The Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760, brought a flood of new building materials- for example, cast iron, steel, and glass. Late 18th-century designers and patrons turned toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes, and selective borrowing from another time and place became fashionable. Doric and Ionic columns, entablatures, and pediments were applied to public buildings and important town houses in the style called Greek Revival. In the 19th century, English architect Sir Joseph Paxton created the Crystal Palace (1850-1851) in London, a vast exhibition hall which foreshadowed industrialized building and the widespread use of cast iron and steel. Also important in its innovative use of metal was the great Eiffel Tower (1887-1889) in Paris.

American architect Louis Sullivan gave new expressive form to urban commercial buildings. His career converges with the so-called Chicago school of architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, made possible by erection of a steel framework on which to hang the floors and walls, and also through the development of passenger elevators. An apprentice of Sullivan's, Frank Lloyd Wright, became America's greatest native architect.

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel is most famous for the eyecatching tower he constructed in Paris for the Exposition Universelle of 1889. But the tower is , in fact a masterpiece that came relatively late in his long life. It hs been described as a monument to 19th- century engineering  skill. Even until now, it is still the tallest structure in Paris by a very wide margin.

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