Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"

14. The mysterious quantum spin number.           

                The spin, or intrinsic angular momentum, of a particle is one of the most intriguing numbers in quantum physics. There is, to date, no convincing physical interpretation to explain the function of this quantum number.

                The QTG attributes to the spin the temporal property that the particle or object possesses at a certain instant, in relation to the local time carrier or the local present. That is, the spin is associated with the time variable and is a relativistic phenomenon. In 1929, Dirac used the postulates of Schrödinger’s theory, incorporating the relativistic form of the energy equation, and discovered spin. The relation between spin and relativity is identical to that between gravity and the generation of time in the QTG.

                In general, we can attribute to objects or particles of full spin 0 a great temporal symmetry in relation to the local time carrier or the local present. Fractional spins (-½, +½, 3/2... etc.), on the other hand, indicate a specific temporal asymmetry. For larger structures, such as atoms, we have the sum of the individual spins, which may result in values that differ by +½ or -½.

                We know that the theory of nuclear shells provides that the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus will be paired, with a total spin of zero (spin (+½ħ) + spin (-½ħ) = 0), because, according to the Pauli exclusion principle that governs the orbital structure, these two protons or neutrons cannot have all of their four quantum numbers equal. We know that the first three quantum numbers are needed to describe the location in three-dimensional space or the spatial coordinates, while the fourth is needed to describe temporal orientation.

                It is simplest for the pairs to achieve temporal symmetry. Imagine two spheres linked by a cord in empty space, monitored by n observation systems distributed equidistantly around them. When these spheres are observed from any angle in three dimensions, the same point of equilibrium can always be found between the spheres for any given observer. Any observation system will always perceive two spheres, with the differences found to be restricted to the distances between them. We discard the case of the observers that, due to the eclipse of one of the spheres, observe a single sphere, because here we have the same equilibrium found in the ideal case of a single sphere.

                The point of equilibrium will be the average of the times taken by a hypothetical signal to cover the distance from the spheres to any observer equidistant from the observed system, as was seen for the atom in chapter 4 of the QTG.

                On the other hand, if we add a third sphere (or any odd number of spheres), a 3D analysis will never give a point of temporal equilibrium, discarding the two cases in which the system of three spheres is directly in line with the observation system.

                It is easier to understand this temporal equilibrium experiment if we imagine a complete external observation system, which defines the local time carrier and imposes this local present on the pair of spheres.

                It is for this reason that atomic nuclei that contain an even number of protons and neutrons result in more stable structures, as they have better temporal symmetry.

                This temporal characteristic also offers the explanation for the differences in stability of the larger atomic nuclei. Depending on the quantity of pairs of protons and neutrons, a more favorable nuclear arrangement of the pairs in the orbitals can be achieved, giving the atom greater equilibrium in its temporal geometry and thus greater stability. I believe that we have here part of the explanation for the famous magic numbers (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126) that represent the number of pairs of protons or neutrons in the more stable atomic nuclei.

                We know that very heavy atoms (with an atomic number over 86) are very unstable (see QTG chapter 11), because they have a higher number of protons and neutrons, which results in a greater radial distance from the point of temporal equilibrium (or ray along which the strong force acts).

                In the Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922, the intention was to measure the atomic magnetic moment, but what resulted was the discovery of a new quantum property, spin. In the original configuration of the experiment, neutral (silver) atoms were passed through a deliberately inhomogeneous magnetic field, oriented in a given direction, from the north to the south pole. This experiment was repeated in 1927 by Phipps and Taylor, using hydrogen atoms under intense cooling to stabilize them in their ground state. This annulled the angular moments (L = 0) and thus the magnetic moment (quantum number m = 0). This led to the same result, that is, the atoms again reached just two possible positions. If the magnetic field used were to be homogeneous, the atoms would be found distributed with equal probability around a circle on the screen.

                As seen in chapter 4 and 8 of the QTG, when a dispersed particle or object moves in space, regardless of its size, it oscillates between the past and the future, with greater or lesser frequency depending on the energy or mass involved. This oscillation is centered on the local time carrier and gives the particle or object wave characteristics. These waves consist of electric and magnetic fields, perpendicular to each other, which vary over time.

                By artificially generating a magnetic field of constant intensity, we are recreating one element of a wave that represents the temporal oscillation of a particle or object. If this field is not uniform, we will have a variation of the intensity of the field in space, remembering that, in a wave, the magnetic field varies in time. This non-uniformity of the field thus gives it the property of establishing a temporal direction, from the past to the future.

                By forcing an electrically neutral particle or object to cross this very intense non-uniform magnetic field at a given velocity, we expose its temporal characteristic in relation to the local time carrier of the observation system, which is, in this case, the magnetic field generated by the equipment: the observation system is here represented by this unit.

                This is why the inhomogeneous magnetic field temporally separates the atoms into two exactly equal groups. The magnetic field, possessing a temporal orientation from the past to the future, causes the atoms that are, by chance, in the same oscillation as they pass through it (for example, from the past to the future) to be deflected up or down, depending on the orientation of the field.