Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"

12. The paradox of physics. 

                A number of quantum experiments have challenged our common sense for some time. We know that quantum theory, based as it is on the uncertainty principle, leads to a range of mysteries that derive from its mathematical formalism. Examples include the EPR experiment, Schrödinger’s Cat and the Double Slit experiment.

                From the QTG, we can see that the vectors of the gravitational field are formed by the inertia vectors generated in the shadows of the electrons when the forces are related to the reference of the atomic nucleus. These vectors are a force without mass, a relativistic residue of the forces that balance the atom after the neutralization of the electric charges.

                Considering the new ideas that the QTG offers about the origin of time and space-time, we can resolve these puzzles naturally. When we attribute the generation of gravity, and consequently of time, to atoms, the necessary explanations arise to clear up the mysteries of quantum physics.

12.1 – General comments.

                One of the best optical instruments that we know is the human eye: with just five or six photons it manages to activate a nerve cell that sends a signal to the brain. Supposing that our evolution continues and the eye becomes ten times more sensitive, we may one day be able to detect individual photons. While we do not have this ability, modern physics laboratories have instruments capable of detecting a single photon: the photomultiplier. From the experiments carried out, I have no doubt that light consists of a bundle of particles that we call photons. Einstein’s photoelectric effect is a good example of this.

                For Einstein, the uncertainty of quantum theory violated his deepest convictions about the fundamental harmony of the universe. He believed to the end of his life that Quantum Mechanics (QM) was an incomplete theory. Defending this idea, he engaged for many years in an intellectual battle with Bohr and the other giants of the era.

                On the other hand, in Bohr’s words, “the indeterminacy found in quantum theory is a virtue, not a flaw, because it corresponds to the indeterminacy that truly exists in the world”. This uncertainty is what shaped all of quantum theory and created the great conflict with our physical common sense.

                The problem is in the genuinely strange behavior of photons and other dispersed particles, as shown by the various phenomena that everyone is familiar with, such as reflection, refraction, interference, polarization, and so on. In a first analysis, it can be seen that these optical phenomena analyze the collective behavior of these photons and particles as if they were waves, whereas in relation to their individual behavior as particles, a great uncertainty is found.

                In a semitransparent or semisilvered material, how is one photon to know that it should be reflected and another that it should be transmitted? In polarization, how does a prism know that a certain photon has one axis of oscillation and another a different one? At present, the mechanism of polarization remains a mystery for physics. What is the difference between these two photons? Does the difference originate at the source, in the optical test instrument or in both?

                We know that the behavior of a bundle of photons is perfectly explained statistically by Quantum Electrodynamics: that is to say that these optical phenomena may be determined by probability, but the theory is unable to explain why.

                The superposition of quantum states becomes necessary in QM because, in a microscopic system, there is no way of determining the temporal phase shift of a particle in the relation between its local time carrier and the time of its origin, as shown in chapter 4 of the QTG and in greater detail in chapter 8. When we interfere with a particle in order to make observations or measurements, it loses its characteristic local time and acquires that of the measurement system, as no observation would otherwise be possible.

                Once the QTG is understood, we can show that the indeterminacy of quantum theory and the wave-particle duality are connected to the lack of information of the temporal characteristics of the particles under analysis. Perhaps these are the hidden variables sought by Einstein.

                In the analysis of macroscopic systems, where greater definition of the local time is obtained, temporal phase shift is virtually inexistent and the concept of temporal uncertainty invalidated, as shown in chapter 4 of the QTG, because when we take into account the interaction of macroscopic objects surrounding the experiment, we invalidate the superposition or coherence of the quantum states. The Schrödinger’s Cat mental experiment is one typical problem among many, created by QM to illustrate this phenomenon. If we take this experiment too seriously, it may lead to the psychiatrist’s couch.