtubayev Ancient beliefs of Karachais and Balkarians. Nalchik, 1991.

25.Kh. Kh. Malkonduyev Ancient song culture of Balkarians and Karachais. Nalchik, 1990.

26.R. A. Ortabayeva Karachai-Balkarian folk songs. Cherkessk, 1977.

27.A. I. Rakhayev Epic songs of Balkaria. Nalchik, 1988.

28.F. A. Usrusbiyeva Karachai-Balkarian folklore. Cherkessk, 1979.

29.A. Z. Kholayev Karachai-Balkarian Nart epos. Nalchik, 1974.

FOLKLORE TEXTS

1. Malkar halk zhomakla. In 2 volumes. Nalchik, 19591963.

2. Materials and research in Balkarian dialectology, lexic and folklore. Nalchik, 1962.

3. Karachai Nart sözle. Cherkessk, 1963.

4. Karachai halk zhyrla. Moscow, 1969.

5. Malkar halk zhyrla. Nalchik, 1969.

6. Malkar-Karachai Nart tauruhla. Nalchik, 1966.

7. Malkar Nart sözle. Nalchik, 1965.

8. Burunnhulu tauruhla bla haparla. Nalchik, 1980.

9. Jetegeili jeti julduz. Cherkessk, 1985.

10. Karachai-Malkar folklor. Cherkessk, 1987.

11. Karachai halk el bergen jomakla. Cherkessk, 1991.

12. Jashaunu oülari. Cherkessk, 1988.

13. Malkarlilani bla Karachaililani halk poesia chigarmachiliklari. Nalchik, 1988.

14. Malkar halk zhomakla. Nalchik, 1992.

15. Nart zhyrla bla tauruhla. Nalchik, 1992.

16. Eski zhyrla. Nalchik, 1993.

IVII millennium BC	Ancient pit archeological culture, the formation of pra-Turks.
XVIIX centuries BC	Frame culture.
VIII century BC	Assirian chronicles report about Kimmerian invasion to the countries of Transcaucasus and Near East. The beginning of Scythian domination in the East-European steppes.
633 BC	Scythian invasion to Transcaucasus and Fore-Asia.
512 BC	Scythian war with the army of Persian king Dareios Hystaspos invading Scythia.
339 BC	The defeat of Scythians led by king Ateios in the battle with the army of Philip of Macedonia. Death of Atheios.
III century BC	The rise of Sarmat tribes and their seizing Scythia.
II century BC	Migration of a part of Sarmats (Bulgarians) from Northern Caucasus to Transcaucasus.
I century AD (first half)	Alans mentioned by the written sources of Ancient Rome for the first time.
3536 AD	Alan participation in Ibero-Parphian war on the side of Iberia.
72 AD	The invasion of Alans to Transcaucasus.
135	Alan campaign in Transcaucasus and Media.
Mid. II century	Alans defeated by the Roman army at Olvia.
Beg. IV century	The invasion of Hun-Maskuts led by king Sanesan to Armenia.
372	Don Alans crushed by the Hun hordes. A part of Alans follows Huns to Europe.
376	Huns and Alans on the boundaries of the Roman Empire.
9 August 378	The battle at Adrianopolis. Roman army defeated by Huns and Alans.
395	Hun campaign in Transcaucasus.
406	The invasion of Alans and Vandals in Gallia (modern France).
409	Alans and Vandals moving from Gallia to Spain.
429	Vandals and Alans come to Northern Africa.
15 June 451	The participation of Alans headed by Sanhiban on the side of Romans and Westgoths in the battle on the Katalaun fields against Huns and Ostgoths.
Mid. VI century	The period of king Sarosius' government in Alania. Establishment of tight contacts between Alania and Byzanth.
584642	The bloom of Great Bulgaria. Khan Kubrat's government.
Mid. VII century	The formation of Khazar Kahanat assimilating "black" Bulgarians.
651	The defeat of Khazar-Alan army by Arabs in the Euthrates battle.
723724	The first campaign of Arabian troops led by Zh. Jirrah in Northern Caucasus. The beginning of the Arab wars against Alans and Khazars.
724725	Second Jirrah's campaign in Northern Caucasus.
735	The campaign of Arabian military leader Mervan Kru in Alania.
1st half VIII century	The government of Alan king Itaz.
End IX century	Alans and Bulgars freed from the Khazar power.
Beg. X century	First missions of Christian preachers from Byzanth to Alania. Establishing the Alan arch-episcopate. Peter as the first arch-bishop of Alania.
1065	The visit of Alanian king Durguleit the Great to Georgian king Bagrat IV in Kutais.
2nd half XI century	Marriage of Maria of Alania with Byzantine emperor Michael Duca. Marriage of Georgian king George III with Alanian princess Burduhan.
1178	Coronation of Queen Tamar on the Georgian throne, the daughter of George III and Burduhan.
1189	Marriage of Queen Tamar with the son of the king of Ovs (As, Alans) David Soslan.
XXII centuries	The formation of Karachai-Balkarian (Alan) people completed.
1222	The defeat of Alans and Kipchaks in the first fight against Mongol-Tatars. Mongol-Tatars seizing the capital of Alania Magas (Meget).
1239	Assimilation of Alania by the Golden Horde.
1278	Mongol-Tatars and Russians seize Alan town Dediakov.
1395	The invasion of the army of Tamerlan in Northern Caucasus, the mass murdering Alanian population.
1st half XVII century	Balkarians and Karachais first mentioned in Russian documents.
2nd half XVII beg. XVIII century	Kabardins populate the plains of Alania.
9 May 1804	The battle of Kabardins, Balkarians, Karachais and Ossetians with the troops of general G. I. Glazenap on river Chegem.
1810	The encounter of Kabardins and Balkarians with the troops of general Bulgakov.
1822	General A. P. Ermolov's raid in the canyons of Balkaria.
20 October 1822	The battle of Karachais with the troops of general G. A. Emanuel at Hasauk. Karachai included in Russia.
11 January 1827	Balkaria and Digoria adopted Russian citizenship.

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