Summary
When subjected to micropropagation by tissue culture, the two reputed cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.); Bou-Sthammi noire, resistant to Bayoud disease and Bou-Feggous, of high fruit quality, give rise to three types of calli, called white and root-forming callus, hyperhydric and degenerating callus and friable and embryogenic callus. All explant sources, calli and germinated embryos were analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for acid soluble protein composition. Phenol-oxidizing enzymes; peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, were also, evaluated and the isoforms separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When compared with the explant and germinated embryos, embryogenic calli of the two date palm cultivars could be identified by a concentrated polypeptide of molecular weight 27500 and polypeptides of molecular weights 70000 and 11500. Hyperhydric and degenerating callus contained the polypeptide exhibiting the molecular weight 32000. Embryogenic calli showed high levels of soluble, ionically and covalently bound peroxidases. The soluble acidic isoperoxidase of Rf 0.60, revealed in these calli and germinated embryos could be a marker of the two tissues. White and root-forming calli of Bou-Feggous cultivar were typified by soluble acidic isoperoxidases with high mobility (Rf 0.75) and anodic ionically wall-bound polyphenoloxidases similar to those of the explant sources. Polyphenoloxidase activities detected in calli and embryos were very low when compared with those of explants. Used as an early test to screen embryogenic calli of date palm, acid soluble proteins, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase data could lead to introduce lightening and economy in the tissue culture technique.
Details: BAAZIZ, AISSAM, BRAKEZ, BENDIAB, EL HADRAMI & CHEIKH. 1994. Euphytica 76, 159-168.
PUBLICATIONS RELATIVES A LA MULTIPLICATION IN VITRO DU PALMIER DATTIER.
AZEQOUR, M., AMSSA, M. & BAAZIZ, M. 2002. Identification de la variabilité intra-clonale des vitro-plants de palmier dattier issus de culture in vitro par organogenèse. Etude morphologique. Comptes Rendus Biologie 325, 947-956.
AZEQOUR, M., MAJOURHAT, K. & BAAZIZ, M. 2002. Morphological variations and isoenzyme polymorphism of date palm clones from in vitro culture acclimatized and established on soil in south Morocoo. Euphytica 123, 57-66.
BAAZIZ, M., MAJOURHAT, K. & BENDIAB, K. 2000. Date palm culture in the Maghreb countries. Constraints and scientific researches. Proceedinfs of the Date Palm International Symposium, Windhoek (Namibia), 22-25 February, pp.306-311.
BAAZIZ, M., MOKHLISSE, N., BENDIAB, K., KOULLA, L., AOUAD, A., HDADOU, H. & MAJOURHAT, K. (1996). Peroxidases as markers in date palm culture. In : Plperoxidases, biochemistry and Physiolog. C.Obinger, U.Burner, R.Ebermann, C.Pen, H.GrEds. University of Agriculture, Vienna and University of Geneva. pp 298-302.
EL HADRAMI, I., BAAZIZ, M., CHEIKH, R., COUMANS, M. & MACHEIX, J.J. 1996. L'embryogenèse somatique chez Phoenix dactylifera L. : Importance des composés phénoliques dans le brunissement et l'acquisition des potentialités embryogènes. Options méditerranéennes A 28, 173-174.
EL HADRAMI, I., CHEIKH, R.& BAAZIZ, M. 1995. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants in Phoenix dactylifera L.. Biologia Plantarum, 37, 205-211.
EL HADRAMI, I.& BAAZIZ, M. 1995. Somatic embryogenesis and analysis of peroxidases in Phoenix dactylifera L.. Biologia Plantarum, 37, 197-203.
BAAZIZ, M., AISSAM, F., BRAKEZ, Z., BENDIAB, K., EL HADRAMI, I.& CHEIKH, R. 1994. Electrophoretic patterns of acid soluble proteins and active isoforms of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase typifying calli and somatic embryos of two reputed date palm cultivars in Morocco. Euphytica, 76, 159-168.
BAAZIZ, M., BENDIAB, K., BRAKEZ, Z.& AIT CHITT, M. 1993. Le polymorphisme enzymatique du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) utilisé comme marqueur de la conformité génétique des vitro-plants. In : Le progrès génétique passe-t-il par le repérage et l'inventaire des gènes ?. AUPELF-UREF Ed. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris. pp. 155-158.
THESES.
MAJOURHAT, K. 2002. Etudes des aspects quantitatif et qualitatif des peroxydases et des polyphénoloxydases du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique de la palmeraie de Marrakech et des nouvelles plantations. Thèse de Doctorat en Biologie. Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech.
EL HADRAMI, I. 1995. L'embryogenèse somatique chez Phoenix dactylifera L.: quelques facteurs limitants et marqueurs biochimiques. Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat ès-Sciences, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
AISSAM, F. 1993. Embryogenèse somatique et régénération du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Contribution à l'étude de la régulation physiologique de la nutrition azotée durant la phain vitro. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures,Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Maroc).
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