Quantum Theory of Gravity - "QTG"

18. The  superconductor  in  QTG.

                According to BCS theory, we know that electrons in superconductors at very low temperatures are associated in pairs known as Cooper pairs. The electrons of a Cooper pair have opposite spin and equal and opposite linear momentum, thus constituting a system with zero spin and zero linear momentum. According to the Quantum Theory of Gravity, this signifies that the electrons are in temporal opposition, with one in the past and the other in the future: these temporal phase shifts compensate for one another, enabling the pair to identify with the local time reference. In this case, each Cooper pair can be represented as if it were a single particle with zero spin, which thus does not obey the Pauli exclusion principle. For this reason, any number of Cooper pairs can occupy the same quantum state.

                We know that certain atoms with large nuclei begin to be unstable beyond a certain number of units: a large number of particles causes an increase in the nuclear radius so that the nucleus becomes unstable. This occurs at around atomic number 86 to 90. At this critical radius, the electrostatic force of repulsion is equal to the strong force.

                The strong (hadronic) force is the particles’ natural tendency to stabilize around the local time reference, or what could be regarded as the local present. All particles oscillate around their local time reference (as shown in chapter 4), or the location where they best identify with the local present, as in the case of electrons that participate in molecular bonds. The amplitude of this oscillation – the degree to which a particle can be in the past or the future in relation to its own local time reference – is related to its mass or energy and to whether it is part of a molecular bond, as shown in figure 12.

                In superconducting materials at very low temperatures, certain electrons that are part of molecular bonds are limited in the oscillation amplitude of their quantum orbits. These are fixed in a temporally favorable position, their temporal oscillation severely reduced, as shown in figure 12, to the point of being practically defined at the local time reference of the particles in the heavy atomic nuclei. In superconduction, the attraction force between the electrons that form Cooper pairs is of a similar origin to that of the strong force, because it also occurs with particles of the same electrical charge.

                In superconduction, the electrons form pairs in order to compensate for the temporal phase shift they each possess, as shown in figure 13. While one is in the past and the other in the future, as if mirrored, as a pair they are able to position themselves at the local time reference of the nuclei.

In these conditions, these electrons offer no resistance to motion and can attain relativistic velocities: the resistance of the material tends to zero and the result is superconduction. The collision-free trajectory in the electron cloud in this temporal condition is infinitely large: in a closed circuit, these electrons can remain in motion almost indefinitely.

This mirroring electron is not always located nearby, as can be seen in figure 13, explaining the large distances large distances between the electrons that form the Cooper pairs. The number of superimposed Cooper pairs is what determines the number of quantized orbits that exist for these electrons, which are in a favorable position to identify or interact with the electron that is their “temporal mirror”.

For the electrons of the Cooper pairs to associate themselves as described, they must be in motion at relativistic velocities in order to have their mass dilated in relation to the local time reference, in this case the nucleus. Supposing that the amplitude of the temporal phase shift of the electrons of the Cooper pairs corresponds to the same distance at which the atomic nuclei cease to be stable, we can deduce that these electrons should have a mass identical to that of the protons.

                We can therefore calculate the velocity of the electrons in the Cooper pairs using the following equation:

                Where:  υ_electron-SC is the velocity of the electrons in the superconductor [m/s],

                        x  ranges from 1 to approximately 90 (largest stable atomic number).

                Solving, we find:

                        υ_electron-SC   =    c  –  44.46  m/s.   (for x = 1),

                        υ_electron-SC   =    c  –  0.494  m/s.   (for x = 90).

                These values are in agreement with what it is observed experimentally at laboratory, when it is considered the measurement of the superficial currents obtained in the application to SC of intense magnetic fields, in relation to the number of electrons responsible for them.