Spiritwalk Traditions: Buddhism

What Is Buddhism? For more then 2500 years the spiritual tradition known as Buddhism has been the
primary inspiration behind Eastern civilization and the source of its greatest cultural
achievements. Buddhism, originated in northern India in the 6th century B.C., spread
peacefully over a large part of Asia and profoundly influenced the lives of its people.
Yet Buddhism is not limited to the East alone, for it speaks directly to the most crucial
human concerns. It does so with a clear power of truth that today is capturing the attention of people in the West.
The founder of Buddhism was neither a deity nor a prophet, but a man who has awakened
from ignorance to perfect enlightenment. His name, Buddha, is in fact, a title meaning
the "Enlightened One". TheBuddha's teaching, know to its followers as the Dhamma,
is based on his own clear comprehension of reality, free from appeals to divine authority
and demands for unquestioning faith. Open to reason and critical inquiry, the Dhamma
calls out for personal verification.
The teaching begins with the observation that human life as ordinarily lived, is beset
by a sense of dissatisfaction, pain or suffering. This suffering, the Buddha explained,
is rooted in our self centered desires. Liberation from suffering or unsatisfactoriness,
discontentment and agitation is the goal of the teachings. It requires a fundamental
transformation in the way we lead our lives, as well as in our understanding of ourselves
and the world. The means of transformation is the Noble Eight fold Path, called the Middle
Way, because it avoids all extremes in thought and conduct. Recognizing the lack of fulfillment in life as ordinarily approached by a clouded mind and heart is in fact the first
step in the transformation. It is the first step because it impels us to look more deeply
for meaning, purpose, and peace.
Buddhism is an integral path consisting of a profound philosophy, an intricate analysis
of the human mind, a system of ethics, and a well tested set of meditation techniques.
The fruits of the Buddhist Way show in serene understanding, compassion, kindness
and in equanimity amidst the vicissitudes of life. Free from dogma, emphasizing
personal responsibility as the key to right conduct and direct experience as the key to truth, Buddhism has an important role to play in the modern world.

http://members.aol.com/uparatana/whatIsBuddhism.html

What is Buddhism

Biography

A title given to the founder of a religion now called Buddhism. He was born in the
Sakyan clan in northern India and given the name Siddattha meaning "He who achieves
his aim". His family name was Gotama and his father Suddhodana is said to have been
a king although he was probably more like a clan chief. His mother, Maha Maya, died
a few days after his birth and he was brought up by his aunt Maha Pajapati Gotami.
Little is known about his early life beyond that he was brought up in great luxury,
married at an early age and had one child, a son named Rahula. At the age of 30 he
renounced the world to become a wandering monk, studied with two teachers, leaving
each in turn when he felt that their doctrines were inadequate, and experimented with
self-mortification. Then at the age of 36 while meditating at the small village of Uruvela
he attained Nirvana after which he was known as the Buddha, a title meaning "the
Awakened One" or the "Enlightened One". For 40 years the Buddha travelled widely
throughout the Ganges valley teaching his Dharma and making disciples. Finally he
passed away while surrounded by many of his disciples in the village of Kusinara in his eightieth year. His last words were" Now I say to you: all conditioned things are impermanent, strive on with heedfulness"
(Vayadhamma sankhara. Appamadena sampadetha).

Lifted from http://www.InstantWeb.com/~sparrow/

See the Spiritwalk Teacher Page: Buddha

Quotations


Be a lamp into yourself!
Work out your liberation with diligence.

~ Buddha

Fill your mind with compassion.

~ Buddha

Be awake

Love yourself and be awake ~

    today, tomorrow, always.

First establish yourself in the way,

    then teach others,

      and so defeat sorrow.

To straighten the crooked

    you must first do a harder thing ~

      straighten yourself.

You are the only master.

    who else?

Subdue yourself,

    and discover your master.

Live in Joy

Live in Joy,

In love,

Even among those who hate.

Live in joy,

In health,

Even among the afflicted.

Live in joy,

In peace,

Even among the troubled.

Look within.

Be still.

Free from fear and attachment,

Know the sweet joy of living in the way.

        ~

There is no fire like greed

No crime like hatred,

No sorrow like separation,

No sickness like hunger of heart,

And no joy like the joy of freedom.

Health, contentment and trust

Are your greatest possessions,

And freedom your greatest joy.

Look within.

Be still.

Free from fear and attachment,

Know the sweet joy of living in the way.

~ from the Dhammapada

     Words of the Buddha

from Jack Kornfield, Teachings of the Buddha

The Fragrance of the Rose

The disciples were absorbed in a discussion of Lao-tzu’s dictum:

Those who know do not say;
Those who say do not know.
When the master entered,
They asked him what the words meant.

Said the master, "Which of you knows the fragrance of a rose?"

All of them indicated that they knew.

Then he said, "put it into words."

All of them were silent.

~ from Anthony deMello, One Minute Wisdom

Sylvia Boorstein, a meditation teacher, writes in her popular book,
It's Easier Than You Think: The Buddhist Way to Happiness

"... the end of suffering hasn't happened for me yet.... I struggle and I
suffer. I suffer less that I used to, though, and I'm not as distraught abut
the suffering as I used to be.

So, I have added an extra half Noble Truth. The half-extra truth is:
'Suffering is manageable'.... I am content with managing my suffering
better. Since I know suffering is manageable, I am not as frightened of pain
as I used to be. These days I often tell new students right away that
although the Buddha taught the end of suffering was possible, I myself am
not there yet. They are not dismayed. Nor do I seem to lose any credibility.
It's great news for them to hear that suffering is manageable.
The extra half of a Noble Truth also keeps me more compassionate
towards myself and towards others. I can see how I get trapped in my
stories, how I struggle, how I suffer, how I wish I didn't, and how
ultimately things change and resolve." (p. 26)

The Four Noble Truths

Monks, what is the noble truth about suffering?

Birth is suffering,

old age is suffering,

death is suffering,

grief, lamentation, discomfort, unhappiness and despair are suffering;

to wish for something and not obtain it is suffering;

briefly the five factors of attachment are suffering.

Monks, what is the noble truth about the origin of suffering?

Just this craving,

leading to rebirth,

accompanied by pleasure and emotion,

and finding satisfaction now here now there,

namely, the craving for sense-pleasure,

the craving for new life and the craving for annihilation.

Monks, what is the noble truth about the cessation of suffering?

Just the complete indifference to and cessation of that very craving,

the abandoning of it,

the rejection of it,

the freedom from it,

the aversion toward it.

Monks, what is the noble truth about the way that goes into the cessation of suffering?

Just this noble eightfold way,

namely, right view

right purpose,

right speech,

right action,

right livelihood,

right effort,

right mindfulness,

and right concentration.

~ The Buddha

from The Essential Mystics, by Andrew Harvey

[As the Buddha was dying,
Ananda asked who would be their teacher after death.
He replied to his disciple…]

Be lamps unto yourselves.
Be refuges unto yourselves.
Take yourself no external refuge.
Hold fast to the truth as a lamp.
Hold fast to the truth as a refuge.
Look not for a refuge in anyone besides yourselves.
And those, Ananda who either now or after I am dead,
Shall be a lamp unto themselves,
Shall betake themselves as no external refuge,
But holding fast to the truth as their lamp,
Holding fast to the truth as their refuge,
Shall not look for refuge to anyone else besides themselves,
It is they who shall reach to the very topmost height;
But they must be anxious to learn.

Buddha,
Quoted in Joseph Goldstein, [As the Buddha was dying,
Ananda asked who would be their teacher after death.
He replied to his disciple…]

Be lamps unto yourselves.
Be refuges unto yourselves.
Take yourself no external refuge.
Hold fast to the truth as a lamp.
Hold fast to the truth as a refuge.
Look not for a refuge in anyone besides yourselves.
And those, Ananda who either now or after I am dead,
Shall be a lamp unto themselves,
Shall betake themselves as no external refuge,
But holding fast to the truth as their lamp,
Holding fast to the truth as their refuge,
Shall not look for refuge to anyone else besides themselves,
It is they who shall reach to the very topmost height;
But they must be anxious to learn.

Buddha,
Quoted in Joseph Goldstein, The Experience of Insight

Essential Buddhist Literature

The Dhammapada

Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta

Understanding Dukkha

Links to Buddhist Literature on the Internet

Key Concepts in Buddhism

Four Noble Truths

Noble Eightfold Path

The Three Characteristics of Existence

The Five Aggregates (skandhas)

Seven Factors of Enlightment

The Ten Perfections

The Four Boundless States

The Four Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Noble Path is the centerpiece of Buddhist thought.
It can be summarized in this way:

The Four Noble Truths are that

1.Suffering exists

2.Suffering arises from attachment to desires

3.Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases

4.Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path

see The Four Noble Truths by Buddha (in quotations section)

The Noble Eightfod Path is The Buddha's personal spiritual guidance for everyman ~
a humanistic schematic of proper human comportment. The Eightfold Path consists of :

Right view

Right purpose

Right speech

Right action

Right livelihood

Right effort

Right mindfulness

Right concentration

The Noble Eightfold Path

Three Qualities	Eightfold Path
Wisdom (panna)	Right View
	Right Thought
Morality (sila)	Right Speech
	Right Action
	Right Livelihood
Meditation (samadhi)	Right Effort
	Right Mindfulness
	Right Contemplation

The Three Characteristics of Existence

1.Transiency (anicca)

2.Sorrow (dukkha)

3.Selflessness (anatta)

The Five Aggregates (skandhas)

1. Form (rupa) is made up of
earth
water
fire
wind

2. Feeling (vedana) is one of
pleasant,
unpleasant
neutral

Feelings arise when there is contact between the six internal organs and the six external objects.

Internal Organs ~ External Objects
Eye ~ Sight
Ear ~ Sound
Nose~Odour
Tongue ~ Taste
Body ~ Touch
Mind ~ Mental Object

3. Perception (samjna) is related to the six external objects

4. Volition (samskara) is the response of the will to the six external objects

5. Consciousness (vijnana) grasps the characteristics of the six external objects

Visual consciousness

Auditory consciousness

Olfactory consciousness

Gustatory consciousness

Tactile consciousness

Mental consciousness

Five Hindrances

1.Sensuous lust

2.Aversion and ill will

3.Sloth and torpor

4.Restlessness and worry

5.Skeptical doubt

The Seven Factors of Enlightment

1.Mindfulness

2.Investigation

3.Energy

4.Rapture

5.Tranquillity

6.Concentration

7.Equanimity

The Ten Perfections (paramis)

1.Generosity (dana)

2.Morality (sila)

3.Renunciation (nekkhamma)

4.Wisdom (panna)

5.Energy (viriya)

6.Patience (khanti)

7.Truthfulness (sacca)

8.Resolution (adhitthana)

9.Loving-Kindness (metta)

10.Equanimity (upekkha)

The Four Boundless States

The boundless states or brahmaviharas are considered friends on the way to Nirvana.

They help in dissolving the idea of a separate self.

1.Loving kindness
2.Compassion
3.Sympathetic Joy
4.Equanimity

Ten Fetters of Existence

1.Self-delusion
2.Doubt
3.Clinging to Ritual
4.Sensuous Lust
5.Ill Will
6.Greed for Fine Material Existence
7.Greed for Immaterial Existence
8.Conceit
9.Restlessness
10.Ignorance

Bibliography

Glossary



Alms: In Buddhism, the offering of food to monks on their daily rounds and the donation of goods and money to the monasteries.

Amida Butsu: Japanese version of Amitabha Buddha. See Amitabha

Amitabha: The Bodhisattva whose name means "Budha of Boundless Light" and
who dwells in the paradise called the Pure Land. He is also the founder of this sect
of Buddhism.

Arhat: A Buddhist monk who is free from all illusions and who has achieved personal enlightenment. This term is used primarily in Theravada Buddhism.

Atman: Hindu idea of a soul - the individual consciousness that was reborn again
and again.

Avalokiteshvara: Bodhisattva of Compassion. Compassion and Wisdom represent
the two main concepts of Mahayana Buddhism. See Manjushri.

Bardo: A human soul between the stages of after-death and rebirth.

Bardo Thodol: The Tibetan name for the Book of the Dead.

Bhikkhu: A fully ordained monk who has left his home and renounced all his
possessions in order to follow the Way of the Buddha

Bikkhu: See Bhikkhu

Bikshu: See Bhikkhu

Bodhisattva: A being in the final stages of attaining Buddhahood, who has vowed
to help all sentient beings achieve Nirvana, or enlightenment, before he himself
achieves it.

Bo Tree: The tree beneath which the meditating Gautama sat before he achieved
enlightenment.

Bodhi Tree: See Bo Tree

Bodhidharma: The legendary monk who brought Buddhism from India to China in
the sixth century C.E.

Brahman: the Ultimate Reality. Similar to a Supreme Being.

Buddha: Enlightened One

Buddha-nature: The nature innate in every sentient being. The potential for
attaining Buddhahood.

Butsu-dan: Japanese Buddhist household altar.

Chaitya: An assembly hall for monks.

Ch'an: Forms of Mahayana Buddhism in China. Japanese version is called Zen.
See also Zen

Cuanda: Blacksmith that gave a meal to Buddha, causing him to become ill.

Dharma: The ultimate law, or doctrine, as taught by Buddha, which consists of the
Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

Dhyana: A state of mind achieved through higher meditation.

Dukkha: Suffering, emptiness, impermanence ~ Disturbance, irritation, dejection,
worry, despair, fear, dread, anguish, anxiety, vulnerability, injury, inability, inferiority,
sickness, aging, decay of body and faculties, senility, pain/pleasure, excitement/boredom,
deprivation/excess, desire/frustration, suppression, longing/aimlessness,hope/hopelessness,
effort, activity, striving/repression, loss, want,insufficiency/satiety, love/lovelessness,
friendlessness, dislike,aversion/attraction, parenthood/childlessness, submission/rebellion,
decision/indecisiveness, vacillation, uncertainty.

Hinayana: Literally, "small vehicle." A term used by the Mahayanists to describe
earlier orthodox sects of Buddhism (Theravada School). Their scriptures are
written in Pali, an ancient Indian language. See also Theravada and Vajrayana

Karma: Literally, "deed." A concept that binds its followers to an endless cycle of
birth, death, and rebirth and, according to one's deeds in life, determines the
condition of one's rebirth.

Koan: A riddle, tale, or short statement used by Zen masters to bring their
students to sudden insight.

Lama: Literally, "superior one." A Buddhist monk of Tibet.

Mahayana: Literally, "great vehicle." One of the three major forms of Buddhism,
Mahayana is considered the more liberal and practical. Its scriptures are written in
Sanskrit. See also Theravada and Vajrayana.

Maitreya: Literally, "Friendly One." The Bodhisattva who embodies the virtues of
wisdom and eloquence.

Manjushri: Bodhisattva of Wisdom. Wisdom (prajna) is, along with Compassion,
represents the two main concepts of Mahayana Buddhism. See Prajna and
Avalokiteshvara.

Mandala: A painting or tapestry with images of Buddha, bodhisattvas, and other
images. Used as a focus of meditation for monks and as an object of worship for
many.

Mantra: Ritual sound, word, or phrase used to evoke a certain religious effect.

Mara: The personification of evil. The god of death.

Maya: Queen Maya, mother of Buddha.

The Middle Way: The Buddha claimed that the practices he advocated in the quest for enlightenment avoided the extremes of sensual self-indulgence on the one hand and self-mortification on the other and thus he gave his Noble Eightfold Path the alternative name of the Middle Way. (Majjhima patipada).

Moksha: Literally, "release." An idea originally developed from Upanishadic
teachers. By leading a highly spiritual life (or several lives), a soul could be
reunited with Brahman, the Ultimate Reality.

Mudra: Hand gestures often depicted on statues of the Buddha. The gestures
symbolize different meaning (meditation, etc).

Namu Amida Butsa: Literally, "Praise to the Buddha Amitabha". In Japanese
Pure Land sect, this is the phrase used to call on Amitabha Buddha. See
Nembutsu

Nirvana: (Nibbana) Literally, "extinction." The ultimat goal of Buddhists,
characterized as the extinction of both craving and the separate "ego." The state
of peace and quietude attained by extinguishing all illusions.

Nembutsu: Short form of "Namu Amida Butsa". See Namu Amida Butsa

Parinirvana: Death of the Buddha.

Prajna: Literally, Wisdom. This term represents the wisdom obtained during
enlightenment, and one of the key insight is emptiness.

Prajna-Paramita Sutra: Collection of 40 Mahayana sutras dealing with Prajna and
its attainment.

Pure Land: A sect of Mahayana Buddhism founded by Amitabha Buddha. The
Pure Land is a paradise in the "west" where people can go when they die. People
must call on Amitabha to enter this paradise. See Namu Amidha Butsu

Rahula
1.Literally, "fetter" or "impediment."
2.Son of Siddhartha

Rajah: Chief or king

Sakyamuni
1.Sage of the Sakyas
2.Another name of the Buddha

Samsara: The continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (reincarnation)

Sangha: An organized assembly of Buddhist monks; The (Buddhist) spiritual community;: One of the three refuges in Buddhism.

Siddhartha
1.He whose aim is accomplished
2.Birth name of the Buddha

Skandhas: Five elements (aggregates) which constitutes each individual person.: They are form (rupa), feeling (vedana), perception (samjna),; volition (samskara), consciousness (vijnana). See skandhas above.

Stupa: A dome, or pagoda, in which sacred relics are deposited.

Sunyata: Emptiness; The belief that all phenomena are dependent on and caused
by other phenomena, thus without intrinsic essense.

Sutra: Literally, "thread" or "string." A scripture containing the teachings of
Buddha.

Sutta: See Sutra

Theravada: Literally, "School of the Elders." Aso known as Hinayana. One of the
orthodox form of Buddhism. See also Hinayana and Vajrayana.

Tipitaka: Literally, "Three Baskets." According to Buddhist belief, the scriptures
were stored in three baskets, dividing Buddha's teachings into the code of
discipline for monks, his sermons and discourses, and the higher doctrine
(Buddhist philosophy and psychology)

Upasaka: Followers of Buddhism that believed in Buddha's teachings, but did not
follow the strict rule of the Sangha.

Urna: A mark on the Buddha's forehead, between his eyebrows, that signifies his

Ushanisha: A protuberance atop Buddha's head that signifies his great wisdom.

Vajrayana: Literally, "diamond vehicle." One of the three major forms of

Vihara: Cave dwellings for monks.

Yasodhara: Wife of Buddha

Zen: Forms of Mahayana Buddhism in Japan. Chinese version is called Ch'an. See also Ch'an

Selected Bibliography

For a more complete list, see Spiritwalk Books: Buddhism

Teachings of the Buddha, byJack Kornfield

A Path With Heart by Jack Kornfield

Seeking the Heart of Wisdom: The Path of Insight Meditation, by Joseph Goldstein & Jack Kornfield

Awakening the Buddha Within by Lama Surya Das

It's Easier Than You Think: The Buddhist Way to Happiness by Sylvia Boorstein

The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying by Sogyal Rinpoche

The Way to Freedom, by the Dalai Lama

The Path to Enlightenment, by the Dalai Lama

Awakening the Mind, Lightening the Heart, by the Dalai Lama,

The Miracle of Mindfulness: A Manual on Meditation by Thich Nhat Hanh

Journey of Awakening: A Meditator's Guidebook by Ram Dass

Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind by Shunryu Suzuki

Introduction to Zen Buddhism, by Daisetz T. Suzuki,

The Way of Zen by Alan Watts

Feeling Buddha, by David Brazier,

Zen Therapy, by David Brazier,

The Three Pillars of Zen, by Roshi Philip Kapleau

Zen and the Birds of Appetite, by Thomas Merton,

For further reading:

The Wings to Awakening: An Anthology from the Pali Canon, by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
(Barre, Massachusetts: Dhammadana Publications, 1996).
Mindfulness in Plain English by Venerable Henepola Gunaratana
Path to Deliverance, by Nyanatiloka Mahathera
(Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1982).
A systematic exposition of essential points of Dhamma based on passages from the suttas.
Buddhist Dictionary, by Nyanatiloka Mahathera
(Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1980).
A classic handbook of important terms and concepts of Theravada Buddhism.

Source References, Notations & Credits

Notes

References

Credits

Notes

1. Enemies~Mental conditions???

Near enemy is a quality that can masquerade as the original, but is not the original.
Far enemy is the clearly opposite quality.

Pali~English Description Near Enemy Far Enemy or Antidote for

Metta~loving kindness good-will, friendship, unconditional love for all beings
selfish love
hatred
karuna
compassion
empathy, to feel with someone instead of for
someone
pity
cruelty
mudita
sympathetic joy~spontaneous joy in response to others success
hypocrisy
envy
upekkha
equanimity
even-mindedness based on insight into the nature of things
indifference
anxiety

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The Four Noble Truths - Buddhism 101


Along with the concept of The Middle Way, which we shall take up in
greater detail at a later date, the Four Noble Truths (and the Eightfold Path
which followed from them) represent the basis of the Buddha's teaching.
Historically, Lord Buddha Shakyamuni is said to have preached on these
topics during his first public commentary following his enlightenment. This
was a sermon to the five ascetics who had rejected him at an earlier time,
when he had realized that their life of total denial would not result in
enlightenment for him.

We will treat each of the four truths in depth in a feature at this site over the
next weeks. For now, note that the realization of these truths by the Buddha
is thought to constitute the actual basis of his enlightenment. For this reason,
they are accorded a special place in the teachings. The truths themselves are
rather simple, but in their simplicity is their completeness. And despite the
simplicity, reams of text and commentary have been written.

The First Noble Truth states that suffering (dukkha - dissatisfaction) exists,
even that this is the natural and universal state of beings.

The Second Noble Truth explains that suffering has a source. The immediate source of
suffering is attachment or desire (trishna).

The Third Noble Truth asserts that there is a way out (nirodha) of the endless cycle of suffering.

The Fourth Noble Truth is the way out, detailed in the Eightfold Path.

It might be noted here that the ultimate cause of suffering is ignorance
concerning the true nature of reality. By recognizing the Four Noble Truths
and practicing the Eightfold Path, one may dispel this ignorance.

***************************************************************************************************

The Middle Way

The Buddha claimed that the practices he advocated in the quest for enlightenment
avoided the extremes of sensual self-indulgence on the one hand
and self-mortification on the other
and thus he gave his Noble Eightfold Path the alternative name of the Middle Way.

(Majjhima patipada).

***************************************************************************************************

The Four Noble Truths

In his first teaching, the Buddha expounded the basic doctrine of the Four Noble Truths.
He first declared what he had learned the day he left the palace;
namely, that suffering is universal and inevitable.
In the Second Noble Truth, he explains that the immediate cause of suffering is desire.
The ultimate cause of suffering, however, is ignorance concerning the true nature of reality.
The Third Noble Truth encourages humanity,
asserting that there is a way to dispel ignorance and relieve suffering.
This path is detailed in the Fourth Noble Truth in the form of the Eightfold Path.

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The Eightfold Path

According to the Buddha,the Eightfold path is the means to achieve liberation from suffering.

Specifically, this path includes

(1) Right View,
(2) Right Thought,
(3) Right Speech,
(4) Right Action,
(5) Right Livelihood,
(6) Right Effort,
(7) Right Mindfulness,
and (8) Right Concentration.

***************************************************************************************************


Understanding Dukkha

Then the Lord addressed the monks thus: "Monks, it is through not understanding,
not penetrating the Four Noble Truths that I as well as you have for a long time
run on and gone round the cycle of birth-and-death.
What are they?
By not understanding the Noble Truth of Dukkha we have fared on,
by not understanding the Noble Truth of the Origin of Dukkha,
by not understanding the Noble Truth of the Cessation of Dukkha,
by not understanding the Noble Truth of the Path Leading to the Cessation of Dukkha,
we have fared on round the cycle of birth-and-death.
And by the understanding, by the penetration of the same Noble Truth of Dukkha,
of the Origin of Dukkha, of the Cessation of Dukkha and of the Path Leading to the Cessation of Dukkha,
the craving for becoming has been cut off, the support of becoming has been destroyed,
there is no more re-becoming."
-- Mahaparinibbana Sutta
(Digha Nikaya 16; Maurice Walshe translation, with dukkha left untranslated)

References:

Glossary: In great part~Buddhism Depot, http://www.edepot.com/buddha.html

a Handful of Leaves: Readings in Theravada Buddhism (CD Rom); http://world.std.com/~metta/

Free Buddhist Books on the Internet http://rdz.acor.org/lists/vipassana/freeBooks.html

Credits:

Most of the information contained here is an amalgam of materials acquired via the Internet.
Some of this information is accredited and some of it is incorporated into text body.
Most all sources, however, are noted included in the Bibliography and Links sections.
Some of the materials are from notebooks and the original reference sources are now lost to
memory. Please accept my aplologies to all worthy originators.
I would enjoy being informed of the correct authorship of these materials and will rectify
any missed attributions.