c-SUMERIAN-5_morphology.htm

(4)Ic. Hurrian -d-, the sign of the imperfective aspect; Urartian -d-, sign of the imperfective aspect; from PP t?/hw6 and then PL t(?/h)ó, distributive (see 4. h. below); Old Egyptian sdm.t.f form; Sumerian -e(d)-, mâru-form, which Thomsen finely characterizes as "actions which have not yet taken place...actions which are in progress"28; PIE -d- in -nd, future passive participle (gerundive) [this has been replaced in PIE mostly by -t-, the reflex of the animate distributive]; Akkadian -t-infix for perfect (Lehmann's sense, i.e. "-momentary") (N.B. PAA t derives from PP t?; seen most clearly in the imperatives of the ntn-stem (???), which theoretically should have the form intan-; we find instead ita- (with no doubling of the t <- nt!), e.g. itaplas, 'look again and again!'; and the stative of the same form, e.g. itaddu, 'is put down again and again' from nadûm, 'to lay down' (dd <- nd).

(7) T[?]SA-¿E ("body-like=matter"); H: edi, 'body, matter' (the initial e/i may have been added simply to create a disyllabic root or possibly has been borrowed from the postpositional form with preceding PP ?6¿, 'over there-like'; -t/da, allative; U: -(y)(e)de/i, allative; also reflexive; (IE, as postposition in Greek -thi, 'toward(s)'; in several forms of the middle: 1st person plural -medh6/-mezdh6; 2nd person plural -dhve:/-dhvam/-zdhe; 2nd person singular imperative -dhi [i-dhi, 'go', rather '**move yourself']); (cf. A: dhâ- tun {from **dya-tun}, 'self')

(51)Xb. Hurrian (-)(i)ya/ei-, relative pronoun, third person singular possessive; Urartian (- )(i)ya/e/i-, third person singular possessive; PP ¿w6 from PL ¿ò, 'hold', through ¿ó, 'fist'; PIE yo, relative pronoun. The similarity of reflexes between the first and third persons singular may be the original cause of the introduction of suppletive forms.

In view of all this, I propose that the nomina actionis and nomina agentis of Egyptian and PIE, as well as the o-stems, derive from a masculine class-marker of the form PP fy6 from PL fé, 'sinew, strong`, which was added to Hurrian nouns ending in a consonant (but not Urartian nouns) before the actual case endings in the ergative (-(u)š-) and genitive (-we/i) [exactly those cases where the noun is thought of as a person acting or possessing] but not in the absolute, directive, ablative, locative, stative, and comitative cases; and also not in the dative (-wa) since it is the uncompounded circumlative fh6, 'around`, the proof being that the Urartian dative plural is -a-wa; cf. also the PIE locative plural in -su, i.e. /s/-plural + /u/. This circumlative also appears in Egyptian as -w, the only nominal case inflection in Egyptian, preserved only in the oblique forms of the personal pronoun: iw (old), 'me` from -i, *I, my); kw (old), 'thee` (from -k, 'thou/thy (masculine); Tw, 'thee` (from -T, 'thou/thy (feminine); zw, 'him/her/it` (from lost *z, '*he/his` [z, 'individual, man`])23; cf. also PIE *k^ew-, *thee, in Armenian k'o, 'of you`; in addition, cf. the Sumerian possessive pronouns g[~]u-10, 'my` and zu, 'thy`; cf. also the PIE pronominal stem forms tewe-, 'thee`, newe-, 'us`, and sewe, 'self`; PAA nominative -u and possibly imperfective - u

S(A1v) verbal: "?A ("I" = "here"); (Sumerian a-, interrogative particle in a.na, 'what?', and a.ba, 'who?'); (Egyptian in jn {?A-NA, ("here-thing"), "presence"}, interrogative particle, ‘**here/the presence (is . . . ?)' [cf. Arabic ?anaiya, ‘how?, whence?, where?']; also, ‘indeed' ('**here is . . .') [cf. Arabic ?inna, ‘indeed']); (Arabic interrogative particle ?a-, ‘**here (is . . . ?)'); (IE *1. e/e:, o/o:, ‘near by, together with', in expanded form, *2. an-, ‘there, on the other hand', *secondary interrogative particle (cf. Latin an, which also preserves the affirmative meaning, e.g. annon?, ‘or is it not so?' (‘indeed [or] not?')^1.) but with a basal meaning of ‘here' (cf. Old Irish an-d, ‘here'); in lengthened final vowels: e.g. in *g[^]he(:)-, emphatic particle); (cf. Basque -a-, present tense prefix (see Trask 1997:223)); (cf. Beng *-:, stative); (cf. Japanese a-, copula ( -> MJ á-ru, ‘be at, exist'; in combination: ni a -> na; de a -> da))

S*(A1v) verbal: ?A-N[H]A ("move to the top=finish growing=persist in a given form"); (Sumerian verbal prefix al-, '(**cause to persist=), preserve, **persist, always, ever'); (IE *H₂el- in *2. al-, 'grow, make grow', which has derivates like Anglo-Saxon ealdor, 'life', which resumes the idea of a 'persistent state reached by growth'; *1. al-, 'above and beyond', from which Old Irish ol(l), 'further'; cf. also an IE ali, 'currently'); (Egyptian possibly in the sDm.jn.f verbal form, of which an occasional use of made to describe a future condition or as an injunction: (after describing a condition of a patient), rdj.jn.k Dr.t.k Hr.f, ' . . . you shall [always {?}] put your hand on him'; however, the examples may be variously interpreted.)

S(A1n) nominal: ?A ("I" = "here") ?E ("he/she/it" = "over there") / ?O ("you" = "there"); (Sumerian "locative" (better: adessive) case ending -a; "ergative" case ending -ê (?A-¿E, 'here-like' = 'nearby'), 'nearby'); (IE *-H₂e (-a), 1^st p. sing. perfect; *-H₄e (-e), 3rd p. sing. perfect; *3. e-, ‘this, he'; also in *ei- ["?E-¿E or ?E-¿A {see below}], ‘this, he', listed under *3. e-; and *4. au- ["?E-FA{see below}], ‘that'); (Egyptian in independent pronoun basis for 1^st p. pronouns, jn- {?A-NA, ("here-thing"), "presence"} in jn.k, 'I, **my presence', and jn.n, 'we, **our presence'; for 2^nd and 3^rd p. pronouns, jnt- {?A-NA-T[?]O, ("here-thing-torso"), "physical presence"; cf. Old Irish an-d, ‘here'}, in jnt.f, 'he, **his physical presence'); (Arabic ?a-, 1^st p. imperfect prefix); ?an-, basis for 1^st p. sing. pronoun: ?ana {for **?anâ from **anaya}, 'I, **my presence'; ?ant-, basis for 2^nd and 3^rd p. pronouns: e.g. ?anta, 'you, **physical presence'); (cf. Basque -a-, -e-, -o-, direct object (see Trask 1997:220)); (cf. these early pronouns are present in Old Japanese a(re), ‘I'; o(:)(re), ‘you'; and a(ti) [for *e(ti)], ‘he, she, it); (cf. Uralic e, ‘this'); (cf. Hurrian-Urartian -a, locative); (cf. Beng [Southern Mandé] O, ‘he/she/it' - with present tense [<- ?E-FA {imperfective}; cf. IE *4. au-, ‘that']; (cf. Beng E, ‘he/she/it' - with past tense [<- ?E-¿A {perfective}; cf. IE *ei-, ‘this, he']); (in Ryan (1990), I demonstrated the existence of an early set of deictic elements that were used as personal pronouns for the 1^st (?A), 2^nd (?O), and 3^rd persons (?E)); (cf. Old Georgian narrative case ending -i (?A-¿E(?))).

S(A2v) verbal: ?E- (non-concomitant time); (Sumerian î₃-, non-concomitant time, distal); (Old and Late Egyptian j-, verbal augment); (IE e/e:-augment of perfect and imperfect, ‘then'); (cf. Basque e-, Biscaian past tense prefix; combined with *za/o (SA or S[H]O) into ze - when no other agreement adfix is present (Trask 1997:223))

(A2n) nominal: ?E {see ?A above}

(A3v) verbal: ?O {not identified at present}

(A3n) nominal: ?O {see above}

S*(A3v) verbal: ?A-¿E- (non-concomitant time, proximate); (Sumerian ê-, non-concomitant time, proximate)

S*(A3v) verbal: ?A-N[H]A- ("top-move" = "mature, go over top"); (Sumerian al-, perfective); (IE 1. al-, 'above and beyond, on the other side'; 2. al-, 'grow')

(A4v) verbal: -"¿A(/HHA)("much [/ many]"= perfective [inanimate and animate]; (Egyptian -j(j), perfective ‘participle'); (IE -yo, future passive participles; participles of necessity; active or passive participles; the basis for the infinitive); (cf. Basque -i, perfective participle (Trask 1997:212)); (cf. Uralic -i, ‘past tense' marker (cf. Finnish annoin, ‘I gave', <- *antaim), which is really perfective); (cf. Beng past *-y (really: perfective)); (cf. Japanese -e(:)/i, infinitive); the idea behind the PL perfective is successful completion of a verbal activity; it was assumed that doing something ‘many' times or strongly (‘much') would lead to the successful completion of the activity)

(A4n) nominal: -¿A (/HHA)("much [/ many]"); (IE -i, plural in oblique cases and -i in neuter duals of o-stems).

(A5v) verbal: ¿E(-?A) ("say{-here}"); (AA vocative ya); (IE *a in an, interrogative particle [PL ¿E-NA, "say-not"]); (cf. OJ ya, interrogative particle)

S*(A5v1) verbal: -"¿E (verbal differentiation only); (Sumerian -î (currently transcribed by Sumerologists as -e), imperfect, presently termed "present- future, marû", and appearing as -**î, written -e(n)); (IE -i in primary verbal endings e.g. -mi; "progressive(?)"); (cf. Beng *-y); (cf. Japanese -i, non-past indicative of adjectives)

(A5n) nominal: -¿E (" -like"); (Sumerian -î, in -an.î, 'his/hers' (better 'this one's); and -bî, 'its/their' (better 'someone's)); (IE -i, relationship of any kind to root; -i, genitive; in -yo / -iyo, adjectives of possession/origin; locative in -i is probably originally a genitive [if not from subessive ¿A, "under"]); (cf. AA -i [from *-ya], genitive); (cf. Basque: 1) -i, "an ancient adjective-forming suffix (Trask 1997:212)", e.g. gazi, 'salty', from gatz, 'salt'; ari, 'active', from *ar, '*stack up'; Trask lumps Basque reflexes of PL ¿E, ¿A, and ¿O together: "I assume we are looking at a single suffix in all these cases (Trask 1997:212)" - but nothing could better illustrate the fallacy of considering Basque an "isolate"; 2)-e(from V + y), genitive (Trask 1997:201; "Michelena suggests (1972b) that -e might have been the original genitive ending"); (cf. Uralic -i, relationship of any kind to root); (the -i/? element of the Altaic forms: [cf. Sino-]Tibetan -yi, genitive [¿E-¿E], which has been supplemented by -q [QO, '*attached']); (cf. Beng *-y); (cf. Japanese -i/í [from *-ye] in MJ namí, 'wave'); the earliest PL "genitive" is -¿E, "-like"

*(A5n1) nominal: -¿E-¿E ("always-like"), gentilic; (AA -iya [Egyptian gentilic -jj {/ya:/}]); (IE -iyo, see above); ([cf. Sino-]Tibetan -yi, see above [unless from dissimilated HHE-HHE]).

(A6v) verbal: -"¿O(-¿E), ("what is held, object(-like)"), causative; (IE in -(e)yo {**H₃ey}, causative; -n-, causative [from PL NA, "one"]); (cf. Basque -i in itzal-i, 'obscure' ('cause to be shaded'), from itzal, 'shade' (Trask 1997:212; strangely, Trask does not recognize this as a causative formant, but characterizes it as "an identical -i . . . to derive participles from nouns and adjectives"; referring, of course, to Basque -i from PL ¿A); (cf. Japanese -*y in tate: (<- *tatay) = taté-ru, 'erect' ('cause to stand'), from tata, 'stand'); in language after language, the causative/factitive has been simply formed by adding a formant to the verb which originally designated an inanimate object: factitive* ('I [cause] it {NA} [to be] V... -ed'); and the causative: ('I [cause] he {him} {¿O, originally inanimate} to V... it')

*(A6v1) verbal: -" ¿O ("hold"); (IE *-[y]e/o-, subjunctive?); (cf. Japanese yo, emphasis for statement or command [‘must'; cf. yu-u, ‘tie, bind' = IE *2. eu- {**H₃ew-}, ‘put on, bind (cf. ou-tla: 'bandage')' [¿O-FA, "holding"])

(A6n) nominal: ¿O, ("what is held, object"); (IE *yo (from H₃ey from ¿O- ¿E), ‘who, which', listed incorrectly under *3. e-); (cf. Altaic -i/?, 3rd p. sing.); (cf. Beng yo, ‘another')

(A7v) verbal: -"FA[/F[H]A], imperfective;(Egyptian -w, imperfective ‘participle'); (IE in nomina actionis in -we/o(n) and Old Indian active present participle in u for s-desideratives); (cf. Beng -w in bON, ‘black pagne leaf'); (cf. Uralic Nenets -wa (not -*ma!), imperfective infinitive); (cf. Japanese imperfect -u [imperfective]); the idea behind this formant is that a definite small number of repetitions implies activity without completion.

(A7n) nominal: -FA [F[H]A], definite inanimate small plural; (Egyptian in -(j)w, nominal plural; in -wj, nominal dual; -w, (Late?) 3^rd person plural suffix for nouns and verbs); (Arabic in -ûna, external masculine nominative nominal plural; in -û, 3^rd person plural verbal suffix); (IE dual in *-o(:)u); (cf. Beng -*w in gbO, ‘feces')

S*(A7n1) nominal: F[H]A(-¿E) ('come/go around(-like)=repeated(ly), again'); (Sumerian u- (=F[H]A) / u₃- (**wê-=F[H]A(-¿E)), repetitive verbal chain prefix, 'again, repeatedly'); (IE *we:, 'on the other hand', and affirmative; *we:i, same meaning; both listed incorrectly under *4. au-, 'that, on the other hand'; *1. wi/i:-, '**again', as shown by OHG widar, 'again'); (cf. Egyptian -wj, admirative); (cf. Arabic wa, 'and')

(A8/9v&n). verbal and nominal FE, ("energetic") / FO, ("ear, leaf"); not identified at present

(A10v&n) verbal and nominal -F[H]A {see FA above; and (A46) below}

(A11/12v&n). verbal and nominal F[H]E, ("weary") / F[H]O, ("wind") ; not identified at present

(A13v&n) verbal and nominal -HA {see ?A above}

*(A13n1) nominal: HA(-¿E); (Egyptian negative element j(j)); (IE: the negative represented by Greek and Old Indian a-, negative (considered incorrectly to be a vocalic reduction of *n-)); i.e. HA, "air" or "airy, empty"); (cf. Uralic e, ‘no, not'); (cf. Altaic negative e); (cf. Beng (Southern Mandé) é, ‘not' (though I reconstructed the PL base as ?E in the essay on Beng, it could represent an unusual response to HA-¿E [é from *E from *ay?])); (cf. Japanese hi, ‘error, fault' (‘omission[?]'); hi-, ‘non-‘).

(A14v&n) verbal and nominal -HE {see ?E above}

(A15v&n) verbal and nominal -HO {see ?O above}

(A16v&n) verbal and nominal -HHA {see ¿A above}

S(A17v) verbal: HHE ("go"); in HHE-¿E ("going"); (Sumerian -**î, dative case ending, presently termed "(locative-)terminative", and appearing as -**î, but written -e for -î_x, which is showed by the meaning of 'speak' (¿E-¿E, 'speak-ing') for the sign, otherwise attested as i); (IE *-H₄[e]i, dative; *1. ei-, ‘come, go'); (cf. Basque dative -i (from *-ey) (Trask 1997:201); dative verbal marker -i- (from *-ey-) (Trask 1997:228)); (cf. Uralic Nenets -ye? [from *-ey?{?}], ‘toward'); (cf. Japanese (h)e, ‘to (of motion)' [cf. also heru, ‘decrease' {‘go away'; héru, ‘pass'}])

*(A17v1) verbal: HHE-HHE ("always going"), (IE -ye: {from *-e:y}, optative); (cf. Uralic Nenets -yi?, potential noun: xet-, ‘tell' -> xetyiq, ‘possibility to tell' {‘going to tell'}; HHE-HHE dissimilated to HHE-¿E [IE *-e:y]}; (cf. Nenets 3^rd p. optative -ya; conjunctive -yi); (not found in Japanese but probably present)

(A17n) nominal: -HHE {see ?E above}

(A18v&n) verbal and nominal -HHO {see ¿O above}

(A19/20/21v&n). verbal and nominal K[?]A, ("chew") / K[?]E, ("penis, male") / K[?]O, ("neck, twist"); not identified at present

(A22v) verbal: K[?]XA ("hair, hang, behind");(IE ghe in emphatic negations: Old Indian ná gha, ‘(strongly) not, **no hair, **no trace, not at all', listed under ghe-, emphatic particles)

AA(A22n) nominal: K[?]XA ("hair, hang, behind"); (Egyptian in H3 {K[?]XA-R[H]E, "hair- fall=back-of-head"}, ‘occiput, back of ear, behind')

(A23v) verbal: K[?]XE ("face, in front of, about to . . ."); ( Egyptian in Hr {K[?]XE-RO, "front-part"}, ‘face, *front'); (IE g[^]he-, "*before", cf. Old Indian tár-hi, ‘at one time' = ‘before then', listed under ghe-; cf. also in gher-, ‘*face', in Czech zrak, ‘face', listed under g[^]her-, ‘beam, glow, shimmer'; g[^]he: in emphatic personal pronouns: Greek eme- gé, ‘me, **my face, **myself' [K[?]XE-?A, ("face-here"), ‘self'], listed under ghe-, emphatic particles); (cf. Basque -ke, potential mood suffix (Trask 1997:224))

(A23n) nominal: K[?]XE ("bare, scrape"); (IE *1. g[^]he:-, ‘be empty'); (cf. Basque -ge, ‘lack of . . . , missing')

(A24v&n) verbal and nominal: K[?]XO ("throat, hole"); not identified at present

S(A25v&n) verbal and nominal: K[H]A ("lust, desire strongly"); (Sumerian ga- [J. 594, which reads ga, also reads gar₉, which may correlate with Egyptian k3 and IE *ka:r- {PL K[H]A- RE(?)}], cohortative prefix [really volitive]); (IE *ka/a:, *ke, *kom, 'particle, perhaps approximately "well"'; *ka:-, 'like, desire', from which *ka:r-, 'love', in Old Irish caraim, 'I love'); (cf. Egyptian k3, 'think about, plan, plot, **intend'; sDm.k3.f verbal form, future, according to Edel 1955/64); (cf. Hurrian -(u)g-, which frequently occurs with -ar- following it; Diakonoff 1971 on page 114 classifies -ug- as a inchoative: "tad-ug-ar- '[anfangen zu] lieben'" but I believe it can also reasonably be interpreted as a volitive; Urartian -uj-ar-, same remarks; Diakonoff 1971 on page 49 writes: "Jedoch konnte das urartäische g vor und zwischen Vokalen in [j] übergehen."); (cf. Chinese ga:n, 'sweet, pleasant, willingly, of one's own accord'; cf. IE ka:-mo-, 'desire', listed under ka:-, 'like, desire')

(A26v&n) verbal and nominal: K[H]E; not identified at present

(A27n) nominal: K[H]O; (IE *-ko, diminutive); (cf. Basque -ko, diminutive); (cf. Uralic -ka in pos-ka, ‘cheek'); (cf. Japanese ko-, ‘little, small'; ko, ‘child')

*(A27n1) nominal: K[H]O-F[H]A ("cover-ing"); (IE *2. (s)keu-, ‘cover, wrap up'); (cf. Basque -ko, ‘clothing')

(A28) nominal: KX[H]A-F[H]A ("hurting"); (IE ka:u-, ‘hew, beat'); (cf. Basque -ko (KO₂), ‘blow')

(A29v) verbal: KX[H]E ("fast, busy"); (IE in *4. ken-; in *-sk[^]-, former of presents, iteratives, distributive, repetitive, continuative, intensive; in Greek perfect -k); (cf. Uralic -cha, deverbative); (cf. Japanese -k-, perfect)

S(A30v) verbal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); (Sumerian -**ku₆, necessitative verbal chain prefix, presently read ha- (Jaritz Sign # 961)); (cf. Egyptian sDm.xr.f, ‘he *must hear' [cf. xr, ‘with']); (IE k[^]e / k[^]o, "future particle [Greek]"); (cf. Basque -ko, future participle (Trask 1997:103)); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, imperative [cf. Nenets -x, hortative])

(A30n) nominal: KX[H]O ("closed up = close"); (cf. Egyptian xntj, ‘in front'); (IE *ko(m-); *ko-, ‘this', listed under *k[^]o, which is properly K[H]E, ‘that'); (cf. Uralic -ka/ä, comitative (‘with')); (cf. Nenets locative -x-na; xi, ‘near'); (cf. Japanese ko:(re), used for third person proximate; contrasting with so:(re) [S[H]O-RE], semi-proximate; and ka(re) [K[H]E-RE], distal)

S(A31) nominal: MA (formant of nouns of place); (Sumerian ma, 'land', from which the verbal infix -m(a)-, 'there', is derived); (IE -mo, suffix forming nouns of place as in Greek keuthmós, ‘hiding place'); (cf. Egyptian m-, prefix forming nouns of place ); (cf. Arabic ma-, prefix forming nouns of place )

(A3n1) nominal: MA-?A ("full"); (IE *2. ma:-); (cf. Japanese ma-, intensive prefix)

*(A31n2) nominal: MA-¿E ("full-like"); (cf. Japanese mai-, prefix meaning ‘each, every')

(A32n) nominal: ME ("tongue = "converser"); (Egyptian in -w(jj)n (irregularly for **-m(jj)n), 1^st p. pl. of the Old Perfective); (IE *1. me-, 1^st p. sing. oblique pronoun ; *-me, 1^st person plural verbal inflection); (cf. Altaic in men, ‘I'); (cf. Beng (Southern Mandé) in mí, ‘you [sg. familiar]'); (cf. in Late Middle Japanese mi, ‘I'; corresponding to this, we also have kimi, ‘you, other converser' (K[H]E-¿E-"ME-¿E); K[H]E, 'other' is a common formant for the 2^nd person)

(A32v) verbal: ME(-HE) ("push away+move-across- from=reject"); (Egyptian m(j), negative imperative); (in Arabic tamahmaha {m-h}, 'to abstain from'; in mahmaha, 'to prevent from'); (IE *1. me:- (**meH₄), ‘(that) not', prohibitive); (cf. Japanese -m-, negative irrealis)

*(A33n) nominal: MO ("overall"); (IE *-mo, superlative); (cf. Altaic - ma/e, augmentative in kap-kara, ‘entirely black' (from *kam-kara); (cf. Uralic -ma, superlative [cf. also Nenets ngar, ‘largeness' -> ngarm-, ‘become larger']); (cf. Japanese mo, ‘also, even')

(A34n) nominal: M[H]A(-¿E); (Arabic mi-, prefix indicating nouns of instrument (miqbar)); (IE -m, accusative); PL M[H]A is "activity at"; it was originally used primarily with animate nouns to indicate — in the absence of an expressed animate subject — that they were targets of the action; obviously, it could also be used as a locative; neuters acquired -m secondarily, originally only as locatives; (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, accusative)

*(A34n1)nominal: M[H]A (activity); (Arabic ma-, prefix forming nouns of location); (IE -mo, formant of locations); (cf. Uralic -ma/ä, deverbal noun [Finnish kuolla, ‘die' -> kuolema, ‘death'); (cf. Japanese -ma(:), in MJ jama, ‘obstruction, restriction' [PL T[?]SO-¿A-M[H]A {"held-activity"} = OJ *dyama:])

(A35v&n) verbal and nominal: M[H]E ("thin, soft, smooth"); not identified at present

(A36n) nominal: M[H]O ("human"); (AA *man, ‘someone');(IE does not have this use presumably except as a constituent of *men, ‘someone'); (cf. Beng mo, ‘my, mine'; this word was used for "pronouns" in Amerindian languages.

S(A37v) verbal: NA; (Sumerian in -n, nominalizer, in ne-en, 'one', from ne(-e), 'one' (NA-¿E, 'one-like')); (IE -no, perfect participle); (cf. Egyptian sDm.n.f; ‘he heard', really a nominalization: ‘what he spoke was . . .'); (cf. Basque -(e)n, past tense (Trask 1997:224) {really a nominalization}); Basque -n, nominalizer (Trask, "complementizer"; Trask 1997:240))

S*(A37v1) verbal: NA (inanimate ingressive); (Sumerian in -n-, verbal chain modifier, punctual, probably ingressive); (IE -n as a formant of verbal roots; e.g. *ke:i- {for **k[^]e:i-}, 'be in movement' = 'running'; *ke:i-n- {for **k[^]e:i-n-}, 'set in movement', listed under *ke:i-; 4. *ken- {for **k[^]en-}, 'exert one's self, avidly strive' = 'make a fast movement'

(A37n) nominal: -NA (/N[H]A) (definite singular); (Egyptian n, "genitival particle[?]", shown to be an inflected article by its agreement with the foregoing noun, varying for feminine [n.t] and plural [{i}nw]); (Arabic -l [from animate N[H]A]); (not found in IE as a genitive per se, which has inherited *-y [from -¿E, "-like", an adjectivizer] but -n, nominal suffix; -l, Romance definite article base: -lo, agent; cf. also -ino, secondary adjectives; -ino, pronominal possessive); cf. Basque -n(a), refers to the absolutive subject of a subordinate clause / -la, refers to the ergative agent of the subordinate clause (see Trask 1997: 240-241); -ne, female first name (NA-¿E, a femininization of "the"); -le, agent, actor (N[H]A-¿E, "the [animate]"); (cf. also Uralic -n, genitive); -na/nä, de-nominal/verbal noun [Hungarian vad, ‘wild' -> vadon, ‘wilderness']); (cf. Beng in sON\, ‘person'); (cf. Japanese na in kana, ‘this (one)'; na, "copular connective(?)" in shizuka na hito, ‘a quiet man' (but perhaps simply the singular definite article [‘the man of quiet'], corresponding to genitive particle no [really the plural (article){NO}]).

S*(A37n1) nominal: NA ("one" = "I / you"); (Sumerian in ana, 'one'; in ana₃, 'one'; demonstrative **nê, '**one' (NA-¿E, 'one-like')); (IE: not found as a 1^st or 2^nd p. pronoun unless in *3. ne- {*no:i [**neH₃ey-{?}]; could this form be related to Arabic naHnu, 'we', **from NO-HHO(-F[H]A, 'be inclined to'["feel(ings)-resting = agreeing[?]"]; IE *2. neu-, 'nod'; Arabic naHâ [n-H-w], 'incline towards', as 'those who agree = we'?}, ‘we {oblique}'); (cf. Basque in ni (from na-"yV <- PL NA-"¿E), "I" (Trask 1997:196)); (cf. Beng n, ‘I'); a frequent set of pronouns around the world for the first and second person are NA, "the one", and K[H]E, "the other"; Beng ka, 2^nd p. plural and polite); the a of ka (for *ke) and the syllabic n of *na show that these "pronouns" are stress-unaccented.

S**(A37n2) nominal: "NA(-¿E) ("inside-like"); (Sumerian -na-, 'inside', verbal infix; in -ni- (NA-HHE-¿E), 'into', verbal infix); (IE nei- {Slavic *on[?]}, listed under *1. en, ‘in'); (cf. Basque -n, locative, ‘in' {Trask 1997:202}); (cf. Uralic -na/ä, illative [‘into']); (cf. Japanese ni, ‘in, into'

***(A37n3) nominal: NA/N[H]A in ?A+N[H]A(-FE) ("this-animate[-male]"'); (IE in *all- for **alw-, listed under *1. al-; 2. an-); (cf. Altaic ol, 3rd p. demonstrative nominative and ?E-NA("that", inanimate), -a/en, 3rd p. demonstrative oblique); Altaic is attempted to preserve the animate-inanimate distinction of N[H]A/NA, the nominative preferring the animate form); (cf. Beng aN, ‘we [past, imperative], us, our')

S****(A37n4) nominal: NA-?A ("being inside, absent"), (Sumerian na- (nâ), sentence negation); (IE 1. ne/e:, sentence negation); (cf. Japanese *na:-, ná-i, ‘there is not')

*****(A37n5) nominal: NA-"?A-¿E ("inside-like=not here=absent"); (Egyptian (j)n(n), negative); (IE *ne:i-, listed under *1. ne/ne:-, negative); (cf. Beng ní, ‘not'); (cf. Japanese -*na:i -> -nai, ‘not' — for this interpretation of the Japanese negative, cf. náibu, ‘inside, interior' [NA-?A-¿E-P[?]FO-FA])

******(A37n6) nominal: NA-¿E ("not-say"); (IE *nei, sentence negative, listed under *1. ne/e:); (cf. Japanese nee, particle asking for agreement)

continue to

Combinatory Modifications

for modifications of the vowels and consonants in combination, see the

Table of Modifications