ISOENZYME-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF CEREAL VARIETIES IN MOROCCO
In order to investigate more biochemical and molecular markers that could be of helpful support in cereal breeding, genetic variation of 7, 12, 1 and 4 varieties of bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale and barley, respectively, was evaluated by electrophoretic analysis of 6 enzyme systemscorresponding to peroxidases (POX), esterases (EST), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and endopeptidase (EP).
Using leaf and root material, enzymes were extracted with half-diluted TAMET buffer (pH 7.0).
Zymograms obtained after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, showed a polymorphism giving rise to 2-8 electrophoretic phenotypes. No differences were detected within each variety. An isoenzyme-based key was established. It allowed the identification of 50% of varieties studied. Excepting the durum wheat Tunisian variety 'Karim', all foreign cultivars of the same species were completely identified; whereas, Moroccan varieties formed diferrent groups. Barley showed an only common LAP enzyme phenotype A, which was also found in durum wheats and the tritical varieties. Possible relationships between cereal varieties forming different groups were, also discussed in this study. for more detail see Aouad,A., M. Mergoum & M. Baaziz (1996). Al Awamia 95, 9-19.
BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF CEREAL GROWTH. CASE OF CEREAL VARIETIES IN MOROCCO.
Soluble and ionically wall-bound peroxidases of four cereal species, represented respectively by 2, 1, 2 and 3 varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), durum wheat (Triticum durum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were prepared from the root material. When grown under hydroponic culture, all varieties of barley and the bread wheat variety 'Saada' were found to be of high growth potential when compared with rye, durum wheat and the bread wheat variety 'Achtar'.
The ionically wall-bound root peroxidases were relatively less represented (about 14% of total activities) in cereal varieties of high growth potential. However, soluble root peroxidases (about 86% of total activities) were abundant in the same varieties when compared with cereal varieties of limited growth. Positive correlations between soluble root peroxidases and leaf or root fresh weights were found. When subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, soluble cereal peroxidases were separated into acidic forms (activity zones A1 and A2) and basic ones (zones C1 and C2).
The soluble acidic peroxidases exhibited species specific isoforms, which allowed a rapid and early cereal identification. Cereal peroxidases ionically bound to cell walls presented high mobilities. Their slow basic isoform was revealed at the zone C2. The ionically wall-bound acidic forms migrated at the activity zone A2, common to acidic soluble enzymes, suggesting the presence of similar isoforms between the two extractable enzyme fractions. More details available in Aouad, Baaziz & Mergoum 200. Plant Peroxidase Newsletter 15, 13-21.
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AOUAD, A., MERGOUM, M.&BAAZIZ, M. 1994. Révélation du polymorphisme protéique et enzymatique de quelques Céréales d'adaptation variée à l'aridité.In : Acquis et perspectives de la Recherche Agronomique dans les zones arides et semi-arides du Maroc, M. El Gharous, M. Karrou, M. El Mourid eds. INRA et MIAC, Rabat (Maroc). pp. 398-409.
T.aestivum L.) : amélioration de la régénération et caractérisation biochimique des potentialités morphogènes des tissus. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
AOUAD, A. 1997. Contribution à l'étude des peroxydases des céréales en relation avec la résistance à la salinité. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
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