| PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Şu anda yapılmakta olan işlerden bahsedilirken kullanılır. Now / At the moment: şimdi, şu anda I’m studying English now. I’m not playing a computer game. She’s having breakfast now. She isn’t sleeping. They’re listening to the news at the moment. They aren’t talking. Subject + be (am, is, are) + verb-ing I am (not) eating. He / She / It is (not) coming. We/ You / They are (not) running. Please be quiet. I’m doing my homework. Look at Norman. He’s wearing a suit today. Where are the children? They’re playing in the park. The weather is nice at the moment. It’s not raining. The sun is shining. The birds are singing. We aren’t having dinner now. Turn off the television. I’m not watching it. (It’s not = It isn’t...) (We’re not = We aren’t...) (I’m not = X ) Spelling: Sondaki –e’nin düşmesi: come – coming write – writing have – having Sondaki sessizin tekrarlanması: run – runnig swim – swimming sit – sitting Sondaki –ie’nin –y harfine dönüşmesi: lie – lying tie – tying die – dying Jim is sitting at the table and having dinner. Larry is lying on the bed and reading a book. Question form: Am / Is / Are + subject + verb-ing? Are you making a cake? Is it snowing? Are they going to the cinema? Short answers: Yes, I am / No, I’m not. Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. Yes, they are / No, they aren’t. Questions words: What / Who / Where / When / How / Why “Are you doing your homework?” “No, I’m not.” “What are you doing?” “I’m writing a letter to my father.” “Is George going to school? “No, it’s holiday today.” “Where is he going?” “He’s going to the concert.” Şimdiki zamanlı cümle yapısında kullanılmayan filler: like / love / hate / need / know / understand / believe / remember / forget / see / hear / prefer Bu fiiller hareket ve oluş bildirmez. Zihinsel, duyuşsal ya da duygusal bir iş bildirir. “see” ve “look” fillerini ele alalım. “Görmek” fiili bir süreç içermez çünkü anlık bir eylemdir. Ama “bakmak” fiili bir zaman dilimi süresince olur. I’m looking out of the window. I see a stranger in the garden. Pencereden dışarı bakıyorum. Bahçede bir yabancı görüyorum. No, he is not a stranger. I know him. But I don’t remember his name. Hayır, bir yabancı değil. Onu tanıyorum. Ama adını hatırlamıyorum. Present Continuous with a future meaning (Gelecekten bahsederken şimdiki zaman) Gelecekte yapmayı önceden planlayıp kararlaştırdığımız eylemlerden bahsederken şimdiki zamanı kullanabiliriz. - What are you doing this evening? Bu akşam ne yapıyorsun? - I’m going to the theatre. Tiyatroya gidiyorum. We are flying to London on Thurday. Perşembe günü Londra’ya uçuyoruz. The students are having an exam tomorrow. Öğrenciler yarın sınav oluyorlar. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE We use the simple present tense to talk about things in general. For example: daily routines, habbits, hobbies, scientific facts and programmes etc. I always go to work by car. He smokes a lot. The sun sets in the west. They like swimming in the river very much. Positive form: Subject + verb1... (He/She/It + verb-s) I/We/You/They work. He/She/It works. Spelling: · after “s, ss, sh, ch, o” –es pass – passes, wash – washes, catch – catches, go – goes, do – does · consonant + y_ies study – studies, carry – carries, fly – flies He washes his car every week. / She does her homework every day. / It flies high. Negative form: Subject + do / does + not verb1 I/We/You/They don’t work. He/She/It doesn’t work. We don’t eat out a lot. / He doesn’t like football much. / I don’t study French at school. She doesn’t wear glasses. / They don’t speak English. / It doesn’t snow here very often. Question form: Do/Does + subject + verb? Do I/we/you/they work? Does he/she/it work? Do you live alone? / Does she work in a hospital? / Do they come from New York? Short answers: Yes, I/we/you/they do. / No, I/we/you/they don’t. Yes, he/she/it does. / No, he/she/it doesn’t. “Do you listen to music?” “Yes, I do.” “Does she like red wine?” “No, she doesn’t. She prefers white.” Question words: What / Who / Where / How / When / Why “What do you do?” “I’m a doctor.” “Where does he live?” “He lives in Kastamonu.” “How many languages do you speak?” “Three. Turkish, English and a little German.” “Who do they need in this project?” “They need John. He is very good at his field.” *Who and What Bu iki soru sözcüğü işi yapanı yani özneyi sorduğunda yardımcı fiile gerek yoktur. Ayrıca bu iki sözcük üçüncü tekil şahsın yerini tuttuğu için fill daima –s takısı alır. Bu tür soruların yapısı olumlu cümle yapısı gibidir. Who wants some ice-cream? (Kim biraz dondurma ister?) Who has a computer? (Kimin bilgisayarı var?) Who plays the guitar in your class? (Sınıfınızda kim gitar çalıyor?) What makes two by two? (İki kere iki kaç eder?) What makes your mother angry the most? (Anneni en çok ne kızdırır?) What animal likes cheese? (Hangi hayvan peyniri sever?) FREQUENCY ADVERBS 1) ALWAYS, NEVER, SOMETIMES, USUALLY, OFTEN, RARELY Bunlar sırasıyla “her zaman, asla, bazen, genellike, sık sık, nadiren” anlamlarına gelirler ve olumlu cümlede hemen özneden sonra yer alırlar. She always goes to work by car. *I never watch TV in the morning. We sometimes go for a picnic at weekends. She usually has lunch at school. Kate often plays basketball after school. I rarely drink milk in the morning. “never” sözcüğü cümleye olumsuz anlam yükler. I never smoke. = I don’t smoke. “very often” olumsuz cümlelerin sonunda kullanılır. I don’t go to the cinema very often. (Ben sinemaya pek sık gitmem.) 2. every day, once a week, twice a day, three times a month, four days a week gibi sıklık zarfları cümlenin sonunda yer alır. I brush my teeth twice a day. Mary goes to work four days a week. The children play football every day. 3. How often...? sorusu bir işin ne sıklıkla yapıldığını sorar. “How often do you have a bath?” “Two or three times a week.” “How often does your uncle visit you?” “Once a motnh.” “How often do they eat out?” “Only on Sundays.” Simple Present with a future meaning We use the simple present when we talk about timetables and programmes (for example: public transport, cinemas) What time does the film start? The bus leaves Kastamonu at 10.30 and arrives in İstanbul at 18.30. The football match starts at 8 o’clock. We don’t use the present simple for personal arrangements. Exercises: Present continuous or the present simple We ..................................... (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? The concert this evening ..............................(start) at 7.30. George ................................. (get) married next week. The art exibition ............................. (open) on 3 May and ........................... (finish) on 15 July. Ann, we .............................. (go) to town. ...................................... (you / come) with us? What time .......................................... (the next train / leave) ? SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE BE GOING TO (I’m going to do something.) We use “be going to” when we say what we have already decided to do in the future. I’ve got a ticket. I’m going to go to the concert. There’s a good film on TV tonight. The children are going to watch it. Angel is studying in her room. She is going to have an exam tomorrow. I am He/She/It is (not) going to do/go/work/play... We/You/They are Am I Is he/she/it going to do/go/work/play...? Are we/you/they I’m going to have a birthday party next week. They’re going to sell their house. Tim isn’t going to play in the match. Are you going to write a letter to Mr Williams? What are you going to buy with your pocket money? Note: We also use the present continuous tense for future plans. I’m having a birthday party next week. They’re selling their house. Note: We also use “be going to” for strong predictions. Something is going to happen. = It is clear that it is sure to happen. Look at that black clouds. It’s going to rain. I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be ill. WILL (I’ll do something.) We use “will” (’ll) to say what we decide at the time of speaking. “What would you like to drink?” “I’ll have a lemonade, please.” It’s too hot here in this room. I’ll open the window. I’m too tired to walk home. I’ll get a taxi. Your bag is too heavy. I’ll carry it for you. I feel a bit hungry. I’ll make myself a sandwich. Positive form: Subject + will (’ll) + verb1 Negative form: Subject + will not (won’t) + verb1 Questions form: Will + subject + verb1? Short answers: Yes, I will./ No, I won’t. / Yes, she will. / No, she won’t... You can phone me this evening. I’ll be at home. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow, she’ll fly to Rome. Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You won’t sleep. “Will you invite Jane to the party?” “Yes, of course I will.” I think / I don’t think ... will ... I think I will pass the exam. I don’t think it will rain today. I think they won’t give you the money. Do you think she will come to the meeting? Note: If we have already decided to do something, we don’t use “will”; we use “be going to” or the present continuous. We’re going to go to the theatre tonight. / We’re going to the theatre tonight. I’m going have an exam tomorrow. / I’m having an exam tomorrow. Note: We also use “will” to make polite requests. “Will you open the door, please?” “Sure.” “Will you carry this bag for me?” “Certainly.” WILL / BE GOING TO Dialogue 1 Helen: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for me? Father: Okay, but I can’t do it now. I’ll repair it tomorrow. (We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.) Dialogue 2 (later) Mother: Can you repair Helen’s bicycle? It has a flat tyre. Father: Yes, I know. She told me. I’m going to repair it tomorrow. (We use going to when we have already decided to do something. ) Exercises 1. “I haven’t got any money.” “Don’t worry. I ..................... (lend) you some.” 2. “I’ve got a terrible headache.” “Wait. I ............................ (get) an aspirin for you.” 3. “Why are you filling that bucket with water?” “I............................ (wash) the car.” 4. “I’ve decided to re-paint this room.” “What colour ....................................... (paint) it?” 5. “Look! The house is on fire.” “Good heavens! I ...................... (call) the fire-brigade immediately.” 6. “Are you going shopping?” “Yes, I ...................... (buy) something for dinner.” 7. “I don’t know how to use this camera?” “It’s quite easy. I ....................... (show) you.” 8. “What would you like to drink – tea or coffee?” “I ........................... (have) tea, please.” 9. “Those clouds are very black, aren’t they?” “Yes, I think it .......................... (rain).” 10. “I feel terrible. I think I .................................. (be) ill.” “I ...................... (make) a soup for you.” MAY / MIGHT (for possibility) Where are you going for your holidays? I’m not sure. Perhaps I’ll go to New York. ( I might/may go to New York. ) Maybe I’ll go to New York. I’ll probably go to New York. It’s possible that I’ll go to New York. What’s the weather like today? Perhaps it will rain. (It might rain.) Maybe it will rain. It will probably rain. It’s possible that it will rain. Where is Brian? Perhaps he is in the library. ( He might be in the library.) Note: We use may or might to say that something is possible. a) Write sentences with might 1. Perhaps I’ll go to the cinema. 2. it’s possible that I’ll see you tomorrow. 3. Charles will probably come next week. 4. maybe it will snow today. 5. it’s possible that I’ll be late tonight. Negative form: Subject + may + not + verb / Subject + might + not + verb ( ........ ) (mightn’t) I might not go to work tomorrow. Sue mightn’t come to the party. b) Write sentences with might not It’s possible that Mary will not be here. Perhaps I won’t have time to meet you tomorrow. Maybe they’ll not give us the money. We’ll probably not see the doctor. May I ...? (permission) Is it OK to do something. We use May I ...? to ask permission to do something. May I ask you a question? Sure. May I sit here? Yes, of course. May I use your telephone? Certainly. May I come in? Yes, please do. May I have a look at your newspaper? Help yourself. May I borrow your bicycle today? I’m sorry I need it today. CAN (ability & possibility) We use can to say that someone has the ability to do something or that something is possible . He can play the piano. / George can come on Wednesday. I/we/you/they can do/play He/she/it can not (can’t) see/come I/you/we/they do/play Can he/she/it see/come? Oral: horse / bicycle / car / picture / chess / poem / guitar / computer / cake / chicken / tennis German / Turkish coffee / tree / the sea I can speak English well but I can’t speak any French. Can you swim? Yes, I can. Can you change twenty pounds? I’m sorry I can’t. Complete these sentences. Use can or can’t + one of these verbs: Come find hear see speak 1. I’m sorry but we ............................................ to your party next Saturday. 2. I like this hotel room. You ..................................... the mountains from the window. 3. You are speaking very quietly. I .................................... you. 4. Have you seen my bag? I ......................................... it. 5. Catherine got the job because she ......................................... five languages. COULD (ability – the past form of can) I/we/you/they could do/play He/she/it could not (couldn’t) run/speak. I/we/you/they do/play Could he/she/it run/speak? When I was young, I could run very fast. My grandfather could speak five languages. Tom could play the piano when he was five years old. I had a party last week but Jane couldn’t come. I was very busy yesterday and I couldn’t visit Mr Brown. Complete the sentences with can’t or couldn’t + one of these verbs Eat decide drink find go go sleep 1. I wasn’t hungry yesterday. I .......................................... my dinner. 2. Ann doesn’t know what to do. She ................................ decide. 3. I wanted to speak to Martin. But I ......................................... him. 4. Jim .................................. go to the concert next Saturday. He has to work. 5. Jane .................................. to the meeting last week. She was ill. 6. I ............................... the milk, Mom. Because it’s too hot. 7. I was tired last night but I ...................................... Can you ...? Could you ...? Can I ...? Could I ...? We use Can you...? or Could you ...? when we ask people to do something. (Polite requests) Can you open the door, please? Or Could you open the door, please? Can you wait a moment, please? Or Could you wait a moment, please? Can you lend me some money? Or Could you ...? Can you tell me the way to the post office, please? Or Could you...? Can you / Could you help me, please? We use Can I ...? Could I ...? to ask for permission to do something? (in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please? Or Could I have ...? (at a table) Can I / Could I have the salt please? (on the phone) Can I / Could I speak to Osman, please? Can I / Could I ask you a question, please? Can I / Could I have a look at your newspaper, please? Can I / Could I go out and play with my friends, Mom? Exercises with Can I / Can you ...? 1. (have / tomato soup?) 4. (borrow / pen) 7. (smoke / cigarette?) 2. (pass / salt?) 5. (use / bike) 8. (lend / some money?) 3. (give / phone number?) 6. (tell / way / airport?) I’d like... / Would you like...? I’d like (I would like) is a polite way to say “I want” (in a cafe) I’d like a cup of tea, please. I’d like some information about hotels, please. I’d like a sandwich, please. I’d like to do something. (in a shop) I’d like to try on this jacket, please. I’d like to book a room for two, please. I’d like to see the film on television this evening. We use Would you like...? to offer things. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please? Would you like a piece of cake? No, thank you? What would you like, tea or coffee? Coffee, please. We use Would you like...? to invite somebody. Would you like to go for a walk? It’s a good idea. Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday? Yes, I’d love to. Would you like to have something to read? No, thank you. What would you like to do this evening? I’d like to stay at home and watch TV. Compare: Would you like tea? Yes, please. Do you like tea? Yes, I do. Exercises: What do you say to Edward in these situations? 1. You want to go to the cinema. Perhaps Edaward will go with you? 2. You’ve got some holiday photographs. Edward hasn’t seen them yet. 3. You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Edward will go. 4. It’s raining and Edward is going out. He hasn’t got an umbrella buy you have one. 5. You want to play tennis tomorrow. Perhaps Edward will play too. Would you mind (doing)? Would you mind is also a polite way to ask somebody to do something. (at a party) Would you mind having the next dance with me? No, thanks. I’m finishing my lemonade. Not at all. I’d be happy to. Would you mind closing the window? No, of course not. Excuse me, sir. Would you mind repeating that? Not at all. Would you mind taking me to the airport? No, I’d be glad to. Would you mind turning off the radio? Unh-unh, I’m listening to the news. Do you mind if I do something? Would you mind if I did something? Do you mind if I smoke here? Would you mind if I smoked here? Do you mind if I close the window? Would you mind if I closed the window? (at work) Do you mind if I leave early this evening? Would you mind if I left early this evening? Typical responses: No. Not at all. No, of course not. No, that would be fine. I’d rather you didn’t. Exercises: Complete the sentences. 1. – Are you going to the post office? - Yes. -Would you mind (mail) .................................... this letter for me? - Not at all. 2. – I still don’t know how to solve this problem. Would you mind (explain) ............................... it again? - Not at all. I’d be happy to. 3. – I’m not feeling well. Would you mind (go) ............................... out? – Of course not. 4. – I don’t like this programme. Would you mind (change) ............................... the channel? - Unh-unh. 5. – Excuse me. Would you mind (speak) .............................. more slowly? I didn’t catch what you said. – I’d be happy to. 6. – This is probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask) ............................... you a personal question. – It depends. |
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| I'm reading an interesting book these days. It's about the inhumane apartheid system in South Africa and the struggles of a young girl. |