Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"

9. Our new Space-Time.             

                According to Louis de Broglie’s hypothesis, as seen in Chapter 4, electromagnetic waves represent the undefined behavior of objects or particles dispersed in space-time, in relation to our present. Both matter and radiation exhibit wave behavior. The total energy is related to a given temporal frequency or oscillation.

                These temporal waves are oscillations between the past and the future, perceived differently by different observation systems (OS), as a consequence of the nonexistence of a privileged location representing the present. This is a characteristic of our space-time: all information received at any point in space-time comes from the past and there is no privileged point of reference, which results from the natural imposition of a limit to the velocity of information.

                If we consider the existence of an infinite number of OS, the sum of these infinite waves is the matter wave that defines the electron or the electromagnetic wave that defines the photon, as shown by quantum mechanics. These are the waves of the new quantum theory.

                In Chapter 8, we saw that gravity originates in atoms, in the asymmetry imposed by space-time on the Coulomb forces. The atomic structure is influenced by gravitational potential, generating more or less gravity. The electrical charges of the atoms and their associated electromagnetic waves are affected by the intensity of the local time reference, which is defined by the nuclei of the atoms of that space-time, and which, in turn, modulates the atomic equilibrium.

                We can therefore affirm that these electromagnetic waves are responsible for gravity, because gravity resides in the asymmetry of the electromagnetic phenomena, and consequently of our space-time. If everything were ideally symmetrical, we would not be here reading this text, because our anti-matter would have consumed our matter.

                In order to understand this asymmetry, let us imagine a perfectly isolating rod, with a metallic sphere at each end, one positively-charged (lacking electrons) and one negatively-charged (with an excess of electrons). By means of a cable attached to the middle of the rod, this system is pulled through completely empty interstellar space at constant velocity by spaceship 1, as in Figure 8.

                We can therefore conclude that two equal and opposite electric charges, separated by a given distance and in constant motion, will experience different attractive forces according to observers at different points of reference.

                Bearing in mind what we saw for two linked charges, we will now see what occurs when they are separated. We know that an electric charge in motion generates a magnetic field (B), and that this field will exert a force on the other electric charge, also in motion. We must have charges in motion for there to be interaction. That is, we find that there is a reciprocal interaction, as if there were two electrical currents. It happens that this interaction is not symmetrical. We know that if the charges are in perpendicular motion, one of the forces will be zero, whereas in parallel or anti-parallel motion, the force between the charges will be at its maximum.

                In Figure 9, we can see two charges in perpendicular relative motion. OS B, which is at rest, perceives a force “Fp-e” in particle “e”, as a result of the induction of the magnetic field of particle “p”, in motion at velocity “v”. If we consider the perception of forces in the example in Figure 8, we can suppose that here, OS A, within the point of reference of particle “p”, does not perceive the force “Fp-e”, while OS C, within the point of reference of particle “e”, perceives it just as does OS B.

                We have shown the importance of the point of reference in the perception of forces of electromagnetic origin between two electrical charges. We can therefore say that it is very difficult to know what forces truly act within an atom, because each observer will have a different reality in relation to that of the atom.

                If we analyze an atom, we see that, if the proton were fixed or static in some ideally centralized location in the nucleus, no external observer would perceive these forces of electromagnetic origin.

                However, we know that this ideal situation is not an exact representation of reality, as we must take into account the oscillation of the proton around its local time reference, resulting from the necessity that any particle experiences of constantly identifying itself with the present. As seen in Chapter 4, the location of this present time is very relative.

                We can affirm that there are forces of electromagnetic origin, found in the atoms, that are relative and dependent on the point of reference of the external observer. That is, the same atom will theoretically present each observer with a different set of force vectors.

                The perception of these forces by observers external to the atom depends directly on the velocity and angle of the electrical charges in motion. In the case of an atom, we know that the electron in the electron cloud has a velocity far greater than that of the proton in the nucleus.

                The electron generates a greater electromagnetic field because of its greater velocity, and induces a far greater force in the proton. The asymmetry of these forces is relative, as shown previously, because it is only perceived by observers external to this microsystem.

                We should remember that the electromagnetic attractive force between these opposite charges will not be direct, as would be the case with charges of the same polarity. The resultant force vector of the electron should take into account the Coulomb force of attraction, which acts directly along the line that joins the two charges.

                An electron in an atomic orbit is therefore influenced by the gravity of the location (as shown in Chapter 8) to move in a different manner, so as to accommodate itself to the local flow of time, or to move within the flow of time, modulated by the local gravity.

                The macrocosm therefore establishes an induction on the flow of the time of the atom, resulting in its relative stability. The entire macrostructure around the atom is thus involved in the equilibrium of its electrons.

                We know that the stability of an atom depends directly on the equilibrium of its internal forces. The electrons should experience a centripetal Coulomb force exactly equal to the centrifugal force in order to have atomic stability.

                In an atom, we have masses in motion and subject to the postulates of special relativity, due to their relative velocities. The atom’s electron is subject to special relativity, as a result of its velocity, in addition to being subject to general relativity, as a result of its centrifugal force.

                On the one hand, if we take into account the postulates of special and general relativity in calculating the atomic forces, we see that the atom is in perfect equilibrium, because the Coulomb force is exactly equal to the centrifugal force. On the other hand, if we include the problem of the lack of symmetry in the electromagnetic phenomena in the calculations of these forces, we will in fact find a small disequilibrium.

                The electron, in its point of reference, must make up for this difference in the forces in order to maintain atomic stability. For this to happen, its orbital velocity must be reduced or increased. This velocity must, in some way, be modulated by space-time. As the macrocosmic time reference resides in the nucleus and it is through the nucleus that the atom identifies itself with the local time reference, this difference in the forces is only perceived by observers external to the atom, or by the macrocosm.

                This residual is gravity or natural inertia, which is only perceived by objects in the macrocosm.

                We can conclude that this perception of a force without mass – gravity – is an energy of electromagnetic origin, which, because it has the macrocosm as its point of reference, is converted into gravitational energy as a result of this relative time reference and is transmitted to the macrocosm through the atomic nuclei.

                Given that the electrical charges of the atoms are neutralized, these electrons, being in an equilibrium established by the macrocosm, do not radiate electromagnetic waves beyond the microsystem.

                Electromagnetism, which theoretically exists within atoms, is not manifested externally, because this electromagnetic energy is seen in the macrocosm in the form of gravitational energy, which is a consequence of the relative time reference imposed by the macrocosm itself.

                It is important to remember that the gravitational force obeys the inverse square law of distance, as does the Coulomb force. In fact, gravity acquires this characteristic at this origin, in addition to possessing the same velocity as electromagnetic waves.

                We can therefore say that the gravitational field is formed by the inertia vectors generated by the electron shadows, when these forces are referenced to the atomic nuclei.

                These vectors are a relativistic residual of the forces that reach equilibrium after the neutralization of the electrical charges, a force without mass, perceived only outside the atom. We can also affirm that the gravitational field thus generated has the same characteristics as the classical gravitational field. In one, the mass of the object is responsible, while in the other (the QTG), it is the electrons of the atoms of that object that are responsible. The result is equivalent, or the principle of equivalence itself.

                The natural tendency of any massive particle is to identify itself with present time, but this present time is defined by the totality of atoms at that location.

                A dispersed electron will be subject to the conditions of space-time, and will therefore exhibit wave characteristics, modulated by space-time or by the entire system responsible for generating gravity around it, the macrocosm.

                This dispersed electron will now attempt to identify itself with the local time reference of this macrocosm. The macrocosm thus influences the behavior of the electron, as indeed the electron influences the macrocosm.

                This is where we have the electromagnetic waves that radiate energy. Because the electron is no longer in tune with a single point of reference, but with the entire macrocosm around it, and which can now perceive it.

                This is why only dispersed electrons can generate electromagnetic fields in the macrocosm, because the macrocosm itself becomes the point of reference. These electrons are no longer part of the formation of space-time and no longer contribute to the generation of gravity. Just as this electron took part, indirectly, in the generation of the vectors of natural inertia or gravity that gave consistency to space-time, so now, in its dispersed state, it is subject to the consequences of the space-time that it no longer sustains.

                We can now understand why the energy of the electron, which was formerly gravitational, is transformed into electromagnetic form once dispersed.

                The philosophical basis of this theory is anchored in the principle of the artificiality of inertia. The simple existence of mass is not an argument to justify the presence of gravity or of inertia. This theory is based on the interdependence between gravity and time, which are generated by atoms simultaneously and in parallel. Once a local time reference is defined, as of the existence of a second atom in three-dimensional space, this point of reference leads to the existence of space-time itself.

                Time therefore exists because atoms exist, and atoms, as we know them, exist because time exists.

                On the one hand, the perception of time allows the atom to enter electrostatic equilibrium, or allows the atomic system to perceive the movement of the electrons. On the other hand, this movement of the electrons in the atom gives the system inertia or gravity, since gravity results from the relative differences of the forces produced within the atoms themselves.

                The gravity generated by the atoms modulates the passage of time in space-time, but it is only under the influence of this gravity that the atoms can generate gravity.

                This sustained feedback between gravity and time, which results in space-time, is one of the foundations of this theory.