16. ChildrenÕs desire to do things for themselves, in their own way (commonly called the Ōterrible twosĶ), corresponds to which stage of EriksonÕs theory? A) initiative vs. guilt B) trust vs. mistrust C) industry vs. inferiority D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
17. The book suggests that aggression is minimized by childrenÕs ability to identify their own emotions. This relates aggression to which of GardnerÕs types of intelligence? A) Intrapersonal B) Interpersonal C) Naturalistic D) Existentialist
18. In order to help children develop positive self-esteem, teachers should A) Avoid focusing on individuals B) Focus on individuals often C) Focus on individuals only in positive ways D) Praise children as much as possible
19. Sex-role identification begins during the _________ period and is most rigid and stereotyped during the ________ period A) infant; middle childhood B) toddler; preschool C) toddler; toddler D) preschool; middle childhood
20. Research on temperament suggests that A) children are born with innate differences in personality B) childrenÕs personalities are affected by their social interactions C) both A and B D) neither A nor B
21. Sally is playing with her brotherÕs Pokemon card. Her brother takes the Pokemon card and puts it under his backpack. Sally blinks, and then looks picks up her rattle and begins happily shaking it. Sally is in PiagetÕs __________ stage of development. A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) concrete operational D) this information does not relate to PiagetÕs theory
22. VygotskyÕs concept of the zone of proximal development is best demonstrated by A) watching a child draw a picture of a cat B) watching an older brother help a younger sibling tie his shoe C) watching a mother dress her infant child D) watching two 4-year-olds play catch
23. Adults can best help children behave appropriately by A) Providing clear step-by-step instructions and giving immediate feedback when children misbehave B) Making sure that children know the rules and appropriate behaviors for the situation C) Drawing childrenÕs attention to other childrenÕs misbehavior D) Avoiding discussion of negative emotions (like anger)
24. According to the text, FroebelÕs original Kindergartens A) Were designed to help teach reading to young children B) Used play as an instructional medium C) Used totally different instructional techniques than those in use today. D) Were designed to provide child-care while mothers were at work
25. The term Ōemergent curriculumĶ means that group activities should A) Match the interests of the childrenÕ B) Provide maximum challenge to take advantage of childrenÕs emerging abilities C) Be selected and determined by children whenever possible D) Have a clear purpose and structure
26. Kindergartens were originally founded to A) Provide young children with activities that had an academic purpose B) Accommodate the needs of young children by using play as the method of instruction C) Address the childÕs physical, social, intellectual and emotional needs D) Enable mothers to work
27. Modern early care and education programs are A) intended to allow mothers to work B) mandatory in many states C) appropriate only for normally-developing children D) necessary for low-income children
28. Head Start programs A) Are not successful at promoting academic achievement among at-risk populations B) Are successful at promoting academic achievement, but students require ongoing interventions C) Are successful at promoting academic achievement so that students need no further intervention to be successful D) Have been disallowed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
29. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ______________the categorization of young childrenÕs disabilities because ______________. A) emphasized; disabilities are very stable over the school years. B) de-emphasized; labels do not offer any information on how to interact with a child. C) emphasized; labels help teachers understand how to interact with a child. D) de-emphasized; categorical programs may not be appropriate for young children.
30. Early intervention programs are designed A) To provide special needs children with appropriate instruction by creating separate classes for children with different needs. B) Are most effective when they incorporate DeweyÕs ideas about the importance of direct instruction. C) Have been discontinued because the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) D) To promote kindergarten readiness among at-risk children.
31. Autoeducation refers to ___________ idea that __________. A) MontessoriÕs; children spontaneously organize information. B) PiagetÕs; children actively construct knowledge. C) a Behaviorist; reinforcement shapes behavior. D) VygotskyÕs; spontaneous knowledge becomes integrated with scientific knowledge
32. Which of the following best describes the role of child choice in Montessori programs? A) Children select their own activities and explore materials in their own way B) Children select their own activities but use materials according to teacher directions C) Teachers select activities but children explore materias in their own way D) Teachers select activities and how children use the materials
33. Montessori believed that children ______ knowledge while Constructivists believe that children ________ knowledge. A) construct; interpret B) memorize; assimilate C) copy; construct D) shape; learn