THE HUMAN FUNDAMENTAL CONJECTURE
Title: The Human Fundamental Conjecture
Subtitle: A Philosophical Model of Identical Universes, Lives and Minds
Author: Xinyan Zhang
E-mail: reex9@yahoo.com
Website: www.oocities.org/reex9/
Version: 21.06.2005
This is an approximately abbreviated version from its
Chinese original, which
can be found from: www.oocities.org/reex9//cn.html,
Abstract
11 conjectures are presented in this article as the logical outcomes of
the primary conjecture: “Everything exists arises from and ends in one thing; everything exists is composed
of and also composes the same thing”. The first 3 conjectures explain the
identical essence of matter, energy, space and time, put forward the law of
group identification and with which deepen the understanding about Einstein’s
space, also describe the states at the beginning and end of our universe, and
the states before its beginning and after its end. The next 3 conjectures
unveil the essence of life, define two kinds of lives with contrary natures,
and suggest how the lives on the earth originated. The 8th conjecture presents
the concept of the ultimate basic organisation of life. The 9th shows the
general organisation of the human mind and the 10th explains the essence of
consciousness and how the mind works. The last 2 conjectures discuss the
existing form and course of individual human self, and the meaning of human
existence.
Click to view the following chapters:
Introduction Universes Lives Organisation Mind
I N T R O D U C T I O N
No matter how little we might be aware of them, it is a fact that,
because we exist as human beings in the middle of time and space, all our
thoughtful actions, all religions, all moral standards, all scientific laws and
theories, all social and economic systems are fundamentally based upon some
conjectures, which may be called as human fundamental conjectures
in distinguishing themselves from guesses in common sense.
What presented in this article is a logical system
composed of 12 such conjectures, which is based on an ancient believe, the
first conjecture of the article: Everything exists arises from and ends in one thing; everything exists is composed
of and also composes the same thing. This thing was called as Tao by the
ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu, as Apeiron by the ancient Greek
philosopher Anaximander, as Dharma by Gautama Siddhartha, the Indian
Buddha, as Absolute by the German philosopher Hegel, as Singularity
by the British theoretical physicist Hawking and other physicists, is more
commonly called as Thing-in-itself nowadays... and will be called as Reex
(plural & singular) in this article.
U N I V E R S E S
There are infinite things believed by us as existence and the whole of all the existing things is called as Universe.
Scientists say, the universe began at a time point so called as Big Bang
and has already undergone an evolution of about 14,000 millions of years. Now the
universe, at its most macroscopic level, is an immense but not boundless space
containing thousands of millions of moving galaxy clusters, their magnetic and
gravitational fields, and the 2.73°K cosmic microwave
background radiation. Each cluster is an aggregate of thousands of galaxies and
each galaxy is in turn composed of millions of asters. More than one thousand
million asters and large amounts of interstellar gas and dust consist of our
Milky Way Galaxy. Among them, there is the sun, 1,392,000 kilometres in
diameter and 330,000 times of the earth in mass. It travels with a speed of
about 200 kilometres per second, orbiting the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy in
a period of approximately 200 million years. The earth, orbiting around the sun
once a year, is a planet with a total surface area 509.6 million square
kilometres and a total mass of 6x1024 kilograms. There are about 8
millions of species living in a thin layer where the earth's solid, liquid and
gas meet each other. Among them there are 6000 millions of human beings with
intelligent minds. Each one of the living and non-living things that consists
of the earth is a huge organisation of different atoms. Different atoms have
different nuclei that are made up of different numbers of protons and neutrons.
Each proton or neutron is in turn a combination of different quarks and
leptons.
However, the second conjecture of this article holds the view
that all the things described above are nothing intrinsic to the Reex itself
but only intermediate products in the course where the Reex that appear as the
human mind and its environment change into each other. Such intermediate
products may be called as consciousness, memory or behaviour.
The second conjecture believes at the same time that there is an
absolute existence, the Reex, which is different in 3 aspects from any
consciousness, memory and behaviour:
1. The Reex is the one and the only existence. Though
consciousness, memory and behaviours may appear, disappear or change, the Reex
itself can not be created or destroyed, can not be gained or lost, and can not
be changed by itself or by anything else.
2. Never staying as it is, the Reex is an eternal motion and
autonomic change. All consciousness, memory and behaviours are reflection of
the Reex’ motion, change and gathering or dispersing caused by its motion and
change.
3. Though consciousness, memory and behaviours are various and different to each other, all the Reex are always the same and of absolute self-identity.
It is assumed in the third conjecture that there are 4 states in
one of which the whole of the Reex has to be. The differences of those states,
however, exist only relatively to our minds but not to the Reex itself.
Among the 4 states, there are two extreme ones that are opposite to each
other and two intermediate ones that are also opposite to each other. The Reex
in both of the two extreme states are called as the pure Reex and the
extreme phenomena they appear as are called as the pure phenomena. The
Reex in both of the two intermediate states are called the dual Reex,
and the intermediate phenomena they appearance are called the dual phenomena.
The difference of the two dual Reex is that one of them is changing towards the
state of one pure Reex, and another towards the state of the opposite pure
Reex. All Reex appear as the same when in the same state but never the same
when in different states. The dual Reex appear as all the phenomena
intermediate between the two opposite groups of pure phenomena, and their
appearances change correspondingly as they change to either of the pure Reex.
Some interesting results may be achieved by expanding many scientific concepts according to the logic of these conjectures:
1. Energy and Matter
If we know all the phenomena that the Reex
in all the 4 states may appear as and if we sum them all up with the concepts
of energy and matter, then one of the pure Reex may be called as the pure
energy and the opposite pure Reex may be called as the pure matter.
The phenomena of the pure energy are what the Reex appears as when all the Reex
gather within each other and go together in a one-way motion along one path of
straight line, and the phenomena of the pure matter is the phenomena that the
Reex appear as when all the Reex disperse from each other and each goes in a
reciprocating motion along extremely large numbers of paths of straight line.
The pure energy has the highest Reex density and the pure matter has the lowest
Reex density. Both of the densities are not the same as the concept of mass in
physics. The dual Reex may be described separately as either a Reex
individual or as a Reex whole composed of all the Reex individuals.
All dual Reex individuals run along one path of one-way motion and one or more
paths of reciprocating motions at the same time, and therefore appear as both
energy and matter at the same time. No dual Reex may have the Reex density as
high as the pure energy or as low as the pure matter, and no dual Reex may have
so many paths as the pure matter or so few path as the pure energy. However,
one dual Reex individual may be called as dual energy when comparing
with another it appears faster, hotter, thicker in density, more changing, more
microscopic, more unified, more synchronous, more symmetric, more evenly and
equally distributed and having more time; otherwise, it may be called as dual
matter when comparing with another it appears slower, colder, thinner in
density, less changing, more macroscopic, more different, more asynchronous, more
asymmetric, less evenly and equally distributed and having less time.
2. Microstate and Macrostate
We may also sum up all the phenomena that Reex may appear as with the
concepts macrostate and microstate. Then, the pure macrostate is
what the pure matter appears and the pure microstate is what the pure energy
appears. Not like the pure Reex, the dual Reex always appears as both
macrostate and microstate at the same time. The macrostate is the appearances
of its reciprocating motion and microstate the appearances of its one-way
motion. Though there are always phenomena of both macrostate and microstate in
a dual Reex whole, one special macrostate are only accompanied by another
special microstate and both change correspondingly. In a universe of the dual
Reex whole, either its microstate is decreasing and its macrostate is
increasing or vice versa, we are not allowed to use the microstate to explain
the macrostate or vice versa, because there is no cause-and-effect relation
between them, they are only of co-existences. For example, we may not say cells
are more essential than the body or particles are more fundamental than the
whole universe.
3. Time and Space
And we may also sum up all the phenomena of pure energy or pure
microstate as pure time and pure matter or pure macrostate as pure
space. Therefore, there is neither time nor space wherever there is no
Reex. All the phenomena of time reflect Reex's motion along one-way path and
all the phenomena of space reflect Reex's motion along reciprocating paths. The
time can be measured as the speed of Reex's one-way motion and its density, and
the space can be measured as numbers of the reciprocating paths of Reex's
motion and their lengths. Dual Reex individual that runs along one
reciprocating path may appear as a one-dimension object, called as a Reex
string, and that along two or three reciprocating paths at the same time
may appear as a two or three-dimension object, called as a Reex plane or
a Reex body. All the reciprocating paths that one dual Reex individual
runs along at the same time, may be called as the dual Reex individual’s Reex
field. The fields of the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the
electromagnetic force and the gravitational force are also Reex fields and
spaces, though they are Reex fields and spaces with different Reex densities,
different reciprocating paths and different complex structures.
There is an interdependent relation between a dual Reex individual’s
Reex field and its one-way path. The number of a dual Reex individual’s
reciprocating paths will increase when it loses energy and will decrease when
it gains energy. Though such changes in the speed of the one-way path may be
continuous, they are discontinuous in the number of the reciprocating paths.
For instance, a non-superconductor may change into a superconductor when it
loses energy and gains more reciprocating paths; a photon may be emitted when
it gains more energy and loses one reciprocating path; and a Reex individual
will have more gravitational mass when it contains less energy but less
gravitational mass when it contains more energy, which might be the reason why
our universe did not stay as a black hole even though it started in a state of
extremely high density.
There is time but no space in the pure energy, which may be called as absolute
time, and there is space but no time in the pure matter, which may be
called as absolute space. There are both time and space in the whole or
individuals of dual Reex, but never so much time as that in the pure energy and
never so much space as that in the pure matter. When comparing one dual Reex
individual with another, one of them may be called as dual time and
another dual space.
There still are many other pairs of concepts, such as continuity and discontinuity,
order and disorder, motion and state, homogeneity and heterogeneity and so on,
that may replace and fulfil the roles of the above-mentioned three pairs of
concepts in summing up all the appearances of the Reex. This implies that
energy, microstate, time, continuity, order, motion, homogeneity and so on are
one same thing, and matter, macrostate, space, discontinuity, disorder, state,
heterogeneity and so on are another same thing. The essential identification
among all the concepts within each of the two opposite groups may be called as the
law of group identification.
4. Gravity and Mass
Gravitational field is the appearance of the
reciprocating paths and the Reex field. When two Reex field run into each
other, the parts of their reciprocating motions towards to each other will
appear more and more like energy and the parts in the opposite direction more
and more like matter. That might be how the accelerating energy is produced in
gravitational fields.
Any body and its gravitational field are a unified entity, and the size
and strength of the gravitational field is in direct ratio to the numbers of
the body’s reciprocating paths. That is, the more reciprocating paths a body possesses, the
heavier its gravitational mass.
Therefore, the gravitational
mass in physics may be defined more accurately with the equation below, where
the M is the mass a body possesses, n is the mean quantity of its reciprocating
paths, s is the mean speed of its one-way motion.
Equation of Gravitational Mass: M
= n/s
There is no space or gravitational field in the whole of pure energy,
since there is no reciprocating path in it. There are spaces and gravitational
fields in both wholes of dual Reex, but the phenomena of spaces and
gravitational fields increase in one of them and decrease in another. Dual Reex
that appear as gravitational field also have one-way paths and therefore also
have appearances of energy. There is extremely strong gravitational field and
extremely large space in the whole of pure matter, but no one-way path, no
energy, no time, no life, no atoms and no dark matter in it.
It is the fourth conjecture that assumes the Reex whole may not
be in two or more of the 4 states at the same time, nor remain in any of them
for ever, but must change into each of its four states in turn. Therefore, the
existence of the Reex whole appears as a cycle of constant changing among the
four states. The appearance of the cycle is, therefore, composed of one point
of pure energy, one point of pure matter and two periods of dual phenomena with
opposite directions. Let us call such a cycle of the Reex whole as the year
cycle, and call its pure matter point as winter universe (U.
Winter), its pure energy point as summer universe (U. Summer), the
intermediate period changing towards the pure energy point as spring
universe (U. Spring), and the another as autumn universe (U.
Autumn). The direction of the year cycle's evolution is from U. Spring, through
U. Summer and then U. Autumn, to U. Winter, and finally returns to U. Spring
again.
During U. Spring, the Reex whole gathers into itself gradually and
repeatedly, and has fewer and fewer reciprocating paths, fewer and fewer
appearances of matter and space, but more and more appearances of energy and
time. Different from a collapse, the U. Spring is a course of gradually and
repeatedly consuming dual matter and producing dual energy. At the point of U.
Summer, all the Reex gathers into one one-way path and all phenomena of
reciprocating path, such as gravity and space, disappear. During the period of
U. Autumn, the Reex whole disperses from itself gradually and repeatedly.
Reciprocating paths reappear and increase and the universe changes from an
existence of one dimension into multidimensional world, and gets bigger and
bigger, colder and colder, more and more different and unequal. Accordingly its
time becomes less and faster. Different from an explosion as that in the
Big-Bang hypothesis, the U. Autumn is a course of gradually and repeatedly
consuming dual energy and producing dual matter. At the point of U. Winter, all
the one-way paths disappear and the Reex whole disperses into the pure matter
with extremely large number of reciprocating paths in an extremely large space.
Attracted by the extremely strong gravity of the pure matter, the Reex whole
gathers up and enters U. Spring again.
There are many sub-year-cycles (Suby) in either the U. Spring or
the U. Autumn. Each of the Subys is composed of SU. Spring, SU.
Summer, SU. Autumn and SU. Winter. The differences between
the Suby and the year cycle are: The SU. Summer in a Suby is composed of dual
energy, not pure energy, and the SU. Winter is composed of dual matter, not
pure matter. Both SU. Summer and SU. Winter of a Suby will become more and more
like pure energy in the U. Spring but more and more like pure matter in the U.
Autumn. In different Subys there are SU. Autumns with different initial states,
different lengths of their courses, different proportion of non-baryonic dark
matter and different lives in them. Not in all of the SU. Autumns may the human
beings arise and exist. Through the gradually and repeatedly grinding of the
sub cycles, the pure energy is digested by the U. Autumn and the pure matter is
digested by the U. Spring.
L I V E S
Since atomic nuclei had appeared before human beings came into being,
therefore, we do not only live in a whole of dual Reex but also in an U.
Autumn. Though an U. Autumn is a natural development of an U. Summer, nothing
exists in the U. Autumn may have existed in the U. Summer. None of the atoms,
asters, plants, animals or human beings existed at the beginning point of our
U. Autumn and have all been created afterwards by the development of the U.
Autumn. The creative change happened in this development is called as life.
Though life does not exist everywhere in our universe, it certainly does not
occur only in biological bodies like living plants and animals either.
Life is the appearances of the Reex. However, not all but only the dual
Reex may appear as life, and not all but only some of the dual Reex that are in
the following 3 states may appear as life. The Reex in these 3 states are
called the pure life, the spring life and the autumn life.
These 3 kinds of lives are the fifth conjecture of this article.
The pure life is the dynamic equilibrium state in which certain dual
energy gains more reciprocating paths and changes continuously into a relevant
dual matter and simultaneously the dual matter loses reciprocating paths and
changes continuously back to the relevant dual energy, and all the changes lead
to neither increase nor decrease of the total amount of the matter and energy
in the environment where the changes occur. The year cycle itself may be
regarded as a pure life existing in time, and the pure life of dual Reex
individuals may be regarded as a year cycle existing in a local space.
Because all the dual Reex must become more and more like either the pure
energy or the pure matter, therefore, the life must also change towards either
direction. The life that becomes more and more like the pure matter, the same
direction of the U. Autumn, is called the autumn life; and the life that
becomes more and more like the pure energy, the same direction of the U.
Spring, is called the spring life. Their directions determine that the spring
life consumes matter and produces energy and the autumn life consumes energy
and produces matter. For instance, in comparison, the lives that produce the
solar energy are spring lives, and the lives that compose the plants or the
animals that live directly or indirectly on the solar energy are autumn lives.
The second law of thermodynamics reflects only the direction of the U. Autumn,
and is, therefore, not applicable to the whole of the year cycle or a Suby, or
any system in which there is a spring life.
There is no life in either
U. Summer or U. Winter because there is no dual Reex in them. There are both
spring life and autumn life in both U. Spring and U. Autumn. However, U. Spring
is predominated by the spring live and U. Autumn by the autumn life.
Among all the energy that participate in the changes of an individual
life, the portion of energy that is changing from energy into matter is called the
energy component of life, and the rest portion of the energy is called the
direct energy environment of life. Among all the matter that participate in
the changes of an individual life, the portion of matter that is changing from
matter into energy is called the matter component of life, and the rest
portion of the matter is called the direct matter environment of life.
The portions of energy and matter participating in the changes of an individual
life become either its components or its direct environment at random. All the rest of the dual Reex that coexist with an individual life but
are neither its component nor its direct environment are called the indirect
environment of the life. The indirect environment may contain innumerable
local indirect environments of the life. For one individual life, there may
be a large number of local indirect environments but only one indirect
environment. There
may be many identical or different lives existing in one indirect environment.
Shared local indirect environments may connect the direct environments of
different lives together, through which different lives may exchange matter and
energy with each other. Those exchanges do not lead to any change in the total
amount of the matter and energy in the indirect environment, but do lead to the
formation of interrelation among the lives in it. And such interrelations among
different lives appear as relation, form, structures and processes of the
indirect environment.
All the changes of the Spring life and the Autumn life may be divided further into 2 groups, called the
energy change of life and the matter change of life. The energy
changes of life are the changes in the quantity of the matter and the energy
that compose the direct environment, and the consequential changes in the
components of life. The matter changes of life are the changes in the form of
the matter and energy that compose the direct environment of the life, and the
consequential changes in the relations of matter and energy exchanges among
individual lives in the indirect environment. The results of the energy changes
of life are the occurrence and disappearance of lives in the indirect
environment of life, and the results of the matter changes of life are the
occurrence and disappearance of relations, forms, structures and processes in
the indirect environment of life.
The energy change of life may lead to the disappearance of either matter
components or energy components of a life, both of which are considered as the
death of the life. If the change is towards the direction of the U. Spring,
there will be more and more energy and/or less and less matter in the direct
environment of a life, less and less its energy components change into its
matter components, and more and more its matter components change into its
energy components, until all its matter components disappear. The state in
which a life loses all its matter components is called the heat death of
the life. If the change is towards the direction of the U. Autumn, there will
be less and less energy in the direct environment of a life, less and less the
energy components of the life change into its matter components, and less and
less its matter components change into energy components, until all its energy
components disappear. The state in which a life loses all its energy components
is called the cold death of the life.
The remnant matter components of a life after its cold death are called
frozons or frozon individually. An adult human body is composed of
about 1027 of atomic nuclei and the electrons around them. All of
the atomic nuclei are such frozons. Whenever producing a frozon, an autumn life
also produces some energy at the same time, which may be called as postnatal
energy. The postnatal energy is lower in its Reex density than the energy
component of the autumn life that produces it and the frozon.
The matter changes of life do not directly lead to any death of lives
but lead to the changes in matter and energy exchange relations among all the
lives in the indirect environment. Such changes may cause the death of a pair
of relevant lives at the same time, one of which is the heat death and another
the cold death, called together as the organisation death. Whenever the
matter changes of life cause the disappearance of lives, it will cause the
occurrence of another lives at the same time, and cause consequent changes in
the relations, forms, structures and processes in the indirect environment. The
organisation death happens all the time in the evolution of species and the
development of individual organisms.
The occurrence and disappearance of individual lives in an indirect
environment cause the occurrence and disappearance of relations of matter and
energy exchange among different lives. The processes in which new and existing
individual lives rebuild their relations and integrate with each other in an
indirect environment are called the reorganisation of the indirect
environment. Reorganisation is the changes that obey Darwin’s theory of
evolution.
The organisation of any indirect environment where the autumn lives
predominate will become more and more complex as time goes on and where the
spring lives predominate will get more and more simplified. A human body is
such a local indirect environment in which the autumn lives predominate over
the spring lives.
Both the energy changes and the matter changes can be further divided
into 2 groups of different changes, called the determined change of life
and the random change of life. The determined changes are the matter or
energy changes of life that follow the direction of the year cycle, and the
random changes are the matter or energy changes of life that follow the
direction of pure life. All the changes of life are both determined change and
random change at the same time. And both determined and random changes will
equally lead to the reorganisation of the indirect environment of life.
Our U. Autumn rose from the pure energy state of a U. Summer about 14
thousand million years ago, and will fall to the pure matter state of a U.
Winter probably 1026 years later. Changing from the pure energy to
the pure matter, the U. Autumn itself is a long course composed of extreme
large number of intermediate states of the dual Reex. Everything that exists in
it originates from one of the states, is itself one of the states and will
change into other one of the states.
Through the changes in the U. Autumn, the Reex whole is getting lower in
density, less evenly and equally distributed, more and more reciprocating
paths. Its appearances are becoming more like matter, more macroscopic, more
structures and processes, colder, more various, more asynchronous and
asymmetric, faster in time, and so on. This direction of the U. Autumn
determines that there are fundamental 3 different kinds of autumn lives
existing at different periods of the course of the U. Autumn: The earliest one,
which begins to occur at the beginning of the U. Autumn, is called the life
of high energy; the latest one, which begins to occur at the end of the U.
Autumn, is called the life of high matter; and the one in between, which
begins to occur in the middle of the U. Autumn, is called the life of high
organisation. Those 3 kinds of autumn lives are the sixth conjecture.
The most typical life of high energy has one shared direct environment among
many components of life but does not have the indirect environment. Its energy
components are the energy almost like the pure energy, and its matter
components are the most microscopic matter with extremely high Reex density.
Just like what the lives of plants and animals are doing today, the lives of
high energy were metabolising energy and matter, reproducing themselves,
sensing and responding to the changes in their environment about 20 thousand
million years ago.
The earlier a life occurs in the course of the U. Autumn, the higher
Reex density its energy component will be, the shorter the life will exist, and
the more frozons it will produce, the heavier and smaller its frozons will be.
The very first babies borne by live of high energy may be some extremely
microscopic Reex strings with extremely high Reex density. Though those Reex
strings occupy little space of our universe, they possess 95% of all the Reex;
and all the other things, all the atoms, all the plants, animals and humans,
and most of the asters, were created from the rest 5% of the Reex. As the
universe cooled down those U. Autumn’s firstborn babies grew up from Reex
strings to dual Reex with lots of reciprocating paths, and possess extremely
high gravitational mass. They exist at the centres of clusters and galaxies and
might be the dark matter that scientists are looking for.
The most typical lives of high organisation have both direct and
indirect environments. The Reex density of its components is neither so high as
that of the lives of high energy nor so low as that of the lives of high
matter. The phenomena that the lives of high organisation and their products
appear are the basis and the limitation for science. We can still find the
approximately differences between the energy environment of the lives of high
energy and that of the lives of high organisation by fissioning their frozons.
For instance, all the biological lives are the lives of high organisation.
Their matter components are chemical bonds and their energy components are the
energy that produces those chemical bonds. The chemical bonds can be split with
the energy of a few electron volts that is approximately similar to the energy
that composes the direct energy environment of the biological lives. Nowadays,
with the energy of more than 100 thousand million electron volts, physicists
can produce a direct energy environment of 1014 degrees Kelvin,
approximately similar to the environment at the 10-12 second after
the beginning of our universe. The Reex density of this energy environment is
still very much lower than the one at exact point of the beginning of the U.
Autumn. Such a great difference shows how cold our environment is for the lives
of high energy. Therefore, many of the things that we call non-living matter
are actually the matter components of the lives of high energy deeply frozen by
the temperature of our environment. The earlier a frozon was produced in the
past, the deeper it is frozen at present and the more it appears as matter. The
lives that occur in non-biological bodies and biological bodies are essentially
the same. Their differences are made only by their relation to the U. Autumn,
that is, lives have been active in non-biological bodies before but are being
active in biological bodies now and here.
The lives of high organisation are also different from the lives of high
energy in the longevity of their existence and variation of their forms.
Generally speaking, the lower the Reex density of the direct environments of a
life is, the longer it exists, the more forms it develops into. For instance,
the lives that produced all the protons and neutrons existed only in a period
from the first microsecond to the first second of the beginning of our
universe. As a striking contrast, the lives that produce all the plants and
animals on the earth have already existed more than 4 thousand million years
and are still active. Its long life gives the lives of high organisation more
chances of developing various forms.
The lives of high organisation are neither so unified as the lives of
high energy nor so complex as the lives of high matter, it is the combination
of both the lives of high energy and the lives of high matter. Creating complex
but unified indirect environment is the nature of the lives of high
organisation and is the inevitable outcome of their developments in the U.
Autumn. Such unified complexity is not an evidence for the existence of a
creator or God.
As the U. Autumn progresses further and further, all the direct
environments of lives will become smaller and smaller and the existence of
lives will become more and more dependent on the matter and energy exchanges
among different lives in the indirect environment. The matter and energy that
an autumn life gains may come from either a spring life, such as that plants
from the sun, or from another autumn life different in forms, such as that
carnivores from herbivores and herbivores from plants. The more complex an
organism is, the more its existence depends on the matter and energy exchanges.
The most typical lives of high matter have indirect environment of life
but do not have the direct environment of life. Its energy components are the
energy almost at the absolute zero of thermodynamics, and its matter components
are the matter almost like the pure matter. It may not yet exist in our
universe.
It is possible that the universe found by scientists is still a SU.
Autumn in a Suby. If it is so, there must be dual Reex and lives existed before
its beginning.
The lives of plants, animals, including human beings occur in the bodies
that are composed of nucleic acids, proteins, sugar molecules and fatty acids.
Such bodies are called biological bodies or organisms, and the lives that occur
in the biological bodies are called biological lives and all the
biological lives are the lives of high organisation. As any other kinds of
lives, the biological life has its own position in the year cycle. Biological
life can occur neither in the U. Summer because there exists no matter, nor in
the U. Winter because there exists no energy. And the energy and the matter
that compose the biological lives are not the same as the energy in the U.
Summer or the matter in the U. Winter. Biological lives can not occur in the U.
Spring too, because the direction of changes there is just the invert of the U.
Autumn's. In the U. Autumn, biological lives occur much later than the
occurrence of the nuclei produced by the lives of high energy, but if the
biological lives might occur in the U. Spring, they have to occur much earlier
than the occurrence of any nucleus because it is the lives of high matter that
occur at the beginning of the U. Spring and the lives of high energy occur only
at the end of it. Therefore, the biological lives are the autumn lives that
only occur in the U. Autumn, maybe only in its very early stage.
As other lives, the origin of autumn life is always the result of the
occurrence of certain energy. The energy that caused the origins of the
biological lives on the earth came first from the forming course of the solar
system, especially the earth. The formation of the solar system began about 5
thousand million years ago as a lot of cosmic dust was gathering into many
centres. Ninety nine per cent of the dust forms the sun and rest of it forms the
other 9 planets. As more and more matter of the dust gathers together, part of
them at the centre of each centres change into various forms of energy. This
energy first led to the rise of the activities of the spring lives in those
planets. Their different mass determined that different solar planets underwent
different activities of the spring lives and got different products of the
activities.
The activities of spring lives gradually fell off as the increase of the
mass of the planets gradually stopped. As activities of spring lives decreased,
the activities of autumn lives occurred and increased in those planets. The
autumn lives consumed the energy and created new forms of matter in the
planets. The activities of the spring lives ended, at least ended from their
surfaces, long time ago in all the solar planets except the sun. The activities
of spring lives in the sun provide the second source of energy that influences
the activities of lives, mainly the autumn lives, on other planets. Their
different distances from the sun determined that different solar planets had
different patterns of autumn lives, underwent different developmental course of
the autumn lives, and have different products of their autumn lives. Therefore,
it is the earth's mass and its distance to the sun that determine that all the
plants, animals and the human beings with intelligent minds may occur on the
earth than any other planets.
About 4.5 thousand million years ago, the earth began to cool down.
During its cooling course, various autumn lives occurred, then died and left
masses of new molecules as their frozons. The first generation of lives
concerning the large biological molecules, called as biological lives of
earth energy, occurred at a temperature point of the course where the
environmental conditions made it easy for the carbon atoms to form or break
bonds among themselves or with other atoms. The matter components of the
biological lives of earth energy were different DNA molecules. They were living
DNA molecules, reproducing themselves fast in large quantity and great
variation and living in large but localised environments instead of in cells.
As the results of their activities, a sea of primary DNA molecules of all the
possible permutation and combination were left, long before any cell, any
protein or any RNA came into being. All the chromosomes now found in all the
cells of all the plants and animals are actually good or bad copies of the
primary DNA molecules. The biological lives of earth energy and their
environment may be called as DNA world.
As the energy environment gradually became lower and lower, the second
generation of biological lives rose on the base of the ready-made chromosomes.
There are two different sorts of them, called the biological lives of solar
energy and the biological lives of biochemical energy. The former
take the energy from the sunlight as their energy components, the latter the
energy released by biochemical reaction. They both have various RNAs, proteins,
sugar molecules and fatty acids as their matter components.
Both the biological lives do not create new primary DNA molecules, but
their developments along the direction of the U. Autumn did create all the
other large biological molecules, individual combination of primary DNA or
chromosomes, cells and multicellular organisms. Species rose from the primary
DNA molecules might be 20 million times more than those found nowadays but most
of them have already been eliminated by natural selection. Nowadays, all the
living microorganisms, plants, animals and human beings are descendants of the
two lives. Human beings rose from one species of the lives of biochemical
energy even though the lives of modern human beings depend upon complex sources
of energy.
What we described above, the origin of biological lives on the earth
from a DNA world, is the seventh conjecture of this article.
O R G A
N I S A T I O N
Unlike the lives of high energy or high matter, all the lives of high organisation
depend on the organisation of the indirect environment for their occurrence,
existence and development. It is the eighth conjecture that assumes that
all the indirect environment of the lives of high organisation, such as a cell,
a plant, an animal or a society, is composed of many basic units called as PMB
systems that are fundamentally identical with each other.
This PMB system is composed of 3 parts, two of which are parts of the
local indirect environment of an individual life of high organisation and the
rest one part is composed of the components and the direct environments of the
life. Through one of the first two parts, dual energy or dual matter moves from
local indirect environment towards the direct environments of the life, called the
input part of the PMB system; through another, dual energy or dual matter
moves from the direct environments towards the local indirect environment,
called the output part of the PMB system. And the direct environment and
the components of the life are together called the change part of the
PMB system. Local indirect environments that are neither the input part nor the
output part but connect directly or indirectly with either the input part or
the output part of an PMB system are together called its environment. A
PMB system is the most basic unit based up which an individual life of high
organisation may occur, exist and undergo the continuous reorganisation. All
the bodies of microorganisms, plants and animals are composed of the PMB
systems.
The input part connects a PMB system with the part of its environment as
the sources of dual matter and dual energy it inputs, and the output part
connects a PMB system to the part of its environment as the outlets for dual
matter and dual energy it outputs. The change part of a PMB system connects
both the input part and the output part, and is where matter and energy
interact with each other.
A PMB system contains either an individual spring life that consumes
matter to produce energy or an individual autumn life that consumes energy to
produce matter. The changes both from matter to energy and from energy to
matter are called the life change. There are two other changes happening
in every PMB system, which are called the form change and the
location change. The form change is the change in the form of a portion of
matter or energy in a PMB system, and the location change is the change in the
location of a portion of matter or energy in a PMB system. Neither the form
changes nor the location changes produce matter or energy. The changes happen
in the input part and the output part of a PMB system are mainly the form
changes, and in the change part are mainly the life changes. And the location
changes happen in all the three parts. The activities of the mind can not be
explained only with the activities of the nerve impulses and neurotransmitters,
because the nerve impulse moving through a nerve or the neurotransmitter moving
through a synapse is only location change, and the nerve impulse changes into
neurotransmitter or vice versa is only the form change.
Dual matter and dual energy may get into a PMB system only through its
input part and may get out of a PMB system only through its output part. The
input and out put of dual Reex by the two parts are highly selective, depending
on the parts, properties, their working state and which environment they
connect with.
No matter what a PMB system composes or is composed of, the dual matter or
the dual energy input from its environment into the system may be called as perception,
those output out of the system may be called as behaviour, and, in
comparison, the dual matter or the dual energy existing in the system before
the perception is input or remaining in the system after the behaviour is
output may be called as memory.
The perception and the behaviour in the same PMB system are essentially
more like each other. The only difference is that their moving directions,
relative to the system itself, are opposite to each other. The perception moves
from the environment to the system and the behaviour moves from the system to
its environment. Both of them lead to life changes. The life changes caused by
the perception happen in the change part of a PMB system, whereas the life
changes caused by the behaviour happen in other PMB systems in its environment.
However, the perception that a PMB system inputs is never the behaviour
it outputs. Perception, after it enters the change part, will become a part of
one of the two direct environments in the change part, which is opposite to the
direct environment composed by memory. For instance, if the memory composes the
direct matter environment in a PMB system, the perception will become part of
its direct energy environment, whereas, when the memory composes the direct
energy environment in a PMB system, the perception will become a part of its
direct matter environment. The behaviour is the products of the life in the
direct environments.
The memory in any PMB system may be divided further into the
hereditary memory, which is formed before and/or during the formation of
the system, and the acquired memory, which is formed after. All the
biological activities can be explained with the living interaction between the
hereditary and acquired memories in PMB systems and multisource behaviours in
the system’s environment.
On the basis of this PMB system, we may understand the essence of
information better. Simpler to say, information is a PMB system’s interpretation
of input signals; exactly to say, information is the products from the
interaction between the input perception and the memory in a PMB system.
M I N D
A human mind is a part of a living human body. The main part of the
human mind exists in the nervous system, including the brain, the spinal cord,
the ganglia and the nerves, and the rest of it exists in other part of the
body, including sense organs, motor organs and inner organs.
FIGURE
(1) ORGANISATION OF THE HUMAN MIND
The areas between the
peripheral circle and the central circle are the hereditary parts of the mind. The
areas within the central circle are the acquired parts of the mind. The areas
outside the peripheral circle are the parts of the mind located inside the body
but outside the nervous system. Area 1, 2 and 3 are the intermediate brains.
Area 4 is the OM. Area 5 is SM. Area 6 is MM. Area 0 is the CM. Area 7, 8 and 9
are the IM. The solid blue stripes are where the consciousness is produced.
As shown in
Figure (1), the organisation of human mind is composed of 6 parts, called the
sense brain (SB), the organ brain (OB), the motor brain (MB)
and the 3 intermediate brains. The sense brain has more direct
connections with the sense organs that compose the surface of the human body.
The motor brain has more direct connections with the skeletal muscles. And the organ
brain has more direct connections with internal organs through both the
autonomic nervous system and the circulatory body fluid. The intermediate
brains that have more direct connections with the sense brain, the organ brain
and the motor brain.
Each of the brains is composed of two parts,
called the hereditary part and the acquired part. The acquired
parts are newer than the hereditary parts in evolution and individual
development. Each hereditary part is composed of two subparts, called the
peripheral area, connected with the organs, and the central area,
connected with the acquired part. Each acquired part is also composed of two
subparts, one of which is owned by each the brain, called as the peripheral
memory or called individually as the memory of the sense brain (SM), the
memory of the organ brain (OM), the memory of the motor brain (MM) and the
intermediate memory (IM). And another subpart of the acquired part is shared by
sense brain, organ brain and motor brain, called the central memory (CM).
The CM is the core part of the mind. Reex that moves towards the CM is entering
the mind and otherwise is leaving the mind. This organisation of the human mind
is the ninth conjecture.
To the contrary of many people's believe,
the human mind itself is not a transcendent perception’s perceiver, memory’s
administrator and user or behaviour’s initiator but is only those perception,
memory and behaviour themselves. The human mind is a local indirect environment
of life, the only things that exist in which are perception, memory, behaviour
and their intermediate and transitional products. Their life changes, form
changes, location changes and their interaction appear as all the psychological
phenomena such as consciousness, intelligence, thinking, etc. This is the
tenth conjecture.
The energy of perception that a mind gains
from sense organs or from other external sources may trigger and control the
production of consciousness but themselves may never appears as consciousness
in the mind. Relative to the dual matter of memory, the consciousness is a dual
energy produced by the spring lives in the mind. Whenever consciousness occurs
in a mind, the mind is not gaining or feeling the energy but is only producing
it. Consciousness is produced in the hereditary parts of each brain. The
consciousness produced in the S brain is called the CS (the
consciousness of the S brain), in the O brain the CO, and in the M
brain the CM. The CS is the consciousness what we see, hear, sense by
touch, smell, taste and so on. The CO is the consciousness of the emotion,
desire and internal feelings. And the CM is what the mind recollects or creates
in the forms of language, symbol, image, sound, etc. Each of the CS, the CO and
the CM is produced in a special area in its relevant brain. Please refer FIGURE
5.1. for the locations. After being produced, the consciousness will flow
further to the acquired parts of the brains and undergo life changes together
with memory there.
The energy of consciousness is not the whole
mind but only a component part of it, which is produced by the other parts of
the mind that do not present as consciousness. The consciousness alone does not
sense, does not remember or recollect, does not think, does not feel or will,
does not move the limbs and trunk, does not speak or smile, and does not drive
or rule the mind.
Besides the energy of consciousness, there
are many other kinds of energy produced in the mind. One of them is called the
energy of waking. Just like the human body can only work at certain range
of body temperature, the energy of waking is equally and widely produced in the
mind as an internal energy environment for the activities of the mind in its
waking state. What makes the difference between the waking state and the sleep
state of the mind is only whether the energy of waking is produced or not. The
control signals for producing the energy of waking are input from the non-mind
part of brain. Relatively, the mind is predominated by the spring lives when in
its waking state and therefore produces more consciousness and behaviour, but
is predominated by the autumn lives when in its sleep state and therefore
produces more memory.
Relative to either the energy of
consciousness or the energy of waking, the memory appears as dual matter. As
dual matter, the memory appears as the structures of the mind. All the
structures of the mind are its memory. There are two different kinds of memory,
called the hereditary memory and the acquired memory. Though more
hereditary memories are formed before the time point of the birth and more
acquired memories are formed after, the time point of the birth does not
distinguish the difference of them. The hereditary memory is the structures
formed as the result of the interaction among the lives in the same body, and
the acquired memory is the structures formed as the result of the interaction
among the lives in the same body environment. The hereditary memory composes
the hereditary part of the mind and the acquired memory composes the acquired
part of the mind. The hereditary memory is more like the U. Autumn and the
acquired memory is more like the pure life.
The memories are either the matter
components or the direct matter environment of the lives in the indirect
environment of mind. The various energies such as the consciousness, the waking
and many others are either the energy components or the direct energy
environment of the lives. The spring lives in the mind consume memory and
produce the dual energy of consciousness, behaviour or others. The autumn lives
in the mind consume the consciousness and produce the dual matter of memory.
Both the spring lives and the autumn lives undergo the energy change and the
matter change, which lead further the reorganisation of the mind. The
principles of the activities of the mind are the principles of the indirect
environment of life.
The relations among the lives in the
indirect environment of the S brain simulate the world outside the human body
and are together called the internal world (inW). The relations
among the lives in the indirect environment of the O brain simulate the human
body and are together called the internal self (inS). The
relations among the lives in the indirect environment of the M brain simulate
the activities of the body in the world and are together called the internal
behaviour (inB). And the relations among the lives in the
intermediate brains simulate the relations among the inW, the inS and the inB,
and are together called the internal relation (inR). Since all
the brains are composed of the hereditary parts and the acquired parts, there
are both the hereditary and the acquired relations in each of the inW, the inS,
the inB and the inR. Therefore, all the consciousness and behaviour are
determined by both of them. Those inW, inS, inB and inR act and interact with
each other autonomously according to the relations that they simulate. And the
consciousness, produced according to the perception from sense organs, joins
their activities and makes the activities also initiated, directed, adjusted
and constrained by rest of the body and body’s environment.
The central memory is an area of
multi-direction, more like life than any other areas of memory. The
organisation of the central memory and the energy in it is called the
thought. The thought exists as a whole. There is only one thought in one
mind.
The behaviour or consciousness produced by
the O brain is called the language of the O brain (the O language),
and that by the M brain is called the language of the M brain (the M
language). The language of the brains output from the hereditary part of
the O brain or the M brain can be either consciousness or behaviour but can
never be both of them at the same time.
The thought is never the consciousness or
the behaviour. The O language and the M language are descriptions and
translations of the thought but not the thought itself. Usually the languages
of the brains can only describe and translate once a fraction of the entire
thought. In communication with other persons, the O language may be used alone
to express one's thought, but the M language is usually used together with the
O language.
The input of the consciousness selectively
increases the energy in the indirect environment of the mind and further
increases the activities of the spring lives in the mind. The output of the
behaviour selectively decreases the energy in the mind and further increases
the activities of the autumn lives in the mind. Therefore, the output can
influence the mind as well as the input.
Thought is different in its form from the
languages that express it. Though the human mind has much more ways to express
its thought, no thought may be expressed thoroughly and exactly. When it can
not be expressed with proper forms, ways and opportunities, the thought will
interact with the O brain and the M brain, which may lead to the reorganisation
of their indirect environments. Such reorganisation of mind may produce either
some creation or certain psychological illness.
Thinking is the circulation in which the
energy product output from the hereditary part of the O brain or the M brain is
input back to the acquired parts and reprocessed by the mind. The whole process
of the feedback and reprocessing is called the ruminant process. The
ruminant process is an important way of communication among the three brains.
Not only the consciousness but also the behaviour is the way through which the
ruminant process may be carried out, the former is called the internal
ruminant process and the latter the external ruminant process.
At the centre of our living, feeling,
thinking, judging and behaving, there are something called as SELF. However,
this self is only a consciousness created by the O brain, and is, therefore,
only a part of a human self, not the whole of it. The eleventh conjecture
says: a complete human self is composed of 3 parts, called as the body, the
mind and the soul.
An individual human self is composed of many
different PMB systems, some of which have some of their parts in the non-mind
part of the body and rest of their parts in the mind and produce plant
behaviours, called as plant system; some of which have all their parts
in the mind and produce animal behaviours, called as animal system; and
some of which have some of their parts in the mind and rest of their parts in
the body's environment and produce human behaviours, called as human system.
The human self exists neither entirely in an individual mind, nor entirely in
an individual human body.
The parts of an individual human self in the
body's environment are called the unified parts, the parts in the body's
non-mind part are called the scattered parts, and the parts in the mind
the related parts. The difference is that the scattered parts of an
individual human self can not be the parts of other human selves at the same
time but the unified parts can. Many human selves in the same environment can
share same unified parts. The unified parts unify many human selves as a whole.
A human self does not always have all the
three component parts during its whole existence. At the very beginning when a
human being is still one fertilised egg, none of the parts of the human self
exists. During the human body's development, the scattered parts of the human
self begin to form first, then the related parts, the latest the unified parts.
A human self with three component parts exists only during part time of its
whole existence. After this period, the scattered parts begin to disappear
first, then the related parts. The unified parts of a human self may exist much
long than the other two sorts of parts. Its disappearance is not caused only by
the disappearance of the body. Therefore, we may say that a human self does not
exist completely as the human body exists and does not die completely as the
body dies.
Since The unified parts of a human self may
enable a living human body to appears as a human being, may exist outside a
human body and still be a part of its mind, may exist even the body no longer
exists, and may become a part of other human self, it may, therefore, be called
as the soul of the human self.
Still, the unified parts of the human selves
are not immortal but exist also as a course. The whole of the unified parts of
the human selves will become more and more like matter if its indirect
environment changes towards the direction of the U. Autumn, or become more and
more like energy if its indirect environment changes against the direction.
No matter whatever human beings have created
and will create, we are still a part of the U. Autumn and we do only what the
U. Autumn has to do. Therefore, the meaning of the human existence, the moral
criterions for human behaviours, the orientation of scientific, economic and
social developments may never be found within ourselves but can be found from
our relation with the year cycle, especially with the U. Autumn. This is the
twelfth conjecture and the end of this article.
References:
1.
Bertrand Russell: A history of western philosophy, George Allen and Unwin Ltd.,
London, 1955.
2.
Stephen W. Hawking: A brief history of time, Bantam, London, 1988.
3.
John Boslough: Beyond the black hole, Colins, London, 1985.
4. The
encyclopaedia Britannica, 14. ed., Encycl. Britannica, Chicago, 1971.